External validation of nomograms including MRI features for the prediction of side-specific extraprostatic extension.

BACKGROUND: Prediction of side-specific extraprostatic extension (EPE) is crucial in selecting patients for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (RP). Multiple nomograms, which include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) information, are available predict side-specific EPE. It is crucial that the accuracy of these nomograms is assessed with external validation to ensure they can be used in clinical practice to support medical decision-making. METHODS: Data of prostate cancer (PCa) patients that underwent robot-assisted RP (RARP) from 2017 to 2021 at four European tertiary referral centers were collected retrospectively. Four previously developed nomograms for the prediction of side-specific EPE were identified and externally validated. Discrimination (area under the curve [AUC]), calibration and net benefit of four nomograms were assessed. To assess the strongest predictor among the MRI features included in all nomograms, we evaluated their association with side-specific EPE using multivariate regression analysis and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). RESULTS: This study involved 773 patients with a total of 1546 prostate lobes. EPE was found in 338 (22%) lobes. The AUCs of the models predicting EPE ranged from 72.2% (95% CI 69.1-72.3%) (Wibmer) to 75.5% (95% CI 72.5-78.5%) (Nyarangi-Dix). The nomogram with the highest AUC varied across the cohorts. The Soeterik, Nyarangi-Dix, and Martini nomograms demonstrated fair to good calibration for clinically most relevant thresholds between 5 and 30%. In contrast, the Wibmer nomogram showed substantial overestimation of EPE risk for thresholds above 25%. The Nyarangi-Dix nomogram demonstrated a higher net benefit for risk thresholds between 20 and 30% when compared to the other three nomograms. Of all MRI features, the European Society of Urogenital Radiology score and tumor capsule contact length showed the highest AUCs and lowest AIC. CONCLUSION: The Nyarangi-Dix, Martini and Soeterik nomograms resulted in accurate EPE prediction and are therefore suitable to support medical decision-making.

Is cribriform pattern in prostate biopsy a risk factor for metastatic disease on 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT?

INTRODUCTION: Cribriform growth pattern (CP) in prostate cancer (PCa) has been associated with different unfavourable oncological outcomes. This study addresses if CP in prostate biopsies is an independent risk factor for metastatic disease on PSMA PET/CT. METHODS: Treatment-naive patients with ISUP GG ≥ 2 staged with 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT diagnosed from 2020 to 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. To test if CP in biopsies was an independent risk factor for metastatic disease on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, regression analyses were performed. Secondary analyses were performed in different subgroups. RESULTS: A total of 401 patients were included. CP was reported in 252 (63%) patients. CP in biopsies was not an independent risk factor for metastatic disease on the 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT (p = 0.14). ISUP grade group (GG) 4 (p = 0.006), GG 5 (p = 0.003), higher PSA level groups per 10 ng/ml until > 50 (p-value between 0.02 and > 0.001) and clinical EPE (p > 0.001) were all independent risk factors. In the subgroups with GG 2 (n = 99), GG 3 (n = 110), intermediate-risk group (n = 129) or the high-risk group (n = 272), CP in biopsies was also not an independent risk factor for metastatic disease on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. If the EAU guideline recommendation for performing metastatic screening was applied as threshold for PSMA PET/CT imaging, in 9(2%) patients, metastatic disease was missed, and 18% fewer PSMA PET/CT would have been performed. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study found that CP in biopsies was not an independent risk factor for metastatic disease on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT.

Contemporary role of palliative cystoprostatectomy or pelvic exenteration in advanced symptomatic prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To access the feasibility of palliative cystoprostatectomy/pelvic exenteration in patients with bladder/rectal invasion due to prostate cancer (PC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five men with cT4 PC were retrospectively identified in the institutional databases of six tertiary referral centers in the last decade. Local invasion was documented by CT or MRI scans and was confirmed by urethrocystoscopy. Oncological therapies, local symptoms, previous local treatments, time from diagnosis to intervention and type of surgical procedure were recorded. Patients were divided into groups: ADT group (12 pts) and 13 pts without any history of previous local/systemic treatments for PCa (nonADT groups). Perioperative complications were classified using the Clavien-Dindo system. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from surgery to death from any cause. A Cox regression analysis, stratified for ISUP score and previous hormonal treatment (ADT) was also performed for survival analysis. RESULTS: Ileal conduit was the main urinary diversion in both cohorts. For the entire cohort, complication rate was 44%. No significant differences regarding perioperative complications and complication severity between both subgroups were observed (p = 0.2). Median follow-up was 15 months (range 3-41) for the entire cohort with a median survival of 15 months (95% CI 10.1-19.9). In Cox regression analysis stratified for ISUP score, no statistically significant differences in OS in patients with and without previous ADT before cystectomy or exenteration were observed (HR 3.26, 95% CI 0.62-17.23, p = 0.164). CONCLUSION: Palliative cystoprostatectomy and pelvic exenteration represent viable treatment options associated with acceptable morbidity and good short-term survival outcome.

Identifying exceptional malaria occurrences in the absence of historical data in South Sudan: a method validation.

BACKGROUND: Detecting unusual malaria events that may require an operational intervention is challenging, especially in endemic contexts with continuous transmission such as South Sudan. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) utilises the classic average plus standard deviation (AV+SD) method for malaria surveillance. This and other available approaches, however, rely on antecedent data, which are often missing. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a method using linear regression (LR) over only 8 weeks of retrospective data could be an alternative to AV+SD. DESIGN: In the absence of complete historical malaria data from South Sudan, data from weekly influenza reports from 19 Norwegian counties (2006-2015) were used as a testing data set to compare the performance of the LR and the AV+SD methods. The moving epidemic method was used as the gold standard. Subsequently, the LR method was applied in a case study on malaria occurrence in MSF facilities in South Sudan (2010-2016) to identify malaria events that required a MSF response. RESULTS: For the Norwegian influenza data, LR and AV+SD methods did not perform differently (P > 0.05). For the South Sudanese malaria data, the LR method identified historical periods when an operational response was mounted. CONCLUSION: The LR method seems a plausible alternative to the AV+SD method in situations where retrospective data are missing.

Knockdown and recovery of malaria diagnosis and treatment in Liberia during and after the 2014 Ebola outbreak.

Setting: The malaria-endemic country of Liberia, before, during and after the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Objective: To describe the consequences of the Ebola outbreak on Liberia's National Malaria Programme and its post-Ebola recovery. Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study using routine countrywide programme data. Results: Malaria caseloads decreased by 47% during the Ebola outbreak and by 11% after, compared to the pre-Ebola period. In those counties most affected by Ebola, a caseload reduction of >20% was sustained for 12 consecutive months, while this lasted for only 4 consecutive months in the counties least affected by Ebola. Linear regression of monthly proportions of confirmed malaria cases-as a proxy indicator of programme performance-over the pre- and post-Ebola periods indicated that the malaria programme could require 26 months after the end of the acute phase of the Ebola outbreak to recover to pre-Ebola levels. Conclusions: The differential persistence of reduced caseloads in the least- and most-affected counties, all of which experienced similar emergency measures, suggest that factors other than Ebola-related security measures played a key role in the programme's reduced performance. Clear guidance on when to abandon the emergency measures after an outbreak may be needed to ensure faster recovery of malaria programme performance.

Contexte : Le Liberia, pays d'endémie palustre, avant, pendant et après l'épidémie d'Ebola de 2014.Objectif : Décrire les conséquences de l'épidémie d'Ebola sur le programme national de lutte contre le paludisme et sa récupération après Ebola.Schéma : Étude rétrospective transversale utilisant des données de routine du programme dans tout le pays.Résultats : Le nombre de cas de paludisme déclarés a baissé de 47% pendant et de 11% après l'épidémie d'Ebola, comparé à la période pré-Ebola. Dans les comtés les plus affectés par Ebola, une réduction de plus de 20% a été maintenue pendant plus de 12 mois consécutifs, tandis que celle-ci n'a duré que pendant 4 mois consécutifs dans les comtés les moins affectés par Ebola. Une régression linéaire des proportions mensuelles de cas de paludisme confirmés­comme indicateur indirect de la performance du programme­sur les périodes pré- et post-Ebola a montré que le programme paludisme pourrait avoir besoin de 26 mois après la fin de la phase aiguë de l'épidémie d'Ebola pour revenir aux niveaux d'avant Ebola.Conclusion: La persistance différentielle de réduction des cas déclarés dans les comtés les moins et les plus affectés, qui ont tous expérimenté des mesures d'urgence similaires, suggère que des facteurs autres que les mesures de sécurité liées à Ebola ont joué des rôles clés dans la réduction de la performance du programme. Des recommandations claires sur le moment auquel il faut abandonner les mesures d'urgence après une flambée pourraient être nécessaires pour assurer une récupération plus rapide de la performance du programme.

Marco de referencia: El país de Liberia, con una situación endémica de paludismo, antes de la epidemia de fiebre hemorrágica del Ébola, durante el brote y después del mismo en el 2014.Objetivos: Describir las consecuencias del brote epidémico del Ébola sobre el programa nacional contra el paludismo y su recuperación después de la epidemia.Método: Fue este un estudio transversal retrospectivo a partir de los datos corrientes del programa en todo el país.Resultados: La carga de morbilidad por paludismo disminuyó un 47% durante la epidemia y un 11% después de la misma, en comparación con el período anterior. En las provincias más afectadas por el brote se observó una disminución constante de más del 20% durante 12 meses consecutivos, comparada con 4 meses en las provincias menos afectadas. La regresión lineal de la proporción mensual de casos confirmados de paludismo, utilizada como indicador indirecto del desempeño del programa durante los períodos anterior y posterior a la epidemia del Ébola, puso de manifiesto que el programa precisó 26 meses después del final de la fase aguda de la epidemia hasta recuperar su nivel de desempeño anterior al brote.Conclusiones: La recuperación diferencial de la notificación en las provincias menos afectadas y las más afectadas por la epidemia, pese a que en todas las regiones se ejecutaron intervenciones de emergencia equivalentes, indica que factores diferentes a las medidas de seguridad desencadenadas por la epidemia influyeron de manera importante en la disminución del desempeño del programa. Se precisan orientaciones claras con respecto al momento más oportuno para interrumpir las intervenciones de emergencia después de los brotes epidémicos, con el propósito de facilitar una recuperación más rápida del funcionamiento del programa contra el paludismo.

Infection prevention and control in health facilities in post-Ebola Liberia: don't forget the private sector!

Setting: Recognising the importance of infection prevention and control (IPC), a minimum standards tool (MST) was developed in Liberia to guide the safe (re-) opening and provision of care in health facilities. Objectives: To analyse the implementation of specific IPC measures after the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak between June 2015 and May 2016, and to compare the relative improvements in IPC between the public and private sectors. Design: A retrospective comparative cohort study. Results: We evaluated 723 (94%) of the 769 health facilities in Liberia. Of these, 437 (60%) were public and 286 (40%) were private. There was an overall improvement in the MST scores from a median of 13 to 14 out of a maximum possible score of 16. While improvements were observed in all aspects of IPC in both public and private health facilities, IPC implementation was systematically higher in public facilities. Conclusions: We demonstrate the feasibility of monitoring IPC implementation using the MST checklist in post-Ebola Liberia. Our study shows that improvements were made in key aspects of IPC after 1 year of evaluations and tailored recommendations. We also highlight the need to increase the focus on the private sector to achieve further improvements in IPC.

Contexte : En reconnaissance de l'importance de la prévention et contrôle de l'infection (PCI), le Liberia a élaboré le « minimum standards tool ¼ (MST) afin de guider en toute sécurité l'ouverture/réouverture des structures de santé et la prestation de soins.Objectifs : Analyser la mise en œuvre des mesures spécifiques de PCI après la flambée épidémique d'Ebola en 2014, entre juin 2015 et mai 2016, et comparer les améliorations relatives de la PCI entre le secteur public et privé.Schéma : Une étude rétrospective comparative de cohorte.Résultats : Nous avons évalué 723 (94%) des 769 structures de santé au Liberia. Parmi elles, 437 (60%) étaient publiques et 286 (40%), privées. Il y a eu une amélioration générale des scores MST depuis une médiane de 13 à 14, avec un score maximal de 16. Des améliorations ont été observées dans tous les aspects de la PCI à la fois dans les structures de santé publiques et privées, mais la mise en œuvre de la PCI a été systematiquement plus élevée dans les structures publiques.Conclusions: Nous avons démontré la faisabilité du suivi de la mise en œuvre de la PCI grâce à la check-list de la MST dans le Liberia d'après Ebola. Nous avons montré des améliorations dans des aspects clés de la PCI après une année d'évaluation et adapté les recommandations de la PCI. Nous mettons également en lumière le besoin d'accorder davantage d'attention au secteur privé, de manière à faire davantage de progrès dans la PCI.

Marco de referencia: Al reconocer la importancia de las medidas de prevención y control de las infecciones (PCI), se elaboró en Liberia un instrumento de normas mínimas encaminado a orientar la apertura o reapertura y la prestación de servicios en los establecimientos de atención de salud de manera segura.Objetivos: Analizar la ejecución de medidas específicas de PCI después de la epidemia del Ébola del 2014, entre junio del 2015 y mayo del 2016, y comparar los progresos relativos en la materia entre el sector público y el sector privado.Método: Un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes comparativo.Resultados: Se evaluaron 723 de los 769 establecimientos de salud de Liberia (94%). De estos, 437 pertenecían al sector público (60%) y 286 (40%) al sector privado. Se observó una mejoría global en las puntuaciones del instrumento de normas mínimas de una mediana de 13 a 14, sobre una puntuación máxima de 16. Hubo progresos en todos los aspectos de PCI en los establecimientos del sector público y privado, pero su aplicación fue sistemáticamente más alta en los centros del sector público.Conclusiones: El presente estudio puso en evidencia la factibilidad de vigilar la ejecución de las medidas de PCI utilizando la lista de verificación del instrumento de normas mínimas, después de la epidemia del Ébola en Liberia. Los resultados revelaron progresos en aspectos primordiales, después de un año de evaluaciones y recomendaciones adaptadas en materia de PCI. Se destacó además la necesidad de aumentar la atención prestada al sector privado, con el fin de promover mayores progresos en este campo.

Where technology does not go: specialised neonatal care in resource-poor and conflict-affected contexts.

Setting: Although neonatal mortality is gradually decreasing worldwide, 98% of neonatal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, where hospital care for sick and premature neonates is often unavailable. Médecins Sans Frontières Operational Centre Brussels (MSF-OCB) managed eight specialised neonatal care units (SNCUs) at district level in low-resource and conflict-affected settings in seven countries. Objective: To assess the performance of the MSF SNCU model across different settings in Africa and Southern Asia, and to describe the set-up of eight SNCUs, neonate characteristics and clinical outcomes among neonates from 2012 to 2015. Design: Multicentric descriptive study. Results: The MSF SNCU model was characterised by an absence of high-tech equipment and an emphasis on dedicated nursing and medical care. Focus was on the management of hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, feeding support and early identification/treatment of infection. Overall, 11 970 neonates were admitted, 41% of whom had low birthweight (<2500 g). The main diagnoses were low birthweight, asphyxia and neonatal infections. Overall mortality was 17%, with consistency across the sites. Chances of survival increased with higher birthweight. Conclusion: The standardised SNCU model was implemented across different contexts and showed in-patient outcomes within acceptable limits. Low-tech medical care for sick and premature neonates can and should be implemented at district hospital level in low-resource settings.

Contexte: La mortalité néonatale diminue progressivement dans le monde, mais 98% des décès néonataux surviennent encore dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen, où les soins hospitaliers pour les nouveaux-nés malades et prématurés sont souvent indisponibles. Médecins Sans Frontières Centre d'Opérations Bruxelles (MSF-OCB) a géré huit unités spécialisées de soins néonataux (SNCU) au niveau du district dans des contextes de faibles ressources et affectés par des conflits dans sept pays.Objectif: Evaluer la performance du modèle de MSF-SNCU dans différents contextes en Afrique et en Asie du Sud Est. Les objectifs ont été de décrire la mise en place des huit SNCU, les caractéristiques des nouveau-nés et les résultats cliniques de 2012 à 2015.Schema: Etude descriptive multicentrique.Résultats: Le modèle de MSF-SNCU a été caractérisé par l'absence de machines de haute technologie et l'accent mis sur des soins infirmiers dévoués et des soins médicaux. La prise en charge s'est concentrée sur la gestion de l'hypothermie, de l'hypoglycémie, du soutien à l'alimentation et de l'identification/du traitement précoces d'une infection. Dans l'ensemble, 11 970 nouveau-nés ont été admis, dont 41% ont eu un faible poids de naissance (<2500 g). Les principaux diagnostics ont été un faible poids de naissance, une hypoxie et des infections néonatales. La mortalité d'ensemble a été de 17%, similaire dans les différents sites. Les chances de survie ont augmenté parallèlement au poids de naissance.Conclusion: Le modèle standardisé de SNCU a été mis en œuvre dans différents contextes et les résultats pour les nouveau-nés hospitalisés se sont avérés être dans des limites acceptables. Des soins médicaux de basse technologie pour les nouveau-nés malades et prématurés peuvent et doivent être mis en œuvre au niveau des hôpitaux de district dans les contextes de faibles ressources.

Marco de referencia: La mortalidad neonatal ha disminuido de manera gradual en todo el mundo, pero el 98% de las muertes neonatales ocurre en los países de bajos y medianos ingresos, que no suelen contar con una atención hospitalaria de los neonatos prematuros. El centro operativo de Bruselas de Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF-OCB) administra ocho unidades de atención neonatal especializada (SNCU) en entornos de bajos recursos y afectados por conflictos, a nivel distrital en siete países.Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño del modelo SNCU de MSF en diferentes entornos en África y el sureste asiático. Se describe la puesta en marcha de ocho unidades, las características de los neonatos y los desenlaces clínicos del 2012 al 2015.Método: Fue este un estudio descriptivo multicéntrico.Resultados: El modelo SNCU de MSF se caracterizó por la falta de dispositivos de alta tecnología y una prioridad atribuida a la prestación de atención médica y de enfermería por parte de profesionales dedicados. Se concedió un interés especial al manejo de la hipotermia, la hipoglucemia, el apoyo alimentario y la detección precoz y el tratamiento de las infecciones. Se ingresaron 11 970 neonatos, de los cuales el 41% consistió en lactantes con bajo peso al nacer (<2500 g). Los principales diagnósticos fueron bajo peso al nacer, asfixia perinatal e infecciones neonatales. En general, la mortalidad fue 17%, en proporción uniforme en todos los centros. Las probabilidades de supervivencia aumentaban con un mayor peso al nacer.Conclusión: El modelo normalizado SNCU se introdujo en diferentes contextos y ofreció a los pacientes ingresados desenlaces dentro de límites aceptables. La atención médica de los neonatos prematuros y enfermos en plataformas de baja tecnología es viable y se debería introducir en los hospitales de nivel distrital de los entornos con bajos recursos.

How do low-birthweight neonates fare 2 years after discharge from a low-technology neonatal care unit in a rural district hospital in Burundi?

OBJECTIVES: As neonatal care is being scaled up in economically poor settings, there is a need to know more on post-hospital discharge and longer-term outcomes. Of particular interest are mortality, prevalence of developmental impairments and malnutrition, all known to be worse in low-birthweight neonates (LBW, <2500 g). Getting a better handle on these parameters might justify and guide support interventions. Two years after hospital discharge, we thus assessed: mortality, developmental impairments and nutritional status of LBW children. METHODS: Household survey of LBW neonates discharged from a neonatal special care unit in Rural Burundi between January and December 2012. RESULTS: Of 146 LBW neonates, 23% could not be traced and 4% had died. Of the remaining 107 children (median age = 27 months), at least one developmental impairment was found in 27%, with 8% having at least five impairments. Main impairments included delays in motor development (17%) and in learning and speech (12%). Compared to LBW children (n = 100), very-low-birthweight (VLBW, <1500 g, n = 7) children had a significantly higher risk of impairments (intellectual - P = 0.001), needing constant supervision and creating a household burden (P = 0.009). Of all children (n-107), 18% were acutely malnourished, with a 3½ times higher risk in VLBWs (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Reassuringly, most children were thriving 2 years after discharge. However, malnutrition was prevalent and one in three manifested developmental impairments (particularly VLBWs) echoing the need for support programmes. A considerable proportion of children could not be traced, and this emphasises the need for follow-up systems post-discharge.

Emergency obstetric care in a rural district of Burundi: What are the surgical needs?

OBJECTIVES: In a rural district hospital in Burundi offering Emergency Obstetric care-(EmOC), we assessed the a) characteristics of women at risk of, or with an obstetric complication and their types b) the number and type of obstetric surgical procedures and anaesthesia performed c) human resource cadres who performed surgery and anaesthesia and d) hospital exit outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of EmOC data (2011 and 2012). RESULTS: A total of 6084 women were referred for EmOC of whom 2534(42%) underwent a major surgical procedure while 1345(22%) required a minor procedure (36% women did not require any surgical procedure). All cases with uterine rupture(73) and extra-uterine pregnancy(10) and the majority with pre-uterine rupture and foetal distress required major surgery. The two most prevalent conditions requiring a minor surgical procedure were abortions (61%) and normal delivery (34%). A total of 2544 major procedures were performed on 2534 admitted individuals. Of these, 1650(65%) required spinal and 578(23%) required general anaesthesia; 2341(92%) procedures were performed by 'general practitioners with surgical skills' and in 2451(96%) cases, anaesthesia was provided by nurses. Of 2534 hospital admissions related to major procedures, 2467(97%) were discharged, 21(0.8%) were referred to tertiary care and 2(0.1%) died. CONCLUSION: Overall, the obstetric surgical volume in rural Burundi is high with nearly six out of ten referrals requiring surgical intervention. Nonetheless, good quality care could be achieved by trained, non-specialist staff. The post-2015 development agenda needs to take this into consideration if it is to make progress towards reducing maternal mortality in Africa.

Sparks creating light? Strengthening peripheral disease surveillance in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

SETTING: The Democratic Republic of Congo suffers from an amalgam of disease outbreaks and other medical emergencies. An efficient response to these relies strongly on the national surveillance system. The Pool d'Urgence Congo (PUC, Congo Emergency Team) of Médecins Sans Frontières is a project that responds to emergencies in highly remote areas through short-term vertical interventions, during which it uses the opportunity of its presence to reinforce the local surveillance system. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the ancillary strengthening of the peripheral surveillance system during short-term interventions leads to improved disease notification. DESIGN: A descriptive paired study measuring disease notification before and after 12 PUC interventions in 2013-2014. RESULTS: A significant increase in disease notification was observed after seven mass-vaccination campaigns and was sustained over 6 months. For the remaining five smaller-scaled interventions, no significant effects were observed. CONCLUSION: The observed improvements after even short-term interventions underline, on the one hand, how external emergency actors can positively affect the system through their punctuated actions, and, on the other hand, the dire need for investment in surveillance at peripheral level.

Contexte : La République Démocratique du Congo souffre d'un amalgame de flambées épidémiques et d'autres urgences médicales. Une réponse efficace à ces problèmes est basée sur le système national de surveillance. Le Pool d'Urgence Congo (PUC) de Médecins Sans Frontières est un projet répondant aux urgences dans les zones très reculées grâce à des interventions verticales à court terme, pendant lesquelles le projet met à profit l'opportunité de sa présence pour renforcer le système de surveillance local.Objectif : Vérifier si le renforcement complémentaire du système de surveillance périphérique pendant des interventions à court terme amène une amélioration de la notification des maladies.Schéma : Une étude descriptive par paires mesurant la notification des maladies avant et après 12 interventions PUC en 2013­2014.Résultats : Une augmentation significative de la notification des maladies a été observée après sept campagnes de vaccination de masse et elle s'est maintenue pendant 6 mois. En ce qui concerne les cinq interventions restantes à plus petite échelle, aucun effet significatif n'a été observé.Conclusion : Les améliorations observées, même après des interventions à court terme, soulignent d'un côté comment des acteurs externes de l'urgence peuvent affecter positivement le système à travers leurs actions ponctuelles et, d'un autre côté, le besoin pressant d'investir dans la surveillance au niveau périphérique.

Marco de referencia: La República Democrática del Congo adolece de una amalgama de brotes epidémicos y otras urgencias médicas y la eficiencia de la respuesta a esta situación depende en gran medida del sistema nacional de vigilancia. El proyecto 'Pool d'Urgence Congo' (PUC, en francés) de Médecins Sans Frontières responde a las situaciones de urgencia en zonas muy remotas, mediante intervenciones verticales a corto plazo, durante las cuales se aprovecha la presencia en el terreno con el fin de reforzar el sistema local de vigilancia sanitaria.Objetivo: Investigar si el fortalecimiento complementario del sistema periférico de vigilancia sanitaria durante las intervenciones de corta duración contribuye a mejorar la notificación de las enfermedades.Método: Un estudio descriptivo emparejado, en el cual se midió la notificación de las enfermedades antes y después de 12 intervenciones del PUC del 2013 al 2014.Resultados: Se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo de la notificación de las enfermedades después de siete campañas de vacunación colectiva, el cual se mantuvo durante 6 meses. En las cinco intervenciones restantes de menor escala no se observaron efectos considerables.Conclusión: El progreso observado incluso después de intervenciones a corto plazo, por una parte, pone de manifiesto que los actores externos en situaciones de emergencia pueden inducir modificaciones positivas del sistema mediante sus actividades puntuales y, en segundo lugar, destaca la necesidad urgente de invertir en el sistema de vigilancia sanitaria a nivel periférico.

Constraints in the diagnosis and treatment of Lassa Fever and the effect on mortality in hospitalized children and women with obstetric conditions in a rural district hospital in Sierra Leone.

BACKGROUND: Lassa fever (LF) is an acute viral haemorrhagic infection, endemic in West Africa. Confirmatory diagnosis and treatment (ribavirin) is difficult, expensive, and restricted to specialised hospitals. Among confirmed and suspected LF cases, we report on clinical and laboratory features, timing and administration of ribavirin and the relationship with case fatality. METHODS: We conducted an audit of patient files of suspected LF cases admitted to a pediatric and obstetric referral hospital in rural Sierra Leone (April 2011 to February 2012). RESULTS: There were 84 suspected LF cases; 36 (43%) were laboratory-confirmed cases, of whom only 20 (56%) received ribavirin after a median duration of eight days (IQR 314 days) of hospital admission. Of 16 patients who did not receive ribavirin, 14 (87%) died before ribavirin treatment could be commenced. Starting ribavirin within six days of admission was associated with a case fatality of 29% (2/7), while starting ribavirin later than six days was associated with a case fatality of 50% (6/12). Among the 48 suspected LF cases without laboratory confirmation, there were 21 (44%) deaths. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight shortcomings in LF management, including diagnostic and treatment delays. More research and development efforts should be devoted to this 'neglected disease'.

Performance of decentralised facilities in tuberculosis case notification and treatment success in Armenia.

We assessed the performance of decentralised tuberculosis (TB) out-patient centres in tuberculosis (TB) case notification and treatment success in Armenia. An average threshold case notification of ⩾37/100 000 was seen in centres that had higher numbers of presumptive TB patients, where more TB was diagnosed by in-patient facilities and where TB contacts were examined. The number of doctors and/or TB specialists at centres did not influence case notification. Onsite smear microscopy was significantly associated with a treatment success rate of ⩾85% for new TB patients. Addressing specific characteristics of TB centres associated with lower case notification and treatment success and optimising their location may improve performance.

Tuberculosis in health care workers in Belarus.

SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB), including drug-resistant TB, is a serious problem in Belarus. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of TB among health care workers (HCWs) along with patient characteristics, treatment outcomes and drug resistance patterns between 2008 and 2012. DESIGN: A retrospective national record review. RESULTS: There were 116 HCWs with TB. Case notification rates were higher among HCWs than in the general population (349 vs. 40/100 000 in 2012). Most HCWs with TB were nurses (n = 46, 40%) or nurse assistants (n = 37, 32%), female (n = 100, 86%) and aged 25-44 years (n = 84, 72%). Most common places of work for HCWs with TB were multidrug-resistant (MDR-) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) wards (n = 23, 20%), general medical (n = 26, 22%) and non-medical (n = 34, 29%) departments. All HCWs had pulmonary TB, 107 (92%) had new TB and 103 (89%) had negative sputum smears. Of the 38 (33%) with culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST), 28 (74%) had MDR-/XDR-TB. In 109 HCWs evaluated for final treatment outcomes, 97 (89%) were successfully treated, and their results were not affected by DST status. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the high prevalence of recorded TB in HCWs in TB health facilities in Belarus: there is a need to better understand and rectify this problem.

A four-year nationwide molecular epidemiological study in Estonia: risk factors for tuberculosis transmission.

SETTING: Estonia has a high proportion of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). It is important to link molecular and epidemiological data to understand TB transmission patterns. OBJECTIVE: To use 24-locus variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) typing and national TB registry data in Estonia from 2009 to 2012 to identify the distribution of drug resistance patterns, Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate clustering as an index for recent transmission, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with recent transmission, and the distribution of transmission between index and secondary cases. DESIGN: A retrospective nationwide cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Of 912 cases with isolate and patient information, 39.1% of isolates were from the Beijing lineage. Cluster analysis identified 87 clusters encompassing 69.1% of isolates. The largest cluster comprised 178 isolates from the Beijing lineage, of which 92.1% were MDR- or extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). Factors associated with recent transmission were polyresistant TB, MDR- and XDR-TB, human immunodeficiency virus positivity, Russian ethnicity, non-permanent living situation, alcohol abuse and detention. XDR-TB cases had the highest risk of recent transmission. The majority of transmission cases involved individuals aged 30-39 years. CONCLUSION: Recent TB transmission in Estonia is high and is particularly associated with MDR- and XDR-TB and the Beijing lineage.

Multi- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Latvia: trends, characteristics and treatment outcomes.

SETTING: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is an important public health problem in Latvia. OBJECTIVE: To document trends, characteristics and treatment outcomes of registered patients with multi-drug-resistant (MDR-) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-) TB in Latvia from 2000 to 2010. DESIGN: A retrospective national cohort study. RESULTS: Of 1779 patients, 1646 (92%) had MDR- and 133 (8%) XDR-TB. Over 11 years, the proportion of XDR-TB among MDR-TB patients increased from 2% to 18%. Compared to MDR-TB patients, those with XDR-TB were significantly more likely to have failed MDR-TB treatment (OR 8.4, 95%CI 4.3-16.2), have human immunodeficiency virus infection (OR 3.2, 95%CI 1.8-5.7), be illegal drug users (OR 5.7, 95%CI 2.6-11.6) or have had contact with MDR-TB patients (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.3-2.8). Cure rates for XDR-TB were 50%. Compared with MDR-TB patients, those with XDR-TB had a higher risk of treatment failure (29% vs. 8%, respectively, P < 0.001). Unfavourable treatment outcomes were significantly associated with being male; having smear-positive disease; pulmonary cavities; failure, default or relapse after previous MDR-TB treatment; and a history of incarceration. CONCLUSION: More MDR-TB in Latvia is now also XDR-TB. This study identified several risk factors for XDR-TB and, for unfavourable treatment outcomes, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate management of MDR-/XDR-TB.

Do incentives improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes in the Republic of Moldova?

SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB) health facilities in the Republic of Moldova, where various incentives were provided to TB patients to improve treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To compare treatment outcomes among new drug-susceptible TB patients registered for treatment before (2008) and after (2011) introduction of incentives. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using data from the national electronic patient database and incentive registers. RESULTS: Of 2378 patients registered in 2011, 1895 (80%) received incentives (cash, food vouchers, travel reimbursement). Compared to 2008 (no incentives, n = 2492), the patients registered with incentives in 2011 had higher treatment success (88% vs. 79%, P < 0.001) and lower proportions of unsuccessful outcomes: loss to follow-up (5% vs. 10%, P < 0.001), death (5% vs. 6%, P = 0.03) and failure (2% vs. 5%, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis (log-binomial regression) using the intention-to-treat approach, provision of incentives was independently associated with an overall reduction in unsuccessful outcomes of 50% (RR 0.5, 95%CI 0.45-0.62, P < 0.001), after adjusting for other confounders such as sex, age, education, occupation, residence, homelessness, type of TB and human immunodeficiency virus status. CONCLUSION: Provision of incentives to TB patients significantly improved treatment success rates and needs to continue. Treatment retention increased, thus potentially preventing drug resistance, a serious problem in the Republic of Moldova.