[Living longer than expected: admitted to a hospice with an underestimated life expectancy]. / Langer leven dan voorspeld.

In the Netherlands, patients who have a life expectancy of less than three months may be admitted to a hospice. In a small number of patients, however, their life expectancy is underestimated. It is assumed that patients are delighted to have this extra time. We present the cases of three patients admitted to a large Dutch hospice: two females aged 82 and 83 years, and a 49-year-old man -who ended up living (significantly) longer than expected. Their cases make clear that patients in this situation may suffer from psychological, psychosocial, and existential distress. We argue that it is important that patients and their relatives are informed about their life expectancy, but that uncertainty in the estimation of said expectancy should be emphasized.

Pharmacokinetic considerations and recommendations in palliative care, with focus on morphine, midazolam and haloperidol.

INTRODUCTION: A variety of medications are used for symptom control in palliative care, such as morphine, midazolam and haloperidol. The pharmacokinetics of these drugs may be altered in these patients as a result of physiological changes that occur at the end stage of life. AREAS COVERED: This review gives an overview of how the pharmacokinetics in terminally ill patients may differ from the average population and discusses the effect of terminal illness on each of the four pharmacokinetic processes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Specific considerations are also given for three commonly prescribed drugs in palliative care: morphine, midazolam and haloperidol). EXPERT OPINION: The pharmacokinetics of drugs in terminally ill patients can be complex and limited evidence exists on guided drug use in this population. To improve the quality of life of these patients, more knowledge and more pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics studies in terminally ill patients are needed to develop individualised dosing guidelines. Until then knowledge of pharmacokinetics and the physiological changes that occur in the final days of life can provide a base for dosing adjustments that will improve the quality of life of terminally ill patients. As the interaction of drugs with the physiology of dying is complex, pharmacological treatment is probably best assessed in a multi-disciplinary setting and the advice of a pharmacist, or clinical pharmacologist, is highly recommended.