Epidemiological profile of cancer for Grand Bahama residents: 1988-2002.

This retrospective and observational study is based on a review of data from the pathology ledgers and clinical records of the Rand Memorial Hospital, of diagnoses and deaths from cancer from 1988 to 2002 (15 years). The aim was to determine the cancer incidence, mortality, survival rates and the trends for the island of Grand Bahama, Bahamas. The records indicated at least 545 (males: 187; females: 358) new cancer diagnoses giving an approximate age-standardized annual incidence rate of 167.7 per 100,000. The most frequent cancers were, in males (except for skin keratinocytic cancers) prostate 21.9%, colon/rectum 12.8% and lung 6.4%; and in females: breast 45.3%, cervix uteri 16.8% and colon/rectum 6.4%. Of these cancers, 443 (81.3%) were diagnosed in the pathology department of the hospital with the median age at diagnosis of all persons being 52 years. This comprised 119 males and 324 females. Whereas the majority of breast and cervical cancers were histologically diagnosed locally, those of prostate and lung were not. During the period, 359 (males: 181; females: 178) persons had died from cancer; an annual age-standardized mortality rate of 114.8 per 100,000, with breast 19.2%, prostate 14.5% and colon/rectum 9.5% being the most frequent. The overall median period of survival was one year (range 0-14 years). The median survival for persons with cervix uteri was five years; for breast cancer, three years; colorectal cancer, 2 years; prostate, one year; and less than a year for lung cancer. The data on cancer were not easily obtained and this may be improved if a cancer registry is established on this second most populated island of The Bahamas.

Epidemiological profile of cancer for Grand Bahama residents: 1988-2002 / Perfil epidemiológico del cáncer en los residentes de gran bahama: 1988 ­ 2002

This retrospective and observational study is based on a review of data from the pathology ledgers and clinical records of the Rand Memorial Hospital, of diagnoses and deaths from cancer from 1988 to 2002 (15 years). The aim was to determine the cancer incidence, mortality, survival rates and the trends for the island of Grand Bahama, Bahamas. The records indicated at least 545 (males: 187; females: 358) new cancer diagnoses giving an approximate age-standardized annual incidence rate of 167.7 per 100,000. The most frequent cancers were, in males (except for skin keratinocytic cancers) prostate 21.9, colon/rectum 12.8and lung 6.4; and in females: breast 45.3, cervix uteri 16.8and colon/rectum 6.4. Of these cancers, 443 (81.3) were diagnosed in the pathology department of the hospital with the median age at diagnosis of all persons being 52 years. This comprised 119 males and 324 females. Whereas the majority of breast and cervical cancers were histologically diagnosed locally, those of prostate and lung were not. During the period, 359 (males: 181; females: 178) persons had died from cancer; an annual age-standardized mortality rate of 114.8 per 100,000, with breast 19.2, prostate 14.5and colon/rectum 9.5being the most frequent. The overall median period of survival was one year (range 0-14 years). The median survival for persons with cervix uteri was five years; for breast cancer, three years; colorectal cancer, 2 years; prostate, one year; and less than a year for lung cancer. The data on cancer were not easily obtained and this may be improved if a cancer registry is established on this second most populated island of The Bahamas.

Este estudio retrospectivo y de observación se basa en una revisión de datos de los libros de registros de patologías y las historias clínicas del Hospital Rand Memorial, en relación con el diagnóstico y las muertes de cáncer desde 1988 hasta el 2002 (15 años). El objetivo fue determinar la incidencia de cáncer, la mortalidad, las tasas de supervivencia y las tendencias, con respecto a la isla de Gran Bahamas, Bahamas. Los registros indicaron al menos 545 (varones: 187; hembras: 358) diagnósticos nuevos de cáncer, para una tasa de incidencia anual estandarizada por edad, de aproximadamente 1677 por 100000. Los tipos más frecuentes de cáncer fueron los siguientes. En los hombres (con excepción de los cánceres queratinocíticos de la piel): próstata, 21.9%; colon/recto 12.8%; y pulmón, 6.4%. En las mujeres: mamas, 45.3%, cervical uterino, 16.8%; y colon/recto 6.4%. De estos tipos de cáncer, el 81.3%, es decir, 443 (varones: 119; hembras: 324), fueron diagnosticados en el departamento de patología del hospital, con una edad mediana de 52 años en relación con todos los pacientes en el momento del diagnóstico. Mientras que la mayoría de los cánceres de cervical y de mamas se diagnosticaron histológicamente de forma local, los de próstata y pulmón no se diagnosticaron de ese modo. Durante ese período, un total de 359 personas (181 varones; 178 hembras) habían muerto de cáncer, para una tasa anual de mortalidad estandarizada por edad, de 114.8 por 100 000, siendo los cánceres de mama (19.2%), próstata (14.5%), y el colorrectal (9.5%) los más frecuentes. La mediana general del período de supervivencia fue de un año (rango 0 ­ 14). Después del diagnóstico, las personas continuaron viviendo con cáncer una mediana de cinco años en el caso del cáncer cervical

[Planning human of resources in health: a necessity to attain Health for All in the year 2000]. / Planificacion de recursos humanos en salud: una necesidad para el logro de SPT-2000.

PIP: This report assesses human resource needs in the Dominican Republic in light of the goal of health for all by the year 2000. The economic crisis that has deepened in the Dominican Republic since 1984 is aggravated by steps taken to pay off the external debt, including reduced public spending for health, education, and transportation. Per capita health expenditures declined from US $10.73 in 1983 to $4.48 in 1986, a 58% decline. The infant mortality rate is estimated at 75/1000 for upper socioeconomic strata to 83/1000 for lower strata. The proportion of children hospitalized with malnutrition declined from 1977-86, but the number of severe cases increased. The proportion of low birthweight infants more than doubled between 1977-86 from 6.2% to 14.3%. The lack of an adequate system of health statistics hampers analysis of health data, but the progressive deterioration of living conditions appears to have had a negative impact on health. The number of universities providing health education increased from only 1 in 1965 to 15 in 1983. Beginning in 1980, the proportion of medical students began to decline because of the severe economic crisis and high unemployment rates of medical graduates. The object of study in all current programs in illness, based on a biological and individual focus, ignoring the process of disease and its social and historic determinants. Little weight is given to epidemiology, prevention, scientific methods of investigation, or related areas. Most of the teachers were trained abroad and the curricular materials are almost exclusively foreign. Most learning is passive and occurs in classrooms. Most practices are demonstrations and hospital work is the only contact with the phenomena of health and illness. The current training program prepares personnel with fragmented knowledge, limited technical skills, and an orientation toward clinical practices and the terminal end of the health-disease continuum. Moreover, all medical schools accept students for essentially economic reasons or because of demand by potential students; there is not effective mechanism for balancing supply and demand of health workers. Existing health personnel are poorly distributed between the public and private sectors, geographically, and within specialties. Steps to take in preparing human resources to achieve health for all through primary health care include reorienting the type of manpower trained and the curriculum, redistributing existing personnel, strengthening programs of practical work for advanced medical students, and encouraging community participation and demand for quality health care.^ieng