The Use of a Multimodal Case Study To Illustrate Microbial Genetics, Metabolism, and Evolution: The Emergence of VRSA-1.

Antibiotic Resistance (ABR) is a global concern and while many students are aware of this issue, many of them are unclear on the mechanisms by which ABR may emerge. The mechanism of horizontal gene transfer is something many students are not familiar with. In this curriculum contribution we present 2 versions of an 'interrupted case study' that is designed as an introduction to horizontal gene transfer for early major students and as a review case for advanced major students in biology and life sciences. The case is based on an authentic patient who developed infections with both methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin resistant S. aureus. The interrupted case study is appropriate for small and large groups and engages students while content is introduced in a highly structured way. This type of case study can be done by novice and seasoned instructors and lead to considerable learning gains in both introductory and intermediate microbiology courses.

Values and beliefs on trainee selection: What counts in the eye of the selector? A qualitative study exploring the program director's perspective.

OBJECTIVES: Postgraduate trainee selection is a high-stakes process. While many studies focused on selection methods and psychometrics, little is known about the influence of selectors' personal values and beliefs in the judgment and decision-making process. A better understanding of these factors is vital since selectors determine the future workforce. METHODS: We interviewed programme directors (PDs) from 11 specialties in one University Hospital. Thematic analysis was conducted with a combined approach of generic and in-vivo coding. RESULTS: PDs value excellence, 'fit' and personal characteristics. The content of these values are subject to personal interpretation and differ between PDs. PDs use various 'proxies' as alternative indicators of performance. They consider intuition, teamwork and autonomy important in judgement and decision-making. PDs find selection challenging and feel great accountability towards candidates and society. CONCLUSIONS: Selectors criteria of judgement- and decision-making often remain implicit and focus on prior achievements and 'fit' with the current trainee-pool, possibly compromising the workforce's diversity. Implicit 'proxies' and intuitive decision-making may be an unwitting source of judgemental bias. 'Making the implicit explicit', by increasing awareness of personal values and beliefs and structuring the selection interview, may improve the quality of trainee selection.