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INTRODUCTION: Traditional carotid endarterectomy is considered to be the standard technique for prevention of a new stroke in patients with a symptomatic carotid stenosis. Use of plexus anesthesia or general anesthesia in traditional carotid endarterectomy is, to date, not unequivocally proven to be superior to one other. A systematic review was needed for evaluation of benefits and harms to determine which technique, plexus anesthesia or general anesthesia is more effective for traditional carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. METHODS: The review was conducted according to our protocol following the recommendations of Cochrane and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Searches were updated on the October 1, 2020. We did not find any randomized clinical trial comparing plexus anesthesia and general anesthesia in carotid endarterectomy with patch angioplasty matching our protocol criteria in patients with a symptomatic and significant (≥50%) carotid stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the current, high risk of bias evidence, we concluded there is a need for new randomized clinical trials with overall low risk of bias comparing plexus anesthesia with general anesthesia in carotid endarterectomy with patch closure of the arterial wall in patients with a symptomatic and significant (≥50%) stenosis of the internal carotid artery.Protocol unique identification number (UIN): CRD42019139913, (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=139913).
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INTRODUCTION: Traditional carotid endarterectomy is considered to be the standard technique for prevention of a new stroke in patients with a symptomatic carotid stenosis. Use of plexus anesthesia or general anesthesia in traditional carotid endarterectomy is, to date, not unequivocally proven to be superior to one other. A systematic review is needed for evaluation of benefits and harms to determine which technique, plexus anesthesia or general anesthesia is more effective for traditional carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. METHODS AND OUTCOMES: The review will be conducted according to this protocol following the recommendations of the 'Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews' and reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Randomized Clinical Trials comparing plexus anesthesia versus general anesthesia in traditional carotid endarterectomy will be included. Primary outcomes will be postoperative death and/ or stroke (<30 days) and serious adverse events. Secondary outcomes will be non-serious adverse events.We will primarily base our conclusions on meta-analyses of trials with overall low risk of bias. We will use Trial Sequential Analysis to assist the evaluation of imprecision in Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. However, if pooled point-estimates of all trials are similar to pooled point-estimates of trials with overall low risk of bias and there is lack of a statistical significant interaction between estimates from trials with overall high risk of bias and trials with overall low risk of bias we will consider the Trial Sequential Analysis adjusted confidence interval precision of the estimate achieved in all trials as the result of our meta-analyses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The proposed systematic review will collect and analyze secondary data from already performed studies therefore ethical approval is not required. The results of the systematic review will be disseminated by publication in a peer-review journal and submitted for presentation at relevant conferences.
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A 78-year-old man presented with painless weakness of his right thumb and index finger. Neurological examination confirmed weakness of the intrinsic musculature of the hand without sensory impairments. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) showed ischaemia of the left cortical hand knob. A 71-year-old man presented with isolated paralysis of plantar flexors and dorsiflexors of the right ankle upon awakening. DWI confirmed a cortical ischaemic cause of the symptoms. Acute isolated hand or foot paresis is a rare symptom of stroke. Early diagnosis is challenging because presentation may simulate a peripheral origin. If the distribution of the intrinsic hand or foot muscle weakness is beyond the territory of a single peripheral nerve or if increased tendon reflexes are present, cortical ischaemia should be considered. DWI is essential for early diagnosis of cortical ischaemia. Rapid initiation of secondary prevention can reduce the risk of stroke recurrence.
