Personality assessment in nursing home residents with mental and physical multimorbidity: two informant perspectives.

OBJECTIVES: In older patients with mental and physical multimorbidity (MPM), personality assessment is highly complex. Our aim was to examine personality traits in this population using the Hetero-Anamnestic Personality questionnaire (HAP), and to compare the premorbid perspective of patients' relatives (HAP) with the present-time perspective of nursing staff (HAP-t). DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Dutch gerontopsychiatric nursing home (GP-NH) units. PARTICIPANTS: Totally, 142 GP-NH residents with MPM (excluding dementia). MEASUREMENTS: NH norm data of the HAP were used to identify clinically relevant premorbid traits. Linear mixed models estimated the differences between HAP and HAP-t trait scores (0-10). Agreement was quantified by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). All HAP-HAP-t analyses were corrected for response tendency (RT) scores (-10-10). RESULTS: 78.4% of the patients had at least one premorbid maladaptive trait, and 62.2% had two or more. Most prevalent were: "disorderly" (30.3%), "unpredictable/impulsive" (29.1%) and "vulnerable" (27.3%) behavior. The RT of relatives appeared significantly more positive than that of nursing staff (+1.8, 95% CI 0.6-2.9, p = 0.002). After RT correction, the traits "vulnerable", "perfectionist" and "unpredictable/impulsive" behavior scored higher on the HAP than HAP-t (respectively +1.2, 95% CI 0.6-1.7, p < 0.001; +2.1, 95% CI 1.3-2.8, p < 0.001; +0.6, 95% CI 0.1-1.1, p = 0.013), while "rigid" behavior scored lower (-0.7, 95% CI -1.3 to -0.03, p = 0.042). Adjusted ICCs ranged from 0.15 to 0.58. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows high percentages of premorbid maladaptive personality traits, which calls for attention on personality assessment in MPM NH residents. Results also indicate that the HAP and HAP-t questionnaires should not be used interchangeably for this patient group in clinical practice.

Well-being, multidisciplinary work and a skillful team: essential elements of successful treatment in severe challenging behavior in dementia.

OBJECTIVE: Conceptualize successful treatment of persons with dementia and severe challenging behavior as perceived by professionals. METHODS: In this concept mapping study 82 experts in dementia care participated. The study followed two phases of data collection: (1) an online brainstorm where participants completed the focus prompt: 'I consider the treatment of people with severe challenging behavior in dementia successful if.'; (2) individual sorting and rating of the collected statements followed by data analysis using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis, resulting in a concept map. RESULTS: Three clusters were identified, the first addressing treatment outcomes and the latter two addressing treatment processes, each divided into sub-clusters: (1) well-being, comprising well-being of the person with dementia and all people directly involved; (2) multidisciplinary analysis and treatment, comprising multidisciplinary analysis, process conditions, reduction in psychotropic drugs, and person-centered treatment; and (3) attitudes and skills of those involved, comprising consistent approach by the team, understanding behavior, knowing how to respond to behavior, and open attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Successful treatment in people with dementia and severe challenging behavior focuses on well-being of all people involved wherein attention to treatment processes including process conditions is essential to achieve this.

What do nursing home residents with mental-physical multimorbidity need and who actually knows this? A cross-sectional cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Aging societies will bring an increase in the number of long-term care residents with mental-physical multimorbidity. To optimize care for these residents, it is important to study their care needs, since unmet needs lower quality of life. To date, knowledge about care needs of residents with mental-physical multimorbidity is limited. The aim of this study was to explore (un)met care needs of residents with mental-physical multimorbidity and determinants of unmet needs. METHODS: Cross-sectional cohort study among 141 residents with mental-physical multimorbidity without dementia living in 17 geronto-psychiatric nursing home units across the Netherlands. Data collection consisted of chart review, semi-structured interviews, (brief) neuropsychological testing, and self-report questionnaires. The Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly (CANE) was used to rate (un)met care needs from residents' and nursing staff's perceptions. Descriptive and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Residents reported a mean number of 11.89 needs (SD 2.88) of which 24.2% (n = 2.88, SD 2.48) were unmet. Nursing staff indicated a mean number of 14.73 needs (SD 2.32) of which 10.8% (n = 1.59, SD 1.61) were unmet. According to the residents, most unmet needs were found in the social domain as opposed to the psychological domain as reported by the nursing staff. Different opinions between resident and nursing staff about unmet needs was most common in the areas accommodation, company, and daytime activities. Further, nearly half of the residents indicated 'no need' regarding behavior while the nursing staff supposed that the resident did require some kind of support. Depression, anxiety and less care dependency were the most important determinants of unmet needs. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic assessment of care needs showed differences between the perspectives of resident and nursing staff. These should be the starting point of a dialogue between them about needs, wishes and expectations regarding care. This dialogue can subsequently lead to the most optimal individually tailored care plan. To achieve this, nurses with effective communication and negotiation skills, are indispensable.

Characteristics and health conditions of a group of nursing home patients with mental-physical multimorbidity - the MAPPING study.

BACKGROUND: Long-term care facilities have partly taken over the traditional asylum function of psychiatric hospitals and house an increasing group of patients with mental-physical multimorbidity (MPM). Little is known about the characteristics, behavior, and care dependency of these patients. This paper aims to describe these aspects. METHODS: Explorative, descriptive study among patients with MPM without dementia (n = 142), living in 17 geronto-psychiatric nursing home (NH) units across the Netherlands, stratified by those referred from mental healthcare services (MHS) and other healthcare services (OHS). Data collection consisted of chart review, semi-structured interviews, (brief) neuropsychological testing, and self-report questionnaires. Patients referred from MHS (n = 58) and from OHS (n = 84) were compared by descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Despite exclusion of patients with dementia, the majority of participants had cognitive impairment. Prevalence and severity of frontal impairment were high, as well as the number of patients with clinically relevant neuropsychiatric symptoms. MHS patients were younger, had more chronic psychiatric disorders, and more often used antipsychotics. Neuropsychiatric symptoms, domains of care dependency, physical conditions and concomitant medication use differed not significantly between the subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Both groups of patients with MPM showed heterogeneity in various aspects but differed not significantly regarding the consequences of their multimorbidity. In a variety of characteristics, this group seems to be different from other NH patient groups, which requires extra knowledge and skills of the staff. To uncover which knowledge and skills are necessary, the next step should be to investigate the specific care needs of NH patients with MPM without dementia.

Residents with mental-physical multimorbidity living in long-term care facilities: prevalence and characteristics. A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Aging societies will be confronted with increased numbers of long-term care (LTC) residents with multimorbidity of physical and mental disorders other than dementia. Knowledge about the prevalence rates, medical and psychosocial characteristics, and care needs of this particular group of residents is mandatory for providing high-quality and evidence-based care. The purpose of this paper was to review the literature regarding these features. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL from January 1, 1988 to August 16, 2011. Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility of studies on pre-established inclusion criteria as well as methodological quality using standardized checklists. RESULTS: Seventeen articles were included. Only one small study describes multimorbidity of a wide range of chronic psychiatric and somatic conditions in LTC residents and suggests that physical-mental multimorbidity is rather rule than exception. All other studies show prevalence rates of comorbid physical and mental illnesses (range, 0.5%-64.7%), roughly in line with reported prevalence rates among community-dwelling older people. LTC residents with mental-physical multimorbidity were younger than other LTC residents and had more cognitive impairment, no dementia, and problem behaviors. Care needs of these residents were not described. CONCLUSIONS: Although exact figures are lacking, mental-physical multimorbidity is common in LTC residents. Given the specific characteristics of the pertaining residents, more knowledge of their specific care needs is essential. The first step now should be to perform research on symptoms and behavior, which seem more informative than diagnostic labels as well as care needs of LTC residents with mental-physical multimorbidity.