Biofuel development, food security and the use of marginal land in China.

With concerns of energy shortages, China, like the United States, European Union, and other countries, is promoting the development of biofuels. However, China also faces high future demand for food and feed, and so its bioenergy program must try to strike a balance between food and fuel. The goals of this paper are to provide an overview of China's current bioethanol program, identify the potential for using marginal lands for feedstock production, and measure the likely impacts of China's bioethanol development on the nation's future food self-sufficiency. Our results indicate that the potential to use marginal land for bioethanol feedstock production is limited. Applying a modeling approach based on highly disaggregated data by region, our analysis shows that the target of 10 million t of bioethanol by 2020 seems to be a prudent target, causing no major disturbances in China's food security. But the expansion of bioethanol may increase environmental pressures due to the higher levels of fertilizer use. This study shows also that if China were able to cultivate 45% of its required bioethanol feedstock on new marginal land, it would further limit negative effects of the bioethanol program on the domestic and international economy, but at the expense of having to apply another 750 thousand t of fertilizer.

[Colorectal cancer screening: advice from the Health Council of the Netherlands]. / Bevolkingsonderzoek naar darmkanker: advies van de Gezondheidsraad.

There is sufficient evidence that a colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programme is feasible, acceptable and cost-effective amongst the Dutch population. This is the conclusion of the Health Council of the Netherlands in an advisory report to the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport. It also concluded that an immunochemical faecal occult blood test (iFOBT) would be the obvious screening method. The recommended target group is men and women aged 55-75. An evaluation of the randomized pilot trials in the regions of Nijmegen, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam predicted a participation rate of 60%. Based on the analyses from a microsimulation model, biennial screening for CRC with iFOBT and an uptake rate of 60% could prevent 1400 deaths from CRC per annum, at a cost of 2200 euros per years of life saved.