Photodynamic therapy, Nd-YAG laser and electrocautery for treating early-stage intraluminal cancer: which to choose?

The degree of healing and damage of the bronchial wall after photodynamic therapy, Nd-YAG laser and electrocautery for intraluminal early-stage cancer have been analysed. Review of the bronchoscopy reports and follow-up histology specimens of twenty-nine patients treated bronchoscopically with curative intent for their intraluminal tumor have been performed. Seventeen patients had been treated with bronchoscopic electrocautery (BE) only, six with photodynamic therapy (PDT) and six with Nd-YAG laser. Bronchial wall scarring seen during follow-up bronchoscopy was scored and subepithelial fibrosis were histologically evaluated using Alcian blue staining, Azan staining and polarised light. After BE, prominent airway scarring was seen in five patients (29%), with significant stenosis (>50% lumen) in one of these cases. Prominent scarring and significant stenosis were found in four (67%), after PDT. In five (83%) after Nd-YAG laser prominent scarring was found, one patient had significant stenosis. In three cases, two after BE and one after PDT, subepithelial tissue in the follow-up biopsies was insufficient for proper histologic examination. In the remaining biopsy specimen only one (7%) showed a moderate or excessive amount of fibroblasts after BE, whereas for PDT and Nd-YAG this was found in three (60%) and four patients (67%), respectively. Excessive matrix was found in none of the biopsies after BE, in two (40%) after PDT and in three (50%) after Nd-YAG laser. Compact collagen formations were seen in two (12%) biopsies after BE, in two (40 and 33%) after PDT and Nd-YAG, respectively. Compared to electrocautery, more airway scarring and more subepithelial fibrosis were seen after treatment with PDT and Nd-YAG laser. These findings, especially regarding PDT, is in contrast to the assumption that PDT is selective and may be important in the choice of treatment for patients with early stage cancer.

The curative potential of intraluminal bronchoscopic treatment for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer.

Bronchoscopic treatment modalities such as lasers, electrocautery, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and brachytherapy are potentially curative for patients with very-early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the central airways. Previously, studies had primarily focused on the effectiveness of surgery, surgical bronchoplasty, and photodynamic therapy. The cure rate of intraluminal bronchoscopic treatment is strongly related to the patient's functional status and tumor stage. Intraluminal tumors are curable bronchoscopically when they are accessible to the fiberoptic bronchoscope, strictly intraluminal, and superficial with visible proximal and distal tumor margins. Early-stage cancer infiltrating deeper into the bronchial wall may already harbor metastases to the regional lymph nodes; hence, curative intraluminal treatment is not feasible. The use of new diagnostic tools (eg, high-resolution computed tomography, autofluorescence bronchoscopy, and endobronchial ultrasound) may improve staging to select the category of patients in whom intraluminal bronchoscopic therapy with curative intent is appropriate. An accurate intraluminal tumor staging will improve our ability to exploit the curative potential of many bronchoscopic techniques for complete tumor eradication in patients with very-early-stage intraluminal NSCLC in their central airways. The use of bronchoscopic treatment as a less morbid alternative than surgical resection will benefit patients most when tumor is detected at the earliest stage possible.