A hybrid TCN-GRU model for classifying human activities using smartphone inertial signals.

Recognising human activities using smart devices has led to countless inventions in various domains like healthcare, security, sports, etc. Sensor-based human activity recognition (HAR), especially smartphone-based HAR, has become popular among the research community due to lightweight computation and user privacy protection. Deep learning models are the most preferred solutions in developing smartphone-based HAR as they can automatically capture salient and distinctive features from input signals and classify them into respective activity classes. However, in most cases, the architecture of these models needs to be deep and complex for better classification performance. Furthermore, training these models requires extensive computational resources. Hence, this research proposes a hybrid lightweight model that integrates an enhanced Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) with Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) layers for salient spatiotemporal feature extraction without tedious manual feature extraction. Essentially, dilations are incorporated into each convolutional kernel in the TCN-GRU model to extend the kernel's field of view without imposing additional model parameters. Moreover, fewer short filters are applied for each convolutional layer to alleviate excess parameters. Despite reducing computational cost, the proposed model utilises dilations, residual connections, and GRU layers for longer-term time dependency modelling by retaining longer implicit features of the input inertial sequences throughout training to provide sufficient information for future prediction. The performance of the TCN-GRU model is verified on two benchmark smartphone-based HAR databases, i.e., UCI HAR and UniMiB SHAR. The model attains promising accuracy in recognising human activities with 97.25% on UCI HAR and 93.51% on UniMiB SHAR. Since the current study exclusively works on the inertial signals captured by smartphones, future studies will explore the generalisation of the proposed TCN-GRU across diverse datasets, including various sensor types, to ensure its adaptability across different applications.

Assessing immune phenotypes using simple proxy measures: promise and limitations.

The study of immune phenotypes in wild animals is beset by numerous methodological challenges, with assessment of detailed aspects of phenotype difficult to impossible. This constrains the ability of disease ecologists and ecoimmunologists to describe immune variation and evaluate hypotheses explaining said variation. The development of simple approaches that allow characterization of immune variation across many populations and species would be a significant advance. Here we explore whether serum protein concentrations and coarse-grained white blood cell profiles, immune quantities that can easily be assayed in many species, can predict, and therefore serve as proxies for, lymphocyte composition properties. We do this in rewilded laboratory mice, which combine the benefits of immune phenotyping of lab mice with the natural context and immune variation found in the wild. We find that easily assayed immune quantities are largely ineffective as predictors of lymphocyte composition, either on their own or with other covariates. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio show the most promise as indicators of other immune traits, but their explanatory power is limited. Our results prescribe caution in inferring immune phenotypes beyond what is directly measured, but they do also highlight some potential paths forward for the development of proxy measures employable by ecoimmunologists.

Genetic and environmental interactions contribute to immune variation in rewilded mice.

The relative and synergistic contributions of genetics and environment to interindividual immune response variation remain unclear, despite implications in evolutionary biology and medicine. Here we quantify interactive effects of genotype and environment on immune traits by investigating C57BL/6, 129S1 and PWK/PhJ inbred mice, rewilded in an outdoor enclosure and infected with the parasite Trichuris muris. Whereas cellular composition was shaped by interactions between genotype and environment, cytokine response heterogeneity including IFNγ concentrations was primarily driven by genotype with consequence on worm burden. In addition, we show that other traits, such as expression of CD44, were explained mostly by genetics on T cells, whereas expression of CD44 on B cells was explained more by environment across all strains. Notably, genetic differences under laboratory conditions were decreased following rewilding. These results indicate that nonheritable influences interact with genetic factors to shape immune variation and parasite burden.

Factors influencing the outcomes of dermatoses during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a retrospective study.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic subverted people's lives and potentially affected the management and prognosis of pre-existing dermatoses. The study aims to identify factors influencing the outcomes of dermatoses during a rapid and widespread Omicron outbreak in China following the adjustment of the COVID-19 policy. Materials and methods: This retrospective observational study involved outpatients visiting the dermatology department at a tertiary referral hospital in Beijing, China between December 2022 and February 2023. Demographics, COVID-19 characteristics, treatment modalities, and dermatosis outcomes were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The odds ratio (OR) for vitiligo aggravation during COVID-19 was 0.497 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.254-0.973, p = 0.038] compared to total patients with various dermatoses. Psoriasis patients with a maximum body temperature (Tmax) over 38.6°C during COVID-19 were 2.833 times more likely to experience dermatosis aggravation (OR: 2.833 [1.029-7.803], p = 0.041). Moreover, autoimmune bullous disease (AIBD) patients receiving biologics treatment exhibited a reduced likelihood of aggravation during the COVID-19 outbreak (OR: 0 [0-0.531], p = 0.011). Conclusion: Vitiligo exhibits lower aggravation rates during COVID-19 than other dermatoses. A higher body temperature during COVID-19 infection can increase the risk of psoriasis aggravation. Biologics treatment reduces the risk of AIBD aggravation during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Recent Advances in Metal Oxide Electron Transport Layers for Enhancing the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable interest owing to their low processing costs and high efficiency. A crucial component of these devices is the electron transport layer (ETL), which plays a key role in extracting and transmitting light-induced electrons, modifying interfaces, and adjusting surface energy levels. This minimizes charge recombination in PSCs, a critical factor in their performance. Among the various ETL materials, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and tin dioxide (SnO2) stand out due to their excellent electron mobility, suitable band alignment, high transparency, and stability. TiO2 is widely used because of its appropriate conduction band position, easy fabrication, and favorable charge extraction properties. SnO2, on the other hand, offers higher electron mobility, better stability under UV illumination, and lower processing temperatures, making it a promising alternative. This paper summarizes the latest advancements in the research of electron transport materials, including material selection and a discussion of electron collection. Additionally, it examines doping techniques that enhance electron mobility and surface modification technologies that improve interface quality and reduce recombination. The impact of these parameters on the performance and passivation behavior of PSCs is also examined. Technological advancements in the ETL, especially those involving TiO2 and SnO2, are currently a prominent research direction for achieving high-efficiency PSCs. This review covers the current state and future directions in ETL research for PSCs, highlighting the crucial role of TiO2 and SnO2 in enhancing device performance.

Facial adult female acne in China: An analysis based on artificial intelligence over one million.

BACKGROUND: To further clarify the acne profile of Chinese adult women, we included 1,156,703 adult women. An artificial intelligence algorithm was used to analyze images taken by high-resolution mobile phones to further explore acne levels in Chinese adult women. METHOD: In this study, we assessed the severity of acne by evaluating patients' selfies through a smartphone application. Furthermore, we gathered basic user information through a questionnaire, including details such as age, gender, skin sensitivity, and dietary habits. RESULTS: This study showed a gradual decrease in acne severity from the age of 25 years. A trough was reached between the ages of 40 and 44, followed by a gradual increase in acne severity. In terms of skin problems and acne severity, we have found that oily skin, hypersensitive skin, frequent makeup application and unhealthy dietary habits can affect the severity of acne. For environment and acne severity, we observed that developed city levels, cold seasons and high altitude and strong radiation affect acne severity in adult women. For the results of the AI analyses, the severity of blackheads, pores, dark circles and skin roughness were positively associated with acne severity in adult women. CONCLUSIONS: AI analysis of high-res phone images in Chinese adult women reveals acne severity trends. Severity decreases after 25, hits a low at 40-44, then gradually rises. Skin type, sensitivity, makeup, diet, urbanization, seasons, altitude, and radiation impact acne. Blackheads, pores, dark circles, and skin roughness are linked to acne severity. These findings inform personalized skincare and public health strategies for adult women.

The hyphal-specific toxin candidalysin promotes fungal gut commensalism.

The fungus Candida albicans frequently colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract, from which it can disseminate to cause systemic disease. This polymorphic species can transition between growing as single-celled yeast and as multicellular hyphae to adapt to its environment. The current dogma of C. albicans commensalism is that the yeast form is optimal for gut colonization, whereas hyphal cells are detrimental to colonization but critical for virulence1-3. Here, we reveal that this paradigm does not apply to multi-kingdom communities in which a complex interplay between fungal morphology and bacteria dictates C. albicans fitness. Thus, whereas yeast-locked cells outcompete wild-type cells when gut bacteria are absent or depleted by antibiotics, hyphae-competent wild-type cells outcompete yeast-locked cells in hosts with replete bacterial populations. This increased fitness of wild-type cells involves the production of hyphal-specific factors including the toxin candidalysin4,5, which promotes the establishment of colonization. At later time points, adaptive immunity is engaged, and intestinal immunoglobulin A preferentially selects against hyphal cells1,6. Hyphal morphotypes are thus under both positive and negative selective pressures in the gut. Our study further shows that candidalysin has a direct inhibitory effect on bacterial species, including limiting their metabolic output. We therefore propose that C. albicans has evolved hyphal-specific factors, including candidalysin, to better compete with bacterial species in the intestinal niche.

Etomidate enhances cerebellar CF-PC synaptic plasticity through CB1 receptor/PKA cascade in vitro in mice.

Etomidate (ET) is a widely used intravenous imidazole general anesthetic, which depresses the cerebellar neuronal activity by modulating various receptors activity and synaptic transmission. In this study, we investigated the effects of ET on the cerebellar climbing fiber-Purkinje cells (CF-PC) plasticity in vitro in mice using whole-cell recording technique and pharmacological methods. Our results demonstrated that CF tetanic stimulation produced a mGluR1-dependent long-term depression (LTD) of CF-PC excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), which was enhanced by bath application of ET (10 µM). Blockade of mGluR1 receptor with JNJ16259685, ET triggered the tetanic stimulation to induce a CF-PC LTD accompanied with an increase in paired-pulse ratio (PPR). The ET-triggered CF-PC LTD was abolished by extracellular administration of an N-methyl-(D)-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, D-APV, as well as by intracellular blockade of NMDA receptors activity with MK801. Furthermore, blocking cannabinoids 1 (CB1) receptor with AM251 or chelating intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA, ET failed to trigger the CF-PC LTD. Moreover, the ET-triggered CF-PC LTD was abolished by inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA), but not by inhibition of protein kinase C inhibiter. The present results suggest that ET acts on postsynaptic NMDA receptor resulting in an enhancement of the cerebellar CF-PC LTD through CB1 receptor/PKA cascade in vitro in mice. These results provide new evidence and possible mechanism for ET anesthesia to affect motor learning and motor coordination by regulating cerebellar CF-PC LTD.

Relationship between workplace violence and mental/physical health of security guards during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between workplace violence (WPV) and mental and physical health (MPH) of security guards during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 15 representative security companies across northern, central, and southern Taiwan, and outlying islands from July 2021 to June 2022 during the COVID-19 pandemic. 1,200 questionnaires were distributed. A total of 1,032 valid questionnaires were collected. Results: 13.18% of the participants reported that they had experienced WPV during the COVID-19 pandemic, including physical violence (PhV), psychological violence (PsV), verbal violence (VV), and sexual harassment (SH). The most common violence was VV (54.19%), followed by PsV (20.69%). Community residents and property owners were the primary perpetrators, followed by strangers. The study showed that the security guards who had experienced WPV had higher scores on the 12-item Chinese Health Questionnaire (Taiwan version) (CHQ-12), indicating poorer MPH than those who had never experienced WPV. The result showed that VV had strong correlations with the lack of effective communication, dissatisfaction with treatment and service attitude, and work stress. PsV was strongly associated with excessive waiting times. Conclusion: There were correlations among PhV, VV, and PsV and they had adverse impacts on MPH, except for SH. The study found that the primary perpetrators of WPV against security guards were community residents and property owners. The causes were the lack of effective communication, dissatisfaction with treatment and service attitude, excessive waiting times, and work stress, which further led to turnover intention and poor MPH. The findings of this study have useful implications and it is recommended to enhance the understanding of workplace violence against security guards and to formulate appropriate local and international strategies to address it.

Analysis of clinical data and imaging features of perioperative acute ischemic stroke with non-small cell lung cancer / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical data and head imaging features of perioperative acute ischemic stroke(POAIS)with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)and to explore the possible risk factors and pathogeneses of it,and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of POAIS.Methods Data of patients with primary NSCLC who underwent lung resection and had POAIS was retrospectively collected,and the clinical data of patients with cerebral infarction of large artery atherosclerosis(LAA)and stroke of undetermined etiology(SUE)was compared.Results There were 25 NSCLC patients with POAIS,some of whom had no history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,and the proportion was higher in SUE.The most common excision site was left upper lobe,especially in SUE.The pathological stage and type were mainly early stage and adenocarcinoma.Most patients developed POAIS within 7 days after surgery,and mainly mild to moderate.Middle cerebral artery was the main responsible vessel and most patients'cerebral infarction locations≥3.SUE was the most common type of Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment(TOAST),followed by LAA type.Compared with SUE,more patients had a history of type 2 diabetes(P=0.006)and higher preoperative fasting glucose level(P=0.013)with LAA type.Conclusion Attention should be paid to the prevention of LAA type cerebral infarction in NSCLC patients with type 2 diabetes or preoperative high fasting glucose level,and antithrombotic regimen is selected according to different etiological mechanisms of POAIS.The formation of pulmonary vein thrombosis after lung resection should be prevented and paid attention to.

Changes and biological significance of ferroptosis in a mouse model of bloodstream infection induced by different bacteria / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:It is of great significance to find new diagnostic markers of the disease and molecular targets for the treatment of the disease and the alleviation of organ injury.Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death.Overactivation of ferroptosis in animal models of sepsis is associated with the activation of inflammatory response and the injury of the liver,heart,kidney and other important organs,but the relationship between ferroptosis and bloodstream infection is not very clear. OBJECTIVE:To study the changes and biological significance of ferroptosis in a mouse model of blood stream infection induced by different bacteria. METHODS:Blood stream infection models induced by gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis were established in SPF-grade ICR male mice,with 42 mice in each group.The mRNA expression levels of ferroptosis marker genes transferrin receptor 1 and glutathione peroxidase 4 in the liver,myocardium and kidney were detected at 0.5,1,3,6,12,24 and 48 hours after modeling.Another 18 SPF-grade ICR male mice were selected and randomly divided into dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)control group,DMSO+Klebsiella pneumoniae group,and Ferrostatin-1+Klebsiella pneumoniae group,with 6 mice in each group.In the latter two groups,animal models of Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection were established by tail vein injection of Klebsiella pneumoniae suspension,and 5 mg/kg Ferrostatin-1 and an equal dose of DMSO were given intraperitoneally 1 hour prior to the modeling of bloodstream infection,respectively.Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,blood creatinine,blood urea nitrogen,phosphocreatine kinase isoenzyme,lactate dehydrogenase,and mRNA expression levels of ferroptosis marker genes in various tissues were assayed at 6 hours after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After bloodstream infection modeling,the mRNA expression levels of transferrin receptor 1 in the liver,myocardium and kidney of bloodstream infection mice with different bacteria increased first and then decreased;and the mRNA expression level of glutathione peroxidase 4 decreased first,then increased,and reached the peak at 6 hours after modeling.The changes in transferrin receptor 1 and glutathione peroxidase 4 mRNA levels in bloodstream infection mice induced by gram-negative bacteria were more significant than those in blood stream infection mice induced by gram-positive bacteria,especially in bloodstream infection mice induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae.At 6 hours after bloodstream infection induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae,the levels of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen,creatine phosphate kinase isoenzyme,lactate dehydrogenase in mice were significantly increased.Before modeling,Ferrostatin-1 intervention significantly reduced the levels of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen,creatine phosphate kinase isoenzyme,and lactate dehydrogenase.All these findings indicate that the activation of ferroptosis in bloodstream infection mice induced by different bacteria is obvious,and the activation of ferroptosis in bloodstream infection mice induced by gram-negative bacteria is more obvious.Inhibition of iron death significantly attenuates liver,myocardial,and kidney injury in the mouse model of bloodstream infection induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Research progress of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 in myocardial infarction and ische-mia reperfusion / 心血管康复医学杂志

At present,proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9)inhibitor has been widely used in clinical field as a fast and effective drug to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),in addition to regulating LDL-C to affect the process of atherosclerosis.Clinical data show that PCSK9 is upregulated in ischemic heart,and downregulation of PCSK9 expression can benefit infarct size,post-infarct inflammation and remodeling,and cardiac dysfunction after ische-mia/reperfusion.In subjects with increased cardiovascular risk,PCSK9 inhibition was associated with reduced incidence rates of myocardial infarction,stroke,and coronary revascularization,as well as improved endothelial function.This article reviews the role of PCSK9 in myocardial infarction and ischemia-reperfusion after myocardial infarction.

Correlation between ultrasound parameters of internal carotid artery blood flow and regional cerebral oxygen saturation in elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting under CPB / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the correlation between ultrasound parameters of internal carotid artery blood flow and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO 2) in elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods:Sixty-four elderly patients undergoing elective CABG under CPB, aged 60-80 yr, regardless of gender, with body mass index of 18.1-28.9 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅱ or Ⅲ, with New York Heart Association class Ⅱ or Ⅲ, with left ventricular ejection fraction≥50%, were selected. The rScO 2 and ultrasonic parameters of internal carotid artery including peak systolic velocity (PSV-ICA), end-diastolic velocity (EDV-ICA), diameter (D-ICA) and blood flow volume (Q-ICA) were recorded before anesthesia induction (T 0), at surgical skin incision (T 1), at 30 and 60 min of CPB (mean value was calculated, T 2), and at 30 and 60 min after termination of CPB (mean value was calculated, T 3). The ratio of unilateral internal carotid artery blood flow to cardiac output (Q/CO) was calculated. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyze the accuracy of ultrasound parameters of internal carotid artery blood flow in predicting rScO 2 < 60%. Results:PSV-ICA was positively correlated with rScO 2 at T 0, T 1 and T 3 ( P<0.05), but no correlation was found between PSV-ICA and rScO 2 at T 2 ( P>0.05). There was no correlation between EDV-ICA and rScO 2 at each time point ( P>0.05). Q-ICA was positively correlated with rScO 2 at each time point ( P<0.05). Q/CO was not correlated with rScO 2 at T 1 ( P>0.05), but Q/CO was positively correlated with rScO 2 at T 2 and T 3 ( P<0.05). During the non-CPB period (T 0, T 1, T 3), the cutoff values of PSV-ICA and Q-ICA in predicting rScO 2< 60% were 51.35 cm/s and 283.5 ml/min respectively, the sensitivity was 0.900 and 0.900 respectively, and the specificity was 0.610 and 0.857 respectively (AUC=0.761, P=0.006; AUC=0.903, P< 0.001). During the CPB period, the cutoff values of Q-ICA and Q/CO in predicting rScO 2<60% were 296.5 ml/min and 5.84% respectively, the sensitivity was 0.900 and 0.800, and the specificity was 0.545 and 0.659 (AUC=0.764, P=0.001; AUC=0.748, P=0.002), respectively. Conclusions:PSV-ICA and Q-ICA are positively correlated with rScO 2 during the non-CPB period, and Q-ICA and Q/CO are positively correlated with rScO 2 during the CPB period in elderly patients undergoing CABG. PSV-ICA, Q-ICA and Q/CO can accurately predict rScO 2<60%.

The effects of theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training in different sequences on the upper limb functioning of stroke survivors / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To explore any effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) and of different sequencing of rehabilitation training on upper limb dysfunction after a stroke.Methods:Thirty-six patients with upper limb motor dysfunction after subacute subcortical cerebral infarction were divided at random into a control group, an experimental group 1, and an experimental group 2, each of 12. The control group was given prosthetic stimulation and upper limb function rehabilitation training. Experimental group l received focal iTBS stimulation on M1 immediately followed by upper limb rehabilitation training. Experimental group 2 received the same treatment but in reverse order. The experiment lasted four weeks. Upper limb functioning and ability in the activities of daily living (ADL) were quantified before and after the interventions using the Fugl-Meyer upper extremity assessment (FMA-UE) and the modified Barthel index (MBI). Cortical latency (CL) was also recorded.Results:Before the treatment there were no significant differences among the three groups, but afterward a significant increase was observed in the average FMA-UE and MBI scores of both experimental groups accompanied by a significant decrease in CL. There was no significant difference between the two experimental groups′ results, on average.Conclusion:Supplementing upper limb rehabilitation training with iTBS can significantly improve the upper limb functioning of ischemic stroke survivors, and the sequencing of the training has no effect on the therapeutic results.

Clonidine Patch for Tourette Syndrome With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective@#To explore the efficacy and safety of clonidine adhesive patch in Tourette syndrome (TS) patients with comorbid attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). @*Methods@#This study was conducted on a sample of children and adolescents with TS who had comorbid ADHD between May 2012 and March 2015. The patients were diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, and were randomly assigned to four different dose groups: 1.0 mg/week, 1.5 mg/week, 2.0 mg/week and placebo group, and the symptom was evaluated by Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale, Version IV (SNAP-IV) and Yale Global Tic Severity Scale scales every 2 weeks. The primary outcome was tic disorders (TD) effective rate at week 8. @*Results@#One hundred and twenty-seven TS patients with comorbid ADHD in 2.0 mg/week (n=35), 1.5 mg/week (n=27), 1.0 mg/week (n=36) and placebo groups (n=29) were included in this subgroup analysis. The TD effective rate of the 2.0 mg, 1.5 mg, and 1.0 mg groups at week 8 were significantly better than that in placebo group (85.7%, 81.5%, and 86.1% vs. 20.7%, all p<0.0001). All groups demonstrated significant improvements in SNAP-IV total scale scores compared to baseline (p=0.0004), with treatment groups showing only a trend for better performance compared to placebo group at week 8, without statistical differences (22.1±15.41, 21.3±11.96, and 21.2±12.48 vs. 26.0±13.37, p=0.3385). A total of 9 adverse reactions occurred, all recovered spontaneously without additional medication. @*Conclusion@#Clonidine adhesive patch could safely and effectively reduce the tic symptoms of TS patients with comorbid ADHD, and might be potentially helpful in the ADHD symptoms control.

Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on symptoms after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and their family members / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid （UDCA） on the symptoms after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 （SARS-CoV-2） infection in patients with primary biliary cholangitis （PBC） and their family member. MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted to collect related information from 171 PBC patients who attended The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University before March 22， 2023 and 128 family members， including demographic information， comorbidities， UDCA administration， SARS-CoV-2 infection， vaccination， symptoms， therapeutic medication， and the changes in liver disease-related symptoms. The independent-samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups， and the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. ResultsThe median age was 51 years in the PBC patients and 49 years in the family members， with no significant difference between the two groups （P>0.05）. Compared with the family member group， the PBC group had significantly lower body mass index （22.2±2.4 kg/m2 vs 23.3±2.9 kg/m2， P<0.001） and proportion of male individuals （10% vs 55%， P<0.001）. All PBC patients received UDCA at a dose of 13‍ ‍—‍ ‍15 mg/kg， and SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was 100% in both groups. The family members had a significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate than the PBC patients （91% vs 57%， P<0.001）. Compared with the family members， the PBC patients had significantly milder symptoms of sneezing， nasal obstruction， chest pain， and abnormal taste （P<0.05）. Compared with the family members， the PBC patients had significantly lower rates of use of compound cold medicine （11% vs 20%， P<0.05） and Lianhua Qingwen capsules （12% vs 21%， P<0.05）. For the PBC patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection， the liver disease-related symptoms such as fatigue， abdominal distension， dry mouth and dry eyes， pruritus， and yellow skin were aggravated by 37%， 2%， 27%， 10%， and 3%， respectively. ConclusionCompared with the immediate family members of PBC patients who do not take UDCA， the PBC patients receiving UDCA do not show a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection rate， but UDCA may have a certain effect on alleviating infection-related symptoms in such patients. PBC patients may still experience the aggravation of liver disease-related symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection， and the long-term effect on PBC patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection should be taken seriously in clinical practice.

Mass spectrometry analysis of intact protein N-glycosylation signatures of cells and sera in pancreatic adenocarcinomas / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Pancreatic cancer is among the most malignant cancers, and thus early intervention is the key to better survival outcomes. However, no methods have been derived that can reliably identify early precursors of development into malignancy. Therefore, it is urgent to discover early molecular changes during pancreatic tumorigenesis. As aberrant glycosylation is closely associated with cancer progression, numerous efforts have been made to mine glycosylation changes as biomarkers for diagnosis; however, detailed glycoproteomic information, especially site-specific N-glycosylation changes in pancreatic cancer with and without drug treatment, needs to be further explored. Herein, we used comprehensive solid-phase chemoenzymatic glycoproteomics to analyze glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides in pancreatic cancer cells and patient sera. The profiling of N-glycans in cancer cells revealed an increase in the secreted glycoproteins from the primary tumor of MIA PaCa-2 cells, whereas human sera, which contain many secreted glycoproteins, had significant changes of glycans at their specific glycosites. These results indicated the potential role for tumor-specific glycosylation as disease biomarkers. We also found that AMG-510, a small molecule inhibitor against Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) G12C mutation, profoundly reduced the glycosylation level in MIA PaCa-2 cells, suggesting that KRAS plays a role in the cellular glycosylation process, and thus glycosylation inhibition contributes to the anti-tumor effect of AMG-510.

Spatiotemporal-social association predicts immunological similarity in rewilded mice.

Environmental influences on immune phenotypes are well-documented, but our understanding of which elements of the environment affect immune systems, and how, remains vague. Behaviors, including socializing with others, are central to an individual's interaction with its environment. We therefore tracked behavior of rewilded laboratory mice of three inbred strains in outdoor enclosures and examined contributions of behavior, including associations measured from spatiotemporal co-occurrences, to immune phenotypes. We found extensive variation in individual and social behavior among and within mouse strains upon rewilding. In addition, we found that the more associated two individuals were, the more similar their immune phenotypes were. Spatiotemporal association was particularly predictive of similar memory T and B cell profiles and was more influential than sibling relationships or shared infection status. These results highlight the importance of shared spatiotemporal activity patterns and/or social networks for immune phenotype and suggest potential immunological correlates of social life.

Artificial intelligence analysis of over a million Chinese men and women reveals level of dark circle in the facial skin aging process.

BACKGROUND: To better compare the progression of dark circles and the aging process in Chinese skin. A total of 100 589 Chinese males and 1 838 997 Chinese females aged 18 to 85, without facial skin conditions, and who had access to a smartphone with a high-resolution camera all took selfies. METHOD: Using a smartphone application with a built-in artificial intelligence algorithm, facial skin diagnostic evaluated the selfies and score the severity of the dark circles with four other facial indicators (including skin type, Pores, Acne vulgaris, and Blackheads). Basic information was collected with online questionnaire, including their age, gender, skin sensitivity, and dietary habits. RESULTS: In users between the age of 18 and 59, the prevalence of comprehensive, pigmented, and structural type of dark circles all rose with age. However, between the age of 60 and 85, the intensity of all types of dark circles diminished. Besides, vascular dark circles progressively worsen from the age of 18 to their peak at 39, and then gradually decline with age. Females typically have more pronounced black circles under their eyes than males in China. Bad eating habits, urbanization, regular cosmetics use, and sensitive skin positively correlate with severe dark circles. Vascular, comprehensive dark circles were worse in spring. Both pigmented and structural dark circles were worse in the summer. The results indicated that the intensity of dark circles was influenced by oily skin, wide pores, severe blackheads, and severe acne. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese men and women differed noticeably in the prevalence of each face aging indicator and the appearance of aging dark circles. Selfies could be automatically graded and examined by artificial intelligence, which is a quick and private method for quantifying signs of facial aging and identifying major problems for different populations. Artificial intelligence would assist in the development of individualized preventive and therapeutic interventions.

[A Comparison Study on Multiple Modeling Approaches for Air Pollutant Geographic Model Development in Shanghai].

Geostatistical models have been widely used in the exposure assessment of ambient air pollutants. However, few studies have focused on comparisons of modeling approaches and their prediction results. Here, we collected the NO2 and PM2.5 monitoring data from 55 sites in Shanghai from 2016 to 2019 and the geographic variables, such as road network, points of interest of emission locations, and satellite data were included. We used partial least squares regression (PLS), supervised linear regression (SLR), and random forest (RF) algorithms to develop spatial models and used ordinary kriging (OK) to develop a two-step model. We evaluated the models using a 5-fold cross validation method and selected the best model structure for each modeling approach between one-or two-step models that had been developed with or without OK. The results revealed that the best NO2 models were the RF-OK (Rmse2 was 0.70-0.82) and PLS-OK (Rmse2 was 0.78-0.84) models; the PLS model for PM2.5(Rmse2 was 0.62-0.71) outperformed the other PM2.5 models. We used the best models to predict annual exposures in Shanghai at a 1 km spatial scale and conducted the correlation analysis among the predictions of the best models. The results demonstrated that the NO2 predictions had higher correlation coefficients (r was 0.82-0.91) compared with those of the PM2.5 models (r was 0.66-0.96). Based on the exposure results predicted using the three models in 2019, we evaluated the cumulative population exposure concentrations for NO2 and PM2.5 in Shanghai.