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1.
PLoS One ; 15(4): e0230303, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32240202

RESUMO

The current paper presents three studies, which suggest that perceiving one's nation as transgenerational (TG) is related to a differentiation in the evaluation of ethnically German diaspora migrants and ethnically non-German ('foreign') migrants. First, we find that unlike 'classical' concepts such as right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and hierarchic self-interest (HSI), TG explains differences in derogatory sentiments expressed towards diaspora and 'foreign' migrants. Second, TG is differentially related to positive emotions and behavioral intentions expressed towards these two groups of migrants. Lastly, results indicate that people who perceive the ingroup as TG require 'foreign' migrants to fulfill more criteria that make them eligible for citizenship and are thereby more exclusionist than people who include only the current generation into their concept of national identity. The social implications of these findings in face of the so-called refugee crisis in Germany and the wider European Union are discussed.


Assuntos
Autoritarismo , Etnicidade/psicologia , Relação entre Gerações/etnologia , Percepção Social , Migrantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Alemanha/etnologia , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Migração Humana/história , Humanos , Internacionalidade/história , Israel/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
2.
Int J Psychol ; 55(5): 842-850, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31912496

RESUMO

Sub-Saharan samples are severely under-represented in the psychological literature. Taking an ecological approach, the current study examines key propositions derived from self-determination theory in a sample of adolescent girls in Mozambique. As a framework theory, self-determination theory consists of six sub-theories. We test the main premises of two of these theories: organismic integration theory and basic psychological need theory. In line with organismic integration theory, we assess the role of intrinsic, extrinsic, introjected and identified motivation for school attendance. We also test the possible moderating role of the ecological variable resource scarcity. The second part of the study focuses on the main premise of the basic psychological need sub-theory, which states that satisfaction of the needs for relatedness, competence and autonomy underlies intrinsic motivation, goal-directed behaviour (school attendance) and well-being (self-esteem). The study also assesses the moderation of resource scarcity in these relationships. Results provide support for both sub-theories of self-determination theory. Resource scarcity is not found to moderate the relationships between motivation and attendance or between need satisfaction and well-being, motivation and attendance. Implications for the universality claim of self-determination theory, as well as for the field of international development aid, are discussed.


Assuntos
Motivação/fisiologia , Autonomia Pessoal , Teoria Psicológica , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Autoimagem , Adolescente , África Subsaariana , Feminino , Humanos
3.
PLoS One ; 14(9): e0221953, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31490981

RESUMO

Prejudiced attitudes and political nationalism vary widely around the world, but there has been little research on what predicts this variation. Here we examine the ecological and cultural factors underlying the worldwide distribution of prejudice. We suggest that cultures grow more prejudiced when they tighten cultural norms in response to destabilizing ecological threats. A set of seven archival analyses, surveys, and experiments (∑N = 3,986,402) find that nations, American states, and pre-industrial societies with tighter cultural norms show the most prejudice based on skin color, religion, nationality, and sexuality, and that tightness predicts why prejudice is often highest in areas of the world with histories of ecological threat. People's support for cultural tightness also mediates the link between perceived ecological threat and intentions to vote for nationalist politicians. Results replicate when controlling for economic development, inequality, conservatism, residential mobility, and shared cultural heritage. These findings offer a cultural evolutionary perspective on prejudice, with implications for immigration, intercultural conflict, and radicalization.


Assuntos
Cultura , Fenômenos Ecológicos e Ambientais , Internacionalidade , Preconceito/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Política
4.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull ; 45(6): 947-964, 2019 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30394858

RESUMO

Responses to norm violators are poorly understood. On one hand, norm violators are perceived as powerful, which may help them to get ahead. On the other hand, norm violators evoke moral outrage, which may frustrate their upward social mobility. We addressed this paradox by considering the role of culture. Collectivistic cultures value group harmony and tight cultures value social order. We therefore hypothesized that collectivism and tightness moderate reactions to norm violators. We presented 2,369 participants in 19 countries with a norm violation or a norm adherence scenario. In individualistic cultures, norm violators were considered more powerful than norm abiders and evoked less moral outrage, whereas in collectivistic cultures, norm violators were considered less powerful and evoked more moral outrage. Moreover, respondents in tighter cultures expressed a stronger preference for norm followers as leaders. Cultural values thus influence responses to norm violators, which may have downstream consequences for violators' hierarchical positions.


Assuntos
Cultura , Emoções , Liderança , Princípios Morais , Poder Psicológico , Normas Sociais , Adulto , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Identificação Social , Normas Sociais/etnologia , Percepção Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
5.
Psychol Sci ; 28(6): 822-828, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28467156

RESUMO

An emerging field of research is beginning to examine the ways in which socioeconomic disparities affect emotional, cognitive, and social processes. In this study, we took a two-step approach to examining the role that resource scarcity plays in the predictive power of intrinsic motivation on school attendance, as well as its influence on the precursors of intrinsic motivation: the psychological needs of relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Results revealed that intrinsic motivation predicts school attendance even under conditions of extreme adversity. The satisfaction of the basic needs is more important for participants who are exposed to severe rather than mild levels of deprivation. Our findings illustrate ecological effects on the mechanism underlying goal-directed behavior. They provide evidence in favor of self-determination theory's depiction of humans as active, growth-oriented organisms and for the potential of psychological interventions to reduce poverty.


Assuntos
Motivação , Autonomia Pessoal , Satisfação Pessoal , Pobreza/psicologia , Instituições Acadêmicas , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto Jovem
6.
J Fam Psychol ; 30(5): 562-8, 2016 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27159796

RESUMO

Despite recent trends toward greater societal acceptance of LGBT individuals in many Western countries, the elevated chances of being confronted by rejection and hostility or fear are still likely to lead to detrimental psychological health outcomes for this population. The current study assesses how the family can be a resource for psychological well-being. Based on self-determination theory and the family ritual literature, we hypothesize that the various family rituals enhance the chances that the human need for relatedness will be satisfied and positively contribute to the degree to which the person flourishes in life. Second, we test which factors mediate this pathway. For this purpose, a 3-factorial scale (Family Ritual Appraisal Scale) that assesses the appraisal with which LGBT adults evaluate the participation in family rituals was developed. In a multiple-mediation analysis, 3 factors (inclusion of self, inclusion of partner, and sense of obligation) were found to mediate significantly the degree by which family rituals lead to higher levels of relatedness in the family and thereby to higher levels of flourishing. Together, the results suggest that it is meaningful to assess the ways in which family rituals are conducted and experienced by individual family members on the effects of family rituals on psychological well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record


Assuntos
Família/psicologia , Satisfação Pessoal , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem
7.
BMC Public Health ; 9: 318, 2009 Sep 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19725981

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The number of patients in whom mental illness progresses to stages in which acute, and often forced treatment is warranted, is on the increase across Europe. As a consequence, more patients are involuntarily admitted to Psychiatric Intensive Care Units (PICU). From several studies and reports it has become evident that important dissimilarities exist between PICU's. The current study seeks to describe organisational as well as clinical and patient related factors across ten PICU's in and outside the Amsterdam region, adjusted for or stratified by level of urbanization. METHOD/DESIGN: This paper describes the design of the Amsterdam Studies of Acute Psychiatry II (ASAP-II). This study is a prospective observational cohort study comparing PICU's in and outside the Amsterdam region on various patient characteristics, treatment aspects and recovery related variables. Dissimilarities were measured by means of collecting standardized forms which were filled out in the framework of care as usual, by means of questionnaires filled out by mental health care professionals and by means of extracting data from patient files for every consecutive patient admitted at participating PICU's during a specific time period. Urbanization levels for every PICU were calculated conform procedures as proposed by the Dutch Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS). DISCUSSION: The current study may provide a deeper understanding of the differences between psychiatric intensive care units that can be used to promote best practice and benchmarking procedures, and thus improve the standard of care.


Assuntos
Área Programática de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Controle de Formulários e Registros/métodos , Hospitais Psiquiátricos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Psiquiatria/organização & administração , População Urbana/classificação , Doença Aguda , Estudos de Coortes , Coleta de Dados , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Feminino , Hospitais Psiquiátricos/normas , Hospitais Psiquiátricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/classificação , Transtornos Mentais/prevenção & controle , Países Baixos , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Alta do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Prospectivos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Projetos de Pesquisa , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos
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