Compulsory treatment in patients' homes in the Netherlands: what do mental health professionals think of this?

BACKGROUND: Compulsory treatment in patients' homes (CTH) will be introduced in the new Dutch mental health legislation. The aim of this study is to identify the opinions of mental health workers in the Netherlands on compulsory community treatment (CCT), and particularly on compulsory treatment in the patients' home. METHODS: This is a mixed methods study, comprising a semi-structured interview and a survey. Forty mental health workers took part in the semi-structured interview about CCT and 20 of them, working in outpatient services, also completed a questionnaire about CTH. Descriptive analyses were performed of indicated (dis) advantages and problems of CCT and of mean scores on the CTH questionnaire. RESULTS: Overall, the mental health workers seemed to have positive opinions on CCT. With respect to CTH, all mean scores were in the middle of the range, possibly indicating that clinicians were uncertain regarding safety issues and potential practical problems accompanying the use of CTH. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the participating mental health workers in this study had a positive attitude towards CCT, but they seemed relative uncertain about potential possibilities and problems of working with CTH.

[Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide for patients with psychiatric illnesses: opinions of residents in psychiatry]. / Euthanasie en hulp bij zelfdoding bij psychiatrische patiënten; wat vinden aiossen psychiatrie?

BACKGROUND: In the Netherlands there is an increasing amount of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (eas) for patients with psychiatric illnesses. However, in recent years, psychiatrists have become more reluctant to assist with or apply eas. In 1995, 47% of psychiatrists were prepared to grant a request for eas, compared with 37% in 2016. In the literature various personal, medical and ethical arguments are mentioned for reluctance or willingness regarding eas.
AIM: To determine the point of view of residents in psychiatry about requests for eas, to gain insight into their arguments for being reluctant or willing regarding eas, and to determine their opinion on attention paid to eas during the medical training of a psychiatrist.
METHOD: A survey on eas was developed based on a literature study. Residents in psychiatry from the consortium Zuid-Nederland-Noord (znn) (n=78) were asked to complete this survey online.
RESULTS: A total of 37 residents (47%) responded. Of these, most residents (73%) found it conceivable that they would grant a request for eas from a patient with psychiatric illness. Residents did not agree with the classical arguments for reluctance. The training of psychiatrists paid insufficient structural attention to eas.
CONCLUSION: This study shows that a majority of Dutch residents in psychiatry find it conceivable that they would grant a request for eas. According to these residents, more attention is warranted on eas in the medical training to psychiatrist.

[Physician assistant for the somatic care in the mental health care]. / Physician assistant voor de somatische zorg binnen de ggz.

.

[Compulsory treatment in the community for persons in need of mental health care]. / Gedwongen behandeling van mensen met een psychiatrische stoornis in de thuissituatie.

BACKGROUND: Clinical admissions and inpatient services are increasingly replaced by enhanced community treatment in Western countries. Currently the Dutch mental health legislation is being revised, making compulsory community treatment a novel legal option in The Netherlands. AIM: To summarize the current literature on compulsory community treatment and to review studies relating to efficacy, patients' and carers' perspectives, and costs. METHOD: We conducted a systematic review of the literature, using PubMed and Trip. RESULTS: Current literature does not provide evidence for positive effects of cct in comparison to voluntary care in terms of admission duration, time-to-readmission, and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Results from England and the United States do not provide support for efficacy of cct in terms of number and/or duration of hospital admissions, and in terms of clinical outcomes compared to voluntary treatment. There is a pressing need for studies designed to allow for direct comparisons between outcomes after compulsory hospital admission and compulsory community treatment.

[Wernicke encephalopathy and dry beriberi; late complications after bariatric surgery performed on a patient with a psychiatric history]. / Wernicke-encefalopathie en droge beriberi als late complicaties van bariatrische chirurgie bij patiënte met psychiatrisch belast verleden.

A 38-year-old woman was admitted in a psychiatric hospital because of memory disorders. Dry beriberi and Korsakoff's syndrome, as a late neuropsychiatric manifestation of Wernicke's encephalopathy, were established. The beriberi symptoms decreased slowly, but the patient's memory impairments persisted. These clinical features were caused by a thiamine deficiency. Gastric bypass surgery is associated with an increased risk of thiamine deficiency. Excessive alcohol consumption and poor compliance with vitamin deficiency treatment both contributed to the rapid onset of these disorders. The case we describe demonstrates how important it is that patients who have undergone bariatric surgery are prescribed the correct vitamin supplements and that the treatment is continued for an appropriate period of time; this treatment is particularly important in the case of patients who are also suffering from an comorbid alcohol-related disorder.

[Mechanisms of catatonia]. / Mechanismen van katatonie.

BACKGROUND: Catatonia is being increasingly viewed as a unique syndrome consisting of specific motor signs that respond characteristically and uniformly to benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy. This interpretation is also reflected in changes in the classification of catatonia in DSM-5. An all-embracing pathogenesis of catatonia remains elusive. AIM: To review the mechanisms of catatonia. METHOD: We reviewed the literature. RESULTS: Certain aspects of catatonia can be explained by a number of different mechanisms. We present a new, more comprehensive model involving the vagal nerve. CONCLUSION: Further research into the underlying mechanisms of catatonia is needed in order to to find new therapies.

[Routine Outcome Monitoring for patients with severe mental illness: a consensus document]. / Routine outcome monitoring voor patiënten met ernstige psychiatrische aandoeningen; een consensusdocument.

BACKGROUND: Routine outcome monitoring (ROM) means the assessment of the patient's condition on a routine basis using instruments. So far there is no consensus about which instruments should be used for ROM with severely mentally ill patients (ROM-SMI). AIM: To reach a consensus about instruments for ROM-SMI in the Netherlands and Belgium and to create possibilities for comparison of ROM data. METHOD: This article discusses the consensus document of the National Remission Working Group for ROM in patients with smi and covers the following topics: reasons for ROM-SMI, domains for ROM-SMI and appropriate instruments, logistics and analyses of the data. RESULTS: Patients with SMI have problems in several domains. These can be assessed by collecting information about psychiatric symptoms, addiction, somatic problems, general functioning, needs, quality of life and care satisfaction. Potential instruments for ROM-SMI are short, valid, reliable and assess several domains, taking the patient's perspective into account, and have been used in national and international research. The working group advises institutions to choose from a limited set of instruments. After the scores have been aggregated and standardised, comparisons can be drawn. ROM-SMI data can be interpreted more meaningfully, if outcome data are supplemented with data regarding patient characteristics and the treatment interventions already applied. CONCLUSION: It should be possible to reach a consensus about instruments for ROM-SMI and the way in which they should be used. The use of identical instruments will lead to improvements in mental health care and create possibilities for comparison (benchmarking) and research.

Burnout, engagement and resident physicians' self-reported errors.

Burnout is a work-related syndrome that may negatively affect more than just the resident physician. On the other hand, engagement has been shown to protect employees; it may also positively affect the patient care that the residents provide. Little is known about the relationship between residents' self-reported errors and burnout and engagement. In our national study that included all residents and physicians in The Netherlands, 2115 questionnaires were returned (response rate 41.1%). The residents reported on burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory-Health and Social Services), engagement (Utrecht Work Engagement Scale) and self-assessed patient care practices (six items, two factors: errors in action/judgment, errors due to lack of time). Ninety-four percent of the residents reported making one or more mistake without negative consequences for the patient during their training. Seventy-one percent reported performing procedures for which they did not feel properly trained. More than half (56%) of the residents stated they had made a mistake with a negative consequence. Seventy-six percent felt they had fallen short in the quality of care they provided on at least one occasion. Men reported more errors in action/judgment than women. Significant effects of specialty and clinical setting were found on both types of errors. Residents with burnout reported significantly more errors (p < 0.001). Highly engaged residents reported fewer errors (p

Burnout among Dutch medical residents.

We examined levels of burnout and relationships between burnout, gender, age, years in training, and medical specialty in 158 medical residents working at the University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands. Thirteen percent of the residents met the criteria for burnout, with the highest percentage of burnout cases among medical residents in Psychiatry. Significantly more male residents than female residents suffered from severe burnout. Medical residents reported significantly lower mean scores on personal accomplishment than medical specialists and other health care workers; they also reported lower mean scores on emotional exhaustion than medical specialists. Male residents had significantly higher depersonalization scores than female residents. Positive significant relationships were found between personal accomplishment and age and years in training. Obstetrics & Gynecology residents reported significantly more personal accomplishment than residents in Psychiatry, Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, and Anesthesiology. Residents in Psychiatry had significantly lower scores on personal accomplishment than residents in Internal Medicine. Our findings show that burnout is present in a small but significant number of medical residents.

[At the boundaries of self-determination: ethical and juridical dimensions of involuntary abortion and sterilization]. / De grenzen van zelfbeschikking: ethische en juridische dimensies van onvrijwillige abortus en sterilisatie.

A young woman, diagnosed with schizophrenia, was admitted to a psychiatric clinic with an acute relapse of her illness. Two months later, while still at the clinic, she was found to be pregnant. Due to her illness she was not considered competent to decide whether to have an abortion. Treatment was complicated by the chronic nature of her illness, a total lack of family and social support and mild mental retardation. Eventually she gave birth to a healthy baby and then was sterilized with the consent of her guardian. Ethical and juridical aspects are discussed here.

Meditation-induced psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Meditation is a self-regulatory psychological strategy that is frequently applied in Western as well as non-Western countries for different purposes; little is known about adverse events. SAMPLING AND METHODS: A male patient is described who developed an acute and transient psychosis with polymorphic symptomatology after meditating. A literature search for psychotic states related to meditation was carried out on PubMed, Embase and PsycInfo. RESULTS: In the case presented a diagnosis of acute polymorphic psychotic disorder was made. Other case reports dealt with either a relapse of a pre-existent psychotic disorder or with a brief psychotic reaction in patients without a psychiatric history. CONCLUSION: Meditation can act as a stressor in vulnerable patients who may develop a transient psychosis with polymorphic symptomatology. The syndrome is not culture bound but sometimes classified in culture-bound taxonomies like Qi-gong Psychotic Reaction.

The role of social support in burnout among Dutch medical residents.

Burnout levels among medical residents are considered high. A lack of social support has shown to have a direct effect on emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization, two of the three burnout indicators. In this study, we examined the satisfaction of medical residents with social support (emotional, appreciative and informative) received from supervisors, fellow medical residents, nurses and patients. In addition, the correlation between social support and burnout was studied. Medical residents were significantly more dissatisfied with the emotional, appreciative and informative support received from their supervisors compared with fellow residents and nurses (respectively, 13.4+/-4.0 vs. 9.9+/-2.8 and 10.0+/-2.4; 10.0+/-2.9 vs. 7.4+/-2.0 and 7.3+/-1.8; and 7.2+/-2.3 vs. 5.4+/-1.6 and 5.3+/-1.5; p<.001). Significant independent effects were found on emotional exhaustion: from dissatisfaction with emotional support [Beta=.44, p<.001, total R2=.25] and dissatisfaction with appreciative support from supervisors [Beta=.30, p<.01, total R2=.11]. Moreover, dissatisfaction with emotional support from supervisors had an independent significant effect on depersonalization [Beta=.33, p=.001, total R2=.14]. The best predictor of burnout appeared to be dissatisfaction with emotional support received from supervisors. Our results suggest that intervention programs should not only focus on the medical residents, but also on the supervisors to improve their supportive skills.

Disturbed serine metabolism and psychosis in a patient with a de novo translocation (2;10)(p23;q22.1).

Psychiatric diagnosing in mentally retarded patients is notoriously difficult and routine application of current taxonomies is of very limited use. Although psychotic disorders in general can be satisfactory grouped on a descriptive level, the aetiology is most probably very heterogeneous. In this case report a female patient is described who presented with mild mental retardation and recurrent affective psychotic episodes. Chromosome analysis showed a female karyotype with a de novo translocation (2;10)(p23;q22.1). Biochemical evaluation demonstrated a persistently increased taurine and decreased methionine in plasma, suggesting a disturbed one-carbon metabolism. Treatment with risperidone in combination with valproic acid resulted in prevention of further relapses and stabilisation of mood. An imbalance of chromosomes 2 and 10 was excluded by array CGH. A disruption of the PCBD gene could not be demonstrated by FISH.

Catatonia: disappeared or under-diagnosed?

BACKGROUND: Over the last century, especially during the latter half, the prevalence of the diagnosis of catatonic schizophrenia decreased considerably. Several explanations for this phenomenon have been put forward. SAMPLING AND METHODS: The present study investigated the frequency of the diagnosis of catatonic schizophrenia in a large sample of admitted psychiatric patients (n = 19,309). In addition, the presence of catatonic symptoms was studied in a sample of patients with schizophrenia (n = 701) and in a group of consecutively admitted psychotic patients (n = 139). In these two groups the effect of the diagnostic procedures on the recognition of catatonia was examined. RESULTS: The diagnosis of catatonic schizophrenia dropped from 7.8% in 1980-1989 to 1.3% in 1990-2001 (p < 0.001). In addition, a possible under-diagnosis of catatonic schizophrenia was found in an independent sample of patients with schizophrenia. Application of a systematic catatonia rating scale in patients admitted with acute psychosis identified a bimodally distributed catatonic dimension. At least 18% of these patients fulfilled the criteria for catatonia. Interestingly, the catatonic subgroup used atypical antipsychotic compounds more frequently (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that changes in diagnostic criteria and the diagnostic procedure itself are responsible for the under-recognition of catatonia.

Amino acids in schizophrenia: evidence for lower tryptophan availability during treatment with atypical antipsychotics?

Amino acids play a role in neurotransmitter availability in the central nervous system, in that e.g. the synthesis of brain serotonin depends on the concentration of its precursor tryptophan. Disturbances in amino acid metabolism have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.In the present study the effect of a 14 week treatment with atypical antipsychotics on the plasma levels of amino acids was investigated in patients with schizophrenia and compared to normal controls.Non-responders (< or =20% decrease in BPRS at endpoint) demonstrated lower baseline values of methionine as compared to good responders (> or =50% decrease in BPRS at endpoint; p<.05) and controls (p<.01). The ratio between tryptophan and the other large neutral amino acids (Trp/LNAA ratio) in poor-responders (<40%) decreased during treatment as compared to responders (> or =40%; p<.05). It is concluded that poor or non-response to atypical antipsychotics may be associated with an impaired synthesis of serotonin in the central nervous system.

Nonschizophrenic psychotic disorders: the case of cycloid psychoses.

BACKGROUND: Cycloid psychosis is a psychiatric disorder known for about 100 years. This disorder is at present partly and simplified represented in the ICD-10. SAMPLING AND METHODS: Over a period of 15 months, 139 consecutively acutely admitted psychotic patients were assessed, by means of different diagnostic instruments, in order to investigate the prevalence and the symptom profile of cycloid psychoses. In addition, the concordance between the diagnoses cycloid psychosis, brief psychotic disorder, and acute polymorphic psychotic disorder with or without symptoms of schizophrenia was calculated. RESULTS: Cycloid psychoses were present in 13% of the patients. There was a significant but small overlap with the DSM brief psychotic disorder and the ICD acute polymorphic psychotic disorder. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that cycloid psychoses can be identified with the proper diagnostic instruments in a proportion that is also found in other studies. Since this type of psychosis entails a distinct prognosis and may require a specific treatment, its identification is of clinical importance. Limitations are the nature of the psychiatric facility with an inherent bias in the selection of patients and the lack of a long-term evaluation.

Atypical antipsychotics and the relevance of glutamate and serotonin.

In the present study, including 66 schizophrenic patients and 73 healthy controls, the effect of atypical antipsychotic treatment over a period of 14 weeks on psychotic symptoms and plasma levels of glutamate and monoaminergic metabolites was investigated. Treatment induced a modest reduction of psychotic symptoms in 42% of the patients (response criterion: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale [BPRS] decrease >/=40%). Poor response was associated with severity of psychopathology, age and duration of disease. Glutamate at baseline was significantly higher in patients as compared to controls (p<0.01). During treatment, a significant further increase of glutamate, not related to response, was observed. Glutamate levels correlated significantly with negative symptom scores at baseline and weeks 3, 6 and 14 (p<0.05). At baseline, serotonin (5-HT) in plasma and 5-HT in platelets were significantly lower in the poor responders as compared to controls (p<0.05) and increased significantly during treatment (p<0.05). In the responders, treatment coincided with a decrease of 5-HT parameters. No differences in plasma levels of HVA, 5-HIAA and their ratio were observed between controls and response groups. The results of this study suggest an effect of atypical antipsychotics on glutamatergic neurotransmission and an association between lower pretreatment peripheral 5-HT parameters and response.

Quetiapine in the elderly with parkinsonism and psychosis.

In the present open prospective study the effects of quetiapine were investigated in two elderly patients with parkinsonism and psychosis. Treatment induced a marked antipsychotic effect that coincided with an improvement of general motor functioning. These findings support the idea that quetiapine may be preferentially of use in the elderly with parkinson's disease and psychotic symptoms.