Greater learning transfer effect for avoidance of loss than for achievement of gain in Finnish and Russian schoolchildren.

Classification of behavior into principal categories of approach and avoidance is grounded in evolutionary considerations and multiple results of behavioral, self-report, and brain-activity analyses. Contrasted via measures of cognitive processes, avoidance is accompanied by greater cognitive engagement than approach. Considering outcome as a key constituent of behavioral underpinnings, we interpret approach/avoidance distinction in terms of structure of experience: avoidance domain provides more detailed interaction with the environment, than approach domain. Learning outwardly similar behaviors aimed at gain or loss outcomes manifests formation of different structures that underlie further learning. Therefore, we predicted difference of learning transfer between gain and loss contexts that was revealed here by introducing two tasks for different groups of schoolchildren in Finland and Russia. The cultural specificity of gain/loss differences was also evident with employed measures, including error rate and post-error slowing. The results support that avoidance-motivated behavior is organized as a more complex organism-environment interaction, than the approach-motivated behavior.

Diversity of ukrainian winter common wheat varieties with respect to storage protein loci and molecular markers for disease resistance genes.

Diversity of Ukrainian winter common wheat varieties was studied with respect to the storage protein loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-D1, Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Gli-A3, Gli-B5, and Gli-A6 (362 varieties) and markers for the Lr34/Yr18/Pm38/Sr57/Bdv1 gene conferring moderate resistance to a number of biotrophic pathogens, the Tsn1 gene for sensitivity to the toxins A of the necrotrophic fungi Pyrenophora triticirepentis and Stagonospora nodorum, the Tsc2 gene for sensitivity to the toxin B of P. triticirepentis, and the TDF_076_2D gene for moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight (181 varieties). Significant differences in frequencies of alleles at these marker loci between groups of varieties developed in different soil and climatic zones were revealed. The retention of a set of predominant alleles of a certain zone in different periods of breeding was confirmed. At the same time, the appearance of new allele associations in the groups of varieties of the Steppe (in particular Gli-A1g and Glu-B1al) and the Central Forest-Steppe (1AL/1RS and Glu-B1d) in the last two decades has been noted. Nonrandom associations between alleles of disease resistance genes as well as alleles of disease resistance genes and storage protein alleles were revealed

[Alleles at storage protein loci in Triticum spelta L. accessions and their occurrence in related wheats].

Variation at eight storage protein loci was analyzed in the collection of T. spelta accessions from the National Centre of Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, most of which are European spelts. The analysis allowed identification of seven alleles at the Gli-B1 locus, five alleles at the Gli-A1 and Glu-B1 loci, three alleles at the Gli-A3 locus, two at the Gli-D1, Gli-B5, Glu-A1, and Glu-D1 loci. The majority of alleles are encountered among common wheat cultivars, only five alleles were specific for spelts. The high frequency of the alleles Gli-B1hs* and h encoding the 45-type gamma-gliadin in European spelts and durum wheat cultivars, as well as the occurrence of these alleles in T. dicoccum, in particular, in accessions from Switzerland and Germany, supports von Büren's hypothesis that European spelt resulted from hybridization between a tetraploid wheat with the 45-type y-gliadin and a hexaploid wheat. Analysis of genetic distances based on the genotypes at eight storage protein loci permitted differentiation of the Asian spelt accession from European spelts.

[Allelic state of the molecular marker for the golden nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) resistance gene H1 among Ukrainian and world cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum)].

The purpose of our investigation was determination of allelic state of the H1 resistance gene against the pathotypes Ro1 and Ro4 of golden potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) among Ukrainian and world potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) cultivars. The allelic condition of the TG689 marker was determined by PCR with DNA samples isolated from tubers of potato and primers, one pair of which flanks the allele-specific region and the other one was used for the control of DNA quality. Among analyzed 77 potato cultivars the allele of marker associated with the H1-type resistance was found in 74% of Ukrainian and 90% foreign ones although some of those cultivars proved to be susceptible to the golden potato nematode in field. The obtained data confirm the presence of H1-resistance against golden nematode pathotypes Ro1 and Ro4 among the Ukrainian potato cultivars and efficiency of the used marker within the accuracy that has been declared by its authors.

[Identification of alleles at gliadin loci Gli-U1 and Gli-M(b) 1 in Aegilops biuncialis Vis].

The diversity of alleles of gliadin loci Gli-U1 and Gli-M(b) 1 was studied in the tetraploid species Aegilops biuncialis (UUM(b)M(b)). The collection of 41 Ae. biuncialis accessions and F2 grain obtained from five crossing combinations provides material used in this study. Gliadins were separated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel conducted in the acidic medium. To determine genomic affiliation (Uor M(b)) of components of Ae. biuncialis gliadin pattern, accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. comosa were analyzed. In Ae. biuncialis accessions, 14 alleles were identified at the locus Gli-U1 and 12 alleles, at the locus Gli-M(b) 1. The results testify to a markedly high degree of allele diversity at major gliadin-coding loci of chromosomes belonging to Ae. biuncialis homeologous group 1.

[Allelic variation at high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci in Aegilops biuncialis Vis].

Alleles at the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci Glu-U1 and Glu-M(b)1 were analyzed in the tetraploid species Aegilops biuncialis (UUM(b)M(b)). The material for the investigation included the collection of 39 accessions of Ae. biuncialis from Ukraine (the Crimea), one Hellenic accession, one accession of unknown origin, F2 seeds from different crosses, as well as samples from natural populations from the Crimea. Ae. umbellulata and Ae. comosa accessions were used to allocate components of the HMW glutenin subunit patterns of Ae. biuncialis to U or M(b) genomes. Eight alleles were identified at the Glu-U1 locus and ten alleles were revealed at the Glu-M(b) 1 locus. Among alleles at the Glu-M(b) 1 locus ofAe. biuncialis there were two alleles controlling the y-type subunit only and one allele encoding the x-subunit only.

Variation at storage protein loci in winter common wheat cultivars of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Genotypes at the gliadin loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-D1 and the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1 were identified in 77 winter common wheat cultivars developed in the Central Forest Steppe of Ukraine in different periods of time. The highest level of variation was observed at the Gli-A1 locus. Predominant alleles (one or two per locus) were revealed. The comparison of allele frequencies in groups of cultivars developed in different periods of time (before 1996 and in 1996-2007) has demonstrated appearance of new alleles and change of frequencies of existing alleles at the storage protein loci. The high frequency of cultivars with the wheat-rye 1BL/1RS translocation was detected (about 40%). The wheat rye 1AL/1RS translocation was identified in six cultivars developed in the last decade. Four gliadin alleles, Gli-A1w (a marker for the 1AL/1RS translocation), Gli-A1x, Gli-A1y and Gli-B1x, were proposed for cataloging.

[Dependence of cross-pollination indices on genotype characteristics of winter common wheat].

Out-crossing indices (the out-rcrossing rate, the frequency of plants with cross-pollination and outcrossing intensity) in F2 plants of winter common wheat from the reciprocal cross B-16 x Odesskaya Krasnokolosaya were analysed using storage proteins as genetic markers. Outcrossing indices greatly differed depending on growth conditions. The out-crossing rate was 0,35 % (Odessa, 2000) and 5,11% (Kyiv, 2004). The highest out-crossing indices were detected in homozygotes for the presence of the rye 1BL/1RS translocation. The out-crossing indices in heterozygotes for the presence of the 1BL/1RS translocation were intermediate. Differences in the out-crossing indices were detected between populations of F2 plants derived from direct and reciprocal crossing. Different directions of these differences were noted for the out-rcrossing rate and the frequency of plants with cross-pollination, on the one hand, and out-crossing intensity, on the other hand.

[Effect of an introgression from Aegilops cylindrica host on manifestation of productivity traits in winter common wheat F2 plants]. / éffekt introgressii ot Aegilops cylindrica Host. v proiavlenii priznakov produktivnosti rastenii F2 ozimoi miagkoi pshenitsy.

The effect of introgression of a chromosome 1D segment from Aegilops cylindrica to winter common wheat on productivity traits in F2 plants was studied using storage protein loci as genetic markers. An allele of the gliadin-coding Gli-D1 locus served as a marker of the introgression. Using of two- and three-locus interaction models, it was shown that the introgression tagged with Gli-D1 affected the manifestation of productivity traits (productive tillering, grain weight per plant and grain number per plant) through interaction with other marker storage protein loci: Glu-B1, Glu-D1, and Gli-B2.

[Recombination frequency in the locus Gli-D1 of common wheat T. aestivum L]. / Chastota rekombinatsii v lokuse Gli-D1 u miagkoi pshenitsy T. aestivum L.

The recombination frequency at the gliadin locus Gli-D1 of common wheat was determined by the maximum likelihood method. Recombination was observed between the gene encoding the fastest omega-component of the allele Gli-D1j, and the genes encoding the other omega-gliadins of this allele. The frequency of recombination was 0.65 +/- 0.18% for the cross between the near-isogenic lines of winter common wheat with respect to gliadin loci Gli-D1-4 and Gli-B1-3 and 0.78 +/- 0.45% for the cross between the varieties Yunnat and B-16.

[Use of PCR for detection of maize seeds infected with the fungus Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon var.lactis]. / Ispol'zovanie polimeraznoi tsepnoi reaktsii dlia detektsii zagriazneniia zerna kukuruzy gribom Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon.

The procedure of the PCR for the detection of Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon var. lactis on the maize seeds has been elaborated. The based on a highly sensitive molecular genetics technology method of fungal pathogen detection allows to reveal its presence before the visual symptoms of seed damage.

[Conjugation of the 1BL/1RS translocation with qualitative and quantitative traits in the common wheat T.aestivum]. / Sopriazhennost' 1BL/1RS translokatsii s kachestvennymi i kolichestvennymi priznakami u miagkoi pshenitsy T. aestivum.

The review considers the effect of the rye 1BL/1RS translocation in the common wheat genome on qualitative and quantitative traits: grain quality, resistance to diseases, productivity and adaptivity, parthenogenesis, regeneration in anther culture, frequency of chromosome aberrations and frequency of cross-pollination. Data on special features of transmission of the 1BL/1RS translocation through male and female gametes are presented.

[Activity of neurons in the anterolateral region of the rabbit motor cortex during taking food and nonfood objects in instrumental behavior]. / Aktivnost' neironov anterolateral'noi oblasti motornoi kory mozga krolika pri zakhvate pishchevykh i nepishchevykh ob''ektov v instrumental'nom povedenii.

We showed earlier that only 2-4% of N-neurons in the rabbit's anterolateral ("masticatory") motor cortex (AC) that are being specialized in relation to Newly formed acts (such as pressing the pedal, approaching the pedal) during the elaboration of instrumental food-acquistion behavior. The majority of neurons in this area are O-neurons that are specialized in relation to the Older acts formed long before the acquisition of instrumental behavior: mostly taking of food. It was shown also that electrical stimulation of this area produced jaw movements. It might seem reasonable to propose that the number of N-neurons may be increased in this area if pedal pressing in substituted with instrumental act like seizure and pulling a ring that is more corresponding to the "projectional property" of the AC. Here we show that the number of N-neurons in rabbit's AC remains constant -3.4%, even is the animals that were trained to pull a ring instead of pressing a pedal. Thus, we assume that the small number of N-neurons is the stable property of the AC. However, the role of the AC in the subserving of the behavior does not remain the same. Much more AC units (O-neurons) were activated in the ring pulling than in the pedal pressing instrumental act.

[The effect of natural selection on the allelic frequency of gliadin-coding loci and their associations in an artificially created hybrid population of winter wheat]. / Vliianie estestvennogo otbora na chatotu allelei gliadinkodiruiushchikh lokusov i ikh assotsiatsii v iskusstvenno sozdannoi gibridnoi populiatsii ozimoi pshenitsy.

Hybrid population with heterogeneity for five gliadin-coding loci was created by crossing of five winter common wheat cultivars (Belozerskaya 47, Ilyichevka, Kyyanka, Mironovskaya 808, Polesskaya 70) by the complete scheme. Frequencies of alleles at these loci and their associations were analyzed after two, four and ten years of resowing. The ratio of alleles at the studied loci was changed as reproduction occurred. Gli 1A5 allele displayed stable tendency to frequency increasing, Gli 1D1--a little tendency and Gli 6A3--very essential tendency. The share of Gli 6D2 allele increased only after ten years of population reproduction. Combination of alleles at two, three, and five loci was not accidental. The most common regularity was predominance of the frequency of allelic associations characteristic of the parents (except for Ilyichevka) over new combinations. Possible causes of this phenomenon are discussed.

[Assessment of genetic polymorphism in Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata 8Say) by RAPD markers]. / Otsenka geneticheskogo polmorfizma v populiatsiiakh Koloradskogo zhuka Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) po RAPD-markeram.

Four decanucleotide primers were chosen to detect polymorphism for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in the populations of Colorado potato beetle. The variability of RAPD patterns was studied in three oblasts (Kiev, Moscow and Kurgan) that are geographically distant and considerably differ in ecological and climatic conditions affecting the development of this beetle: Kiev, Moscow, and Kurgan oblasts. A high level of intrapopulation polymorphism exceeding interpopulation differences was revealed. RAPD-marker subsets differing in the frequency and distribution throughout the studied populations were revealed.

[The mutational spectra of gene p53 in different types of tumors]. / Issledovanie mutatsionnykh spektrov gena p53 v razlichnykh tipakh opukholei.

The comparative analysis of the frequencies of nucleotide exchanges in mutational spectra of gene p53 (5-8 exons) between germline cancer-prone families (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), between somatic mutations in the tumors of different histogenesis and cell lines, obtained from them, was carried out. The nucleotide positions with high level of mutation events (mutational "hot spots"), typical for germline mutational spectra, tissue-specific patterns of their disappearing and appearing of new ones in solid tumors in vivo, nearly complete absence of "hot spots" in lymphomas and cell lines in vitro were revealed. The obtained results allowed to suggest, that one of the leading factor controlling hot-spots distribution in 5-8 exons of gene p53 is the specificity of cell division conditions in vivo and in vitro.

Genetics of alpha-amylases in hexaploid oat species.

The inheritance of alpha-amylases was studied in six F2 populations of hexaploid oats (Avena sativa, A. byzantina, A. fatua, A. sterillis) using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 22 loci was identified and described. Three main linkages of four or five loci each and an additional two pairs of linked loci were detected. It seems likely that the three main linkage groups represent homeologous chromosomes. Matching of alpha-amylase profiles of hexaploid (AACCDD), tetraploid (AACC), and diploid (AA) species was made to assign the linkage groups to particular subgenomes in the hexaploid oat. It was proposed that Linkage 1 (Amy12-Amy10-1-Amy4-Amy13-Amy11) belongs to the D-subgenome; Linkage 2 (Amy10-2, Amy9-Amy8-Amy6) belongs to the A-subgenome; and Linkage 3 (Amy7-Amy3-Amy5-Amy2) belongs to the C-subgenome of the hexaploid oat. The "malt" and "green" alpha-amylases in hexaploid and tetraploid oats have been identified. Isozymes of "green" alpha-amylase were lower in electrophoretic mobility than other isozymes and were governed by loci assigned to the A- and D-subgenomes.

[Current trends in the use of DNA technologies]. / Sovremennye napravleniia ispol'zovaniia DNK-tekhnologii.

The possibilities of the intra- and interspecies genetic polymorphism revealing in animals with the uses of RAPD-PCR are discussed. The polymorphism of microsatellite loci and its using for the evaluation of the population-genetic interrelations is examined. The perspectives of the revealing of the genetic disease carriers at the cattle with the use of DNA methods are presented. The problems of gene transfer in farm animals are discussed. Data on the transgenic plant-based vaccine development against human and animal diarrhea diseases are analyzed.

[The characteristics of the chromosomal level of variability in mice]. / Nekotorye kharakteristiki khromosomnogo urovnia izmenchivosti u myshei.

The analysis of the order of chromosome involving to interchromosome associations by the type of Robertsonian translocation (RB) in 28 cell populations in relation with three factors: their origin from different mouse lines (CBA/Ca, C3H/He, C57BL/6, BALB/c), direction of cytodifferentiation (fibroblasts and leucocytes) and the stage of its disruption (minimal, maximal and medial tumorigenicity) was carried out. The influence of all three factors on the frequencies of individual chromosome involving in RB was revealed.