RESUMO
Objective: Some salivary proteins seem to be differently abundant among caries-free (CF) and caries-affected (CA) individuals, but previous results are contradictory precluding that definitive conclusion be drawn. A pooled analysis of the available evidence may provide more robust data on identifying oral cavity protein patterns among CF and CA individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO CRD42021269079) aimed to compare the oral cavity protein abundance among caries-free and caries-affected individuals. Methods: This study was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were systematically assessed (up to February 2023) to retrieve clinical studies written in English, German, or in Latin-based languages that compared the oral cavity protein abundance among CF and CA individuals. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment (NIH guidelines) were independently performed by two investigators. Qualitative synthesis was performed from all included studies and meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with inverse variance for studies that reported the concentration of proteins or enzymatic activity. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with respective 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for each outcome. Results: A total of 90 studies (two cohort and 88 cross-sectional designs) of more than 6,000 participants were selected for data extraction, being the quality of evidence graded as "fair" for most of them. The oral cavity of CF individuals presented lower total protein concentration [SMD = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.07-0.68; 18 studies)], lower total antioxidant capacity [SMD = 1.29 (95% CI: 0.74-1.85); 17 studies], and lower carbonic anhydrase activity [SMD = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.58-1.09); three studies], whereas CA individuals presented lower carbonic anhydrase concentration [SMD = -0.66 (95% CI: -1.00 to -0.32); three studies], urease [SMD = -0.95 (IC 95%: -1.72 to -0.17); four studies], and arginine deiminase system [SMD = -2.07 (95% CI: -3.53 to -0.62); three studies] activities. Antimicrobial peptides, secretory immunoglobulin-A concentrations and alpha-amylase activity were similar among individuals. Conclusion: Differences on oral cavity protein abundance were observed among CF and CA individuals. These data indicate some protein patterns for the oral health and dental caries conditions. Even when statistically significant, some of the results were not very consistent. Cohort studies need to be conducted to validate these results.
RESUMO
Introdução: A cárie dental e a doença periodontal são anomalias frequentes, e fatores socioeconômicos podem intervir na dinâmica de desenvolvimento dessas patologias. Acredita-se que o nível de conhecimento da mãe em relação aos cuidados de saúde bucal dos filhos é importante, pois os membros da família criam e transmitem valores, conhecimentos e práticas de saúde. Objetivo: Buscou-se avaliar os conhecimentos de mães de diferentes classes sociais sobre saúde bucal. Material e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com uma população-alvo de 416 mães de crianças de 0 a 6 anos. Solicitou-se à participante que respondesse uma entrevista com questões relacionadas a faixa etária, número de filhos, grau de escolaridade, condição socioeconômica e conhecimentos sobre saúde bucal. O nível de conhecimento das entrevistadas foi qualificado em bom, médio e baixo. Para a classificação socioeconômica utilizou-se o indicador Aba /Abipeme [1]. Resultados: A maioria das entrevistadas (49,8%) enquadrou-se na categoria socioeconômica B. Em relação a informações sobre saúde bucal, 83,3% das mães da classe A e 31,8% das da classe D relataram tê-las recebido. As mães que disseram ter obtido orientações citaram principalmente o médico (35,7%) e o cirurgião-dentista (21,8%) como as principais fontes. As mães das classes A, B e C mostraram um nível médio, e as da D, um baixo nível de conhecimento. Conclusão: O fator socioeconômico interferiu no recebimento de informações sobre saúde bucal. Mães de nível socioeconômico menos favorecido apresentaram menor conhecimento em saúde bucal.
Introduction: Dental caries and periodontal disease are common anomalies, and socioeconomic factors may interfere in the development of these pathologies. We believe that the knowledge of mothers regarding oral health is important because the family members create and transmit values, knowledge and health practices. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of mothers from different social classes regarding oral health. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a target population of 416 mothers of children aged from 0 to 6 years. Each participant was asked to answer an interview with questions related to age, number of children, level of education, family income and knowledge regarding oral health. The interviewees? level of knowledge was classified as: good, medium and low. The Aba/Abipeme [1] indicator was used for the socioeconomic classification. Results: The majority of the interviewees (49.8%) were classified in social class B. With regards to receiving information about oral health, 83.3% of the mothers of class A and 31.8% of class D reported that they had received it. The majority of the mothers that reported having received information mentioned the physician (35.7%) and the dentist (21.8%) as the main sources. The interviewees of classes A, B and C presented a medium level of knowledge, while the interviewees of class D showed a low level of knowledge regarding oral health. Conclusion: The socioeconomic factor had influenced on reception of information regarding oral health. Mothers of the lowest socioeconomic level showed to have lower knowledge regarding oral health.