Contamination gradient affects differently carbonic anhydrase activity of mollusks depending on their feeding habits.

Aquatic organisms that inhabit coastal areas are often exposed to several contaminants. It is known that the bioaccumulation of contaminants can be amplified according to the species feeding habits and contaminant properties. As a consequence, species can experience different effects to contaminant exposure even if they inhabit the same area. The present study aimed to investigate the activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA), Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase in different tissues (soft tissue, mantle, and gill) of three mollusk species (Lottia subrugosa, Stramonita brasiliensis, and Crassostrea brasiliana) with different feeding habits (herbivore, carnivore, and filter-feeder, respectively) which were sampled within a known contamination gradient at Santos Estuarine System (Southeastern Brazil). From the three enzymes tested, only CA was affected by the presence of contaminants within the contamination gradient evaluated. In general, the CA activity from the three species were lower in contaminated sites when compared to the reference site. The contrasting CA activity response observed in S. brasiliensis compared to L. subrugosa and C. brasiliana could be related to the tissue-specificity of this enzyme activity and species feeding habits (filter-feeders can accumulate more contaminants than herbivores and even carnivores). Results indicated that C. brasiliana mantle is the most suitable tissue for the use of CA analysis as a biomarker.

Shell form and enzymatic alterations in Lottia subrugosa (Gastropoda, Lotiidae) transplanted to a contaminated site.

Studies have shown that shell morphology and enzymatic activities in mollusks are affected by contaminants exposure. However, the correlation between enzymatic activities and the biomineralization process are not fully understood. The present study used a transplant bioassay and field sampling to evaluate shell measurements and the activities of carbonic anhydrase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase in Lottia subrugosa sampled in Brazilian sites under different contamination levels. Results showed that, in general, shells from the reference site (Palmas) were more rounded than the ones from the contaminated site (Balsa). Effects in enzymatic activities in specimens from transplant bioassay were attributed to the known high contaminant levels present at Balsa. While the lack of enzymatic activity alterations during field sampling was attributed to physiological adaptation to contaminants exposure. Enzymatic activities were not correlated to shell biometric parameters in field sampling, indicating that these enzymes were not related to shell alterations detected in the present study.