Effects of an antiandrogenic oral contraceptive pill compared with metformin on blood coagulation tests and endothelial function in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of obesity and smoking.

OBJECTIVE: To study the blood clotting tests and endothelial function of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and non-hyperandrogenic women, and their changes during PCOS treatment, as a function of the presence of obesity and smoking. DESIGN: Case-control study followed by a randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Blood clotting and endothelial function were analyzed in 40 PCOS patients and 20 non-hyperandrogenic women. Thirty-four PCOS women were randomized to an oral contraceptive containing 35 microg ethinyl-estradiol plus 2 mg cyproterone acetate (Diane(35)Diario) or metformin (850 mg twice daily), monitoring the changes on these parameters during 24 weeks of treatment. The influence of obesity and smoking was also analyzed. RESULTS: Blood clotting and endothelial function tests were similar among PCOS patients and controls with the exception of a higher platelet count in the former. Obesity increased circulating fibrinogen levels, prothrombin activity and platelet counts, and reduced prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times. Smoking increased fibrinogen levels, platelet counts, and prothrombin activity, and reduced prothrombin time, in relation to the larger waist circumference of smokers. Irrespective of the treatment received, PCOS patients showed a decrease in prothrombin time and an increase in prothrombin activity, with a parallel increase in homocysteine levels in metformin users. The activated partial thromboplastin time decreased markedly in the patients treated with Diane(35)Diario. Finally, flow-mediated dilation improved in non-smokers irrespective of the drug received, but worsened in smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Oral contraceptives and metformin may exert deleterious effects on blood clotting tests of PCOS women, yet the effects of metformin appear to be milder. Because smoking potentiates some of these effects and deteriorates endothelial function, smoking cessation should be promoted in PCOS patients.

[Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia and associated factors in primary health care]. / Prevalencia de la hiperhomocisteinemia y factores asociados en atención primaria.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To identify plasma homocysteine concentrations that could be taken as normal values in our population, and to measure hyperhomocysteinemia prevalence. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional study performed in all subjects attending or working in a primary health care center for any reason. Information was collected about personal history, cardiovascular risk factors and socio-demografic variables, and plasma homocysteine levels and other biochemical parameters were measured. Distribution of homocysteine concentration was compared in individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease and in a gold-standard population (healthy subjects with normal serum concentrations of B-vitamins). The value of homocysteine concentration chosen as cut-off value was the one that offered an optimal sensitivity/specificity ratio in ROC curves derived from logistic regression models. RESULTS: 1,636 subjects (51% female and 49% male, mean age 45 [16.3]) were included in the study. Mean plasma homocysteine concentration was 10.7 (4.1) y 8.5 (2.9) micromol/L in men and women, respectively (p < 0.01). Homocysteine levels that best discriminated between cardiovascular disease and gold-standard populations were 10.85 micromol/L in men (sensitivity 58%, specificity 68%), and 9.57 micromol/L in women (sensitivity 50%, specificity 81%). 31.4% of the population (95% CI, 29.1-36.6) presented homocysteine values above these levels. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperhomocysteinemia is not a rare condition in our population. The predictive values obtained imply that measurement of serum homocysteine should be performed only in conjunction with measures of other cardiovascular risk factors. Further research should analyze if homocysteine adds predictive power in cardiovascular risk stratification.

[External and internal electrical cardioversion: comparative, prospective evaluation of cell damage by means of troponin I]. / Cardioversión eléctrica externa y sistemas de cardioversión interna: evaluación prospectiva y comparativa del daño celular con troponina I.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: In this study we measured the concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and several biochemical markers of myocardial damage after elective external cardioversion or internal cardioversion by specific catheters or automatic defibrillators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Biochemical markers were analyzed prospectively for 30 consecutive patients after electrical cardioversion. Concentrations of cTnI, myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB and the MB/CK ratio were determined in samples before cardioversion and 2, 8 and 24 h later. The shock energy ranged from 50 to 360 joules (235 106 joules) in external cardioversions and from 3 to 37 joules (15 8 joules) in internal cardioversions. RESULTS: We detected abnormal concentrations of CK, myoglobin, CK-MB and MB/CK in 33% of the patients after external cardioversion. The concentrations of cTnI remained within normal limits at all times, with no elevations detected. Whereas no abnormal concentration of any biochemical marker was detected in any patient who required internal cardioversion for atrial fibrillation, two patients who underwent external cardioversion from an automatic defibrillator did have abnormal concentrations of CK-MB, myoglobin, and even of cTnI. CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of cTnI remained below the detection limit after external cardioversion, even though the other more non-specific markers changed. No enzyme alteration was detected in patients who underwent internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.