Three species of rape responded to cadmium and melatonin alleviating Cd-toxicity in species-specific strategy.

Cadmium (Cd) pollution has been a significant concern in heavy metal pollution, prompting plants to adopt various strategies to mitigate its damage. While the response of plants to Cd stress and the impact of exogenous melatonin has received considerable attention, there has been limited focus on the responses of closely related species to these factors. Consequently, our investigation aimed to explore the response of three different species of rape to Cd stress and examine the influence of exogenous melatonin in this scenario. The research findings revealed distinctive responses among the investigated rape species. B. campestris showed the resistance to Cd and exhibited lower Cd absorption and sustained its physiological activity under Cd stress. In contrast, B. juncea accumulated much Cd and increased the amount of anthocyanin to mitigate the Cd-damage. Furthermore, B. napus showed the tolerance to Cd and tended to accumulate Cd in vacuoles under Cd stress, thereby decreasing the Cd damage and leading to higher activity of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthesis. Moreover, the application of exogenous melatonin significantly elevated the melatonin level in plants and mitigated Cd toxicity by promoting the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reducing Cd absorption, enhancing the chelating capacity with Cd, decreasing Cd accumulation in organelles, and reducing its fluidity. Specifically, exogenous melatonin increased the FHAc content in B. campestris, elevated the phytochelatins (PCs) level in B. napus, and stimulated photosynthesis in B. juncea. In summary, the findings underscore the species-specific responses of the three species of rape to both Cd stress and exogenous melatonin, highlighting the potential for tailored mitigation strategies based on the unique characteristics of each species.

Preparation and evaluation of the rat model of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis induced by carrageenan / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To establish an animal model of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis induced by chemical sub-stances, and provide a reliable animal model and evaluation method for pathological mechanism and pharmaceutical re-search of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Methods SD male rats were randomly divided into control group and model groups A, B and C. The three model groups were respectively treated with 20, 50 and 100 μL of 1% sterile carrageenan, injected into the left and right ventral lobes of rat prostate. The control group was injected 50μL sterile normal saline. The rats were sacrificed at 7 days after carrageenan injection, and the anatomical changes were analyzed, and the prostate in-dex, leukocyte count, the histology of prostate, and the protein expressions of TNF-α, NF-κB, IKKα, p-IKB-α and COX-2 were analyzed. Results Compared with the sham operation group, the softness of prostate tissue of groups A, B and C was decreased, the elasticity of the prostatic tissue was weakened, and the prostate tissues of model groups were ad-hered to surrounding tissues. The total number of leukocytes and the prostate index of model groups A, B and C were signif-icantly increased (P<0. 01), by 21. 1%, 61. 7% and 72. 7%, respectively. The total increase rate of white blood cell in the model groups A, B and C was 75%, 103. 6% and 114. 8%, respectively. Pathological examination showed that the in-terstitial edema of the prostate of model group A was minimal, but obvious in the groups B and C. Moreover, in the group C, the prostate atrophy was obvious, and some of the glands were degenerated and necrotic. The protein expression levels of NF-κB, IKKα, p-IKB-α, TNF-α, and COX-2 in the prostate tissue were increased to a different extent in all model groups. Conclusions Inflammatory reactions can be induced by injecting 20, 50 or 100 μL of 1% sterile carrag-eenan into the right and left ventral lobes of the rat prostate. However, the 20μL dose is too small, inducing only weak in-flammatory response, with considerable operation error, while the dose of 100μL induced excessive inflammatory response, even rat death. The dose of of 50 μL injection is most suitable to establish rat models of nonbacterial prostatitis, showing apparent activation of NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.

Preparation and evaluation of the rat model of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis induced by carrageenan / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To establish an animal model of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis induced by chemical sub-stances, and provide a reliable animal model and evaluation method for pathological mechanism and pharmaceutical re-search of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Methods SD male rats were randomly divided into control group and model groups A, B and C. The three model groups were respectively treated with 20, 50 and 100 μL of 1% sterile carrageenan, injected into the left and right ventral lobes of rat prostate. The control group was injected 50μL sterile normal saline. The rats were sacrificed at 7 days after carrageenan injection, and the anatomical changes were analyzed, and the prostate in-dex, leukocyte count, the histology of prostate, and the protein expressions of TNF-α, NF-κB, IKKα, p-IKB-α and COX-2 were analyzed. Results Compared with the sham operation group, the softness of prostate tissue of groups A, B and C was decreased, the elasticity of the prostatic tissue was weakened, and the prostate tissues of model groups were ad-hered to surrounding tissues. The total number of leukocytes and the prostate index of model groups A, B and C were signif-icantly increased (P<0. 01), by 21. 1%, 61. 7% and 72. 7%, respectively. The total increase rate of white blood cell in the model groups A, B and C was 75%, 103. 6% and 114. 8%, respectively. Pathological examination showed that the in-terstitial edema of the prostate of model group A was minimal, but obvious in the groups B and C. Moreover, in the group C, the prostate atrophy was obvious, and some of the glands were degenerated and necrotic. The protein expression levels of NF-κB, IKKα, p-IKB-α, TNF-α, and COX-2 in the prostate tissue were increased to a different extent in all model groups. Conclusions Inflammatory reactions can be induced by injecting 20, 50 or 100 μL of 1% sterile carrag-eenan into the right and left ventral lobes of the rat prostate. However, the 20μL dose is too small, inducing only weak in-flammatory response, with considerable operation error, while the dose of 100μL induced excessive inflammatory response, even rat death. The dose of of 50 μL injection is most suitable to establish rat models of nonbacterial prostatitis, showing apparent activation of NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.

Anterolateral muscle sparing approach total hip arthroplasty: an anatomic and clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Many kinds of approaches have been used for minimally invasive surgery of total hip arthroplasty (MIS-THA). However, until now when considering the balance of efficacy and associated surgical injury there is no approach widely accepted for MIS-THA. In this study, a modified anterolateral muscle sparing approach was developed to optimize MIS-THA. METHODS: Twenty adult cadaver specimens (40 hips) were used for anatomic research. The distance from anterior origin of the gluteus medius on the iliac crest to the anterior superior iliac spine was measured; the course of the superior gluteal nerve and the distances from the nerve to the regional anatomic landmarks were recorded. Simulated surgeries were performed in three fresh cadaver specimens to evaluate the soft tissues injury around incisions. From October 2004 to June 2006, 57 patients (57 hips) were treated with anterolateral muscle sparing minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty, of which 17 were femoral neck fractures, 9 osteoarthritis, 16 developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH) and 15 avascular necrosis (AVN). All the operations were performed by the same senior surgeon. Operation time, blood loss and drainage volume were recorded and the correlation between the local complications and the native anatomical characteristics was especially noted. All cases were followed for at least 12 months. RESULTS: The distance from the anterior origin of the gluteus medius to anterior superior iliac spine along the iliac crest was (61+/-4) mm (range, 55-68 mm), and the distance from inferior branch of the superior gluteal nerve to the anterior tubercle of the greater trochanter was (74+/-6) mm (range, 60-88 mm). In simulated surgeries, excessive distraction of tissue was found to be the main cause of the anterior border injury of the gluteus medius muscle. Of the 57 patients treated with anterolateral muscle sparing MIS-THA, the average incision length was 9 cm (range 7.5-13 cm). Blood transfusions were performed in 11 patients. During the operations, anterior border injury in deep layers of the gluteus medius was found in 9 patients. Posteromedial perforation of the prosthesis stem on the femoral side was found in 2 patients, which were revised immediately. No positive Trenderlenburg sign was found during the 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The incision of the anterolateral muscle sparing approach should be directed from the anterior tubercle of the greater trochanter toward 6 cm posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine. The proximal part of the incision should be within 6 cm from the anterior tubercle of the greater trochanter, and it is safe to be extended distally. The anterolateral muscle sparing approach is a minimally invasive approach for total hip arthroplasty, through which the surgeon can operate on the acetabulum and femoral sides in a single incision without muscle detachment, and fluoroscopy assistance is not needed. The surgeon should pay more attention to protecting the gluteus medius from injury by distraction before femoral neck cutting and during the preparation of the femoral side.