Oral infections and orofacial pain in Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Dental infections are frequent and have recently been implicated as a possible risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite a lack of studies investigating orofacial pain in this patient group, dental conditions are known to be a potential cause of pain and to affect quality of life and disease progression. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate oral status, mandibular function and orofacial pain in patients with mild AD versus healthy subjects matched for age and gender. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients and 30 control subjects were evaluated. The protocol comprised a clinical questionnaire and dental exam, research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index, and included a full periodontal evaluation. AD signs and symptoms as well as associated factors were evaluated by a trained neurologist. RESULTS: A higher prevalence of orofacial pain (20.7%, p < 0.001), articular abnormalities in temporomandibular joints (p < 0.05), and periodontal infections (p = 0.002) was observed in the study group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Orofacial pain and periodontal infections were more frequent in patients with mild AD than in healthy subjects. Orofacial pain screening and dental and oral exams should be routinely performed in AD patients in order to identify pathological conditions that need treatment thus improving quality of life compromised due to dementia.

Orofacial pain and sensory characteristics of chronic patients compared with controls.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate orofacial and sensorial characteristics of patients with orofacial pain and healthy controls. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control. Seventy-five patients (61 women) who had chronic orofacial pain for more than 6 months (i.e., idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, burning mouth syndrome, persistent idiopathic facial pain, nonidiopathic neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia or temporomandibular disorders were compared with 41 healthy subjects (19 women). They were evaluated with a quantitative sensory testing protocol involving a combination of gustative, olfactory, thermal, mechanical and pain stimuli. Mean pain duration in this population was 6.27 ± 6.06 years. Orofacial characteristics (masticatory and articular abnormalities), oral health and sensitivity to muscular palpation were assessed. RESULTS: The majority of patients (73.3%) had pain upon craniofacial muscle palpation and 46.7% had numbness. High cold thresholds were observed with burning mouth syndrome and nonidiopathic neuropathic pain (P = .017), while high tactile thresholds were observed in persistent idiopathic facial pain patients (P = .048). Persistent idiopathic facial pain and temporomandibular disorders were associated with a low threshold for pain perception (P < .002). Several of these sensorial alterations were associated with positive musculoskeletal findings. CONCLUSIONS: Sensorial abnormalities were observed in neuropathic and somatic pain patients. The masticatory system is associated with and may be a secondary cause of pain in such patients.

Oral infections and orofacial pain in Alzheimer's disease: Case report and review.

Dental infections, frequent in the general population, are a common cause of inflammation with systemic impact, and are the most common cause of orofacial pain. Temporomandibular disorders are also frequent in the elderly and represent an important cause of secondary headache. Both inflammation and pain can also contribute to cognitive, functional and behavioral impairment of the elderly and aggravate symptoms of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We report a case of a 74-year-old woman with AD and chronic facial pain who had a significant improvement in functional activities as well as in cognition and depressive symptoms after successful treatment of her facial pain. Patients with AD have higher compromise of oral health with infections and teeth loss. The investigation of orofacial pain should be performed in patients with AD, because of the associations reviewed and given the potential for improvement as highlighted by this case.

Infecções dentárias, frequentes na população e geral, são uma causa comum de inflamação com impacto sistêmico e a causa mais comum de dor orofacial. Disfunções temporomandibulares também são prevalentes nos idosos, causam cefaléia secundária. Tanto a dor quanto a inflamação podem também contribuir com o comprometimento cognitivo, funcional e comportamental em idosos e agravar sintomas em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA). Este é um relato de um caso de uma mulher com 74 anos de idade com DA e dor orofacial crônica que apresentou uma melhora significante nas atividades funcionais assim como na cognição e sintomas depressivos depois do tratamento da dor facial. Pacientes com DA tem alto comprometimento da saúde oral com infecções e perdas dentárias. A investigação da dor orofacial deveria ser realizada em pacientes com DA devido às associações revisadas e à possibilidade de melhora como destacadas por este relato.