Innervation of the palpebral conjunctiva and the superior tarsal muscle in the cynomolgous monkey: a retrograde fluorescent tracing study.

Retrograde fluorescent transport of Fast Blue (FB) and Diamidino Yellow (DY) was used to study the localisation of neurons that innervate the palpebral conjunctiva and the superior tarsal muscle in the cynomolgous monkey. Labelled cell bodies of sensory neurons including a few double labelled cell bodies were found in the ophthalmic part of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. Labelled cell bodies of the sympathetic neurons including a few double labelled cell bodies were located in the middle and cranial part of the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion, with a few in the contralateral ganglion. Labelled cell bodies of the parasympathetic neurons were all found in the ipsilateral pterygopalatine ganglion and randomly distributed. Neurons were disposed in the opthalmic part of the trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia, whereas parasympathetic neurons were distributed randomly. Cells of the nodose, ciliary, geniculate, otic and first 3 spinal ganglia were unlabelled. Tracing FB and DY from the palpebral conjunctiva and superior tarsal muscle respectively, revealed double labelled neurons in the trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia, probably indicating the presence of collaterals of axons serving both the palpebral conjunctiva and the superior tarsal muscle.

Innervation of the lacrimal gland in the cynomolgous monkey: a retrograde tracing study.

Retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was used to study the localisation of neurons that innervate the lacrimal gland of the cynomolgous monkey. WGA-HRP-labelled neurons were localised in the ipsilateral trigeminal, superior cervical and ciliary ganglia and in the ipsilateral and contralateral pterygopalatine ganglia. In the trigeminal ganglion WGA-HRP-labelled somata were found in the ophthalmic part (18%) and the maxillary part (5%). Identification of labelled neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia indicates a dual parasympathetic innvervation of the lacrimal gland. There is no known pathway to account for the contralateral location or pterygopalatine neurons. These novel findings are incorporated in a concept of a neural control mechanism for the lacrimal gland.

Usefulness of echocardiography and Doppler in the detection of segmental myocardial ischemia.

Echocardiography and Doppler was performed in 20 patients during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of a right coronary artery to evaluate the usefulness of echocardiography and Doppler in the detection of segmental myocardial ischemia. Wall motion analysis was also compared to the occurrence of chest pain in relation to electrocardiographic and hemodynamic changes. Even in the case of small segmental myocardial ischemia, the two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of wall motion is superior to all other measured parameters. Contrary to this, the Doppler examination of transmitral flow is not sensitive enough in the detection of such small segmental myocardial ischemia, induced by right coronary artery occlusion.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivity in the monkey trigeminal ganglion, an electron microscopic study.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) immunoreactivity was examined in neurons of the monkey trigeminal ganglion. Moreover, CGRP- and SP-positive varicose nerve fibers were found, occasionally forming pericellular arborizations around trigeminal somata, which, at light microscopic level, suggested the existence of synaptic contacts. Electron microscopic investigation however, revealed that although these varicose fibers ran in close range of somata and were containing accumulations of CGRP- and SP-positive vesicles, classical synaptic contacts were not present.

Innervation of the superior tarsal (Müller's) muscle in the cynomolgus monkey: a retrograde tracing study.

PURPOSE: The retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA/HRP) was used to study the localization of the neurons that innervate the superior tarsal muscle in the cynomolgus monkey. METHODS: A 5-10% WGA-HRP solution was applied to the medial part of the superior tarsal muscle. Seventy-two hours later, the animals were killed and perfused with fixative. RESULTS: The WGA-HRP-labeled neurons were localized in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion, the ipsilateral pterygopalatine ganglion, and the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. The labeled somata of the sensory neurons were all found in the ophthalmic ganglionic part and the ophthalmic nerve part of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. Most of the labeled somata were distributed somatotopically in the dorsal region of the ophthalmic part of the ganglion. The labeled somata of the sympathetic neurons were all located in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. Most of these labeled somata, which were distributed somatotopically, were found in the cranial part of the ganglion. The labeled somata of the parasympathetic neurons were all located in the ipsilateral pterygopalatine ganglion, particularly in the central ovoid part of the ganglion. No labeled neurons were detected in the ipsilateral parasympathetic ciliary ganglion, the ipsilateral nodose ganglion, or the first three ipsilateral sensory spinal ganglia; labeled somata could not be detected in any of the contralateral ganglia examined. CONCLUSIONS: A complete documentation of all projections of the superior tarsal muscle in the monkey has been presented, and convincing data has been given about the parasympathetic innervation of Müller's muscle.

Pigment-containing cells in extraocular tissues of the primate.

In the present study pigment-containing (PC) cells, localized in extraocular tissues of man and the cynomolgus monkey, were investigated to establish their localization, nature and relationships with the autonomic nervous system. In the orbit of man as well as the cynomolgus monkey three localizations of PC cells were detected: (1) Tenon's capsule along the ciliary arteries at the level of the entrance of the arteries into the eyeball, (2) Tenon's capsule along the ciliary nerves at the level of the entrance into the eyeball, and (3) the sclera around the ciliary arteries and nerves. Moreover in the orbit of the cynomolgus monkey PC cells were found along and around the accessory lateral rectus muscle. Histological, histochemical and electron microscopical studies led to the conclusions that PC cells are similar in nature to melanocytes and do not have neuronal properties. In contrast to the melanocytes in the anterior segment of the eye in both man and monkey, melanocytes in the extraocular tissues are not innervated either adrenergically or cholinergically.

Willem Vrolik on cyclopia.

One of the founders of the Museum Vrolikianum, Professor Willem Vrolik (1801-1862), was very interested in teratology, especially in a congenital malformation termed cyclopia. In 1834 he published a paper on cyclopia. This work was mainly based on studies of cyclopic specimens present in the collection of his father, Professor Gerardus Vrolik. In this study he proposed a classification system for cyclopes, in which he divided them into five main types. This study also formed the basis for the chapters on cyclopia in his Handbook of pathological anatomy (1842-1844) and his Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mammalium (1844-1849). In these studies the specimens of cyclopes of man and mammals, still present in the collection of the Museum Vrolik in the Department of Anatomy and Embryology of the University of Amsterdam, were described and illustrated with beautiful lithographs. The collection consists of five human cyclopes and nineteen other cyclopic mammals. These mammals are pigs, lambs and a cat.

Pre- and post-ganglionic nerve fibres of the pterygopalatine ganglion and their allocation to the eyeball of rats.

The origin, course and distribution of pre- and postganglionic neurons of the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) in the rat were studied using acetylcholinesterase staining, wheat germ agglutinin coupled to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) histochemistry and autoradiography. These methods were used in a selected and planned fashion to reveal details concerning the innervation of the lacrimal gland and portions of the eye. The PPG in rats consists of a rostral triangular portion and additional perikarya surrounding the distal part of the major petrosal nerve. Fibres from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) reach the PPG via the inferior petrosal sinus. Application of WGA-HRP was made after transections: (1) rostral to the PPG; and (2) caudal to the PPG. The first of these applications labelled mainly fibres in the PPG; the second application labelled preganglionic parasympathetic brainstem neurons dorsolateral to the facial nucleus (i.e. the lacrimal nucleus), rostral cells in the SCG and trigeminal sensory fibres. WGA-HRP injections of the lacrimal gland, the conjunctiva and the anterior chamber of the eye all labelled cells in different parts of the PPG. This means that the PPG contains sensory and sympathetic nerve fibres and that the PPG has a topographical organisation along the rostrocaudal axis. Isotope injections of the PPG anterogradely labelled fibres passing through the ciliary ganglion that innervated the conjunctiva, the limbus and parts of the choroid.

Autonomic pathways in the orbit of the human fetus and the rhesus monkey.

In order to study the three-dimensional topography of the intra-orbital autonomic nerve plexuses and the input for these systems, human fetuses and adult rhesus monkeys were investigated. Specimens of the orbits were processed according to the histochemical acetylcholinesterase methods for staining of peripheral nerves. The nerve fibers enter the orbit along the following pathways: 1. bundles of nerve fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion (mainly parasympathetic) by penetrating the orbital muscle (Müller); 2. perivascularly along the ophthalmic artery (sympathetic). In the orbit the nerve fibers intermingle. The pathways of the nerve fibers from this interwoven nerve plexus towards the target organs are: 1. perivascularly along branches of the ophthalmic artery; 2. perineurally along and in the branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves; 3. independently of blood vessels and cranial nerve branches in Tenon's capsule. Moreover, bundles of nerve fibers from the ciliary ganglion contribute to the innervation of extraocular structures, e.g. the eyelids. It can be concluded that, as far as the autonomic innervation of the orbit is concerned, the monkey is a good animal model for neuroanatomical studies.

Response of the longitudinal growth of cranium and long bones to early weaning in the rabbit.

To study the problem whether the growth rates of the cranium and of long bones are different from one another, in 13 age groups of 5 rabbits each three distances of the skull (SSO-SL, SSO-P and N-NSA) and the length of the femur, tibia and calcaneus were measured. Following the early weaning of the rabbits (41/2 weeks), the increase of all measurements was strongly delayed for about one week. Thereafter, during a two weeks' period a typical catch-up growth was observed. From these results the conclusion was drawn that the growth rates of cranium and long bones do not differ from each other, and that a temporary deficiency of food intake affects intramembranous bone growth and cartilaginous growth in a similar way.

[Development of nasal septum in the rabbit. Studies of regional differences in the septum thickness]. / Die Entwicklung des Septum Nasi beim Kaninchen. II. Untersuchungen nach regionalen Unterschieden in der Septum-Dicke.

Following older investigations concerning the influence of the nasal septum on the growth of the facial skull, in this article we tried to get a better understanding of the mechanism of growth of the nasal septum by studying the regional thickness of the septum during development. Rabbits varying in age from one day to 24 weeks were used to make relief maps of the nasal septum. A comparison between these maps led to the following conclusions: The anterior half of the septum and the posterior part of the septum adjacent to the sphenoid en ethmoid bone remain rather constant in composition. The middle part, however, shows a varying appearance. Near the snout the septum is very thin, backwards it thickens by concentric ellipses. Adjacent to the sphenoid, one finds the thickest part, anterior ward, diminishing gradually into a basic strip. In the region of the ethmoid bone the septum is always thin. The middle variable part mostly shows a thickening with outflows upward and downward. Where the alae vomeri are connected very closely to the septum, the growth in thickness lags behind. Our findings do not allow an exact explanation of the experimental results of other workers.