Influenza in patients with cancer after 2009 pandemic AH1N1: An 8-year follow-up study in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Immunosupressed patients are at high risk of influenza-related complications. Influenza AH1N1 has been hypothesized to induce worse outcomes in patients with malignancies, but after the A(H1N1)pdm09 few publications have analyzed the presentation and complications related to influenza afterward. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe the characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of influenza in an oncologic center after the 2009 pandemic and to compare our case distribution to the National community acquired influenza databases in Mexico and the United States. METHODS: We reviewed the cases of confirmed influenza in patients with cancer from an oncological center in Mexico from April 2009 to April 2017. Data on severity and influenza type, malignancy, comorbidities, and outcomes were recorded. We correlated data between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States and SISVEFLU (Influenza Surveillance Program) in Mexico. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-eight patients were included; 75 (39.9%) had a solid neoplasm and 113 (60.1%) had hematologic malignancies. AH1N1 was the most frequent influenza type (54.2%). Patients with hematologic malignancies had more pneumonia (55% vs 25%, P < .001), needed more hospitalizations (75% vs 39% P < .001), had higher all-cause mortality at 30 days (20% vs 9% P = .048) and influenza-associated mortality (17% vs 7% P = .041). Thirty (16%) patients died within 30 days, and 24 (12.7%) were related to influenza. Influenza type was not associated with worse outcomes. Yearly occurrence of influenza reported by the CDC and SISVEFLU showed a significant correlation (ρ = 0.823, P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: AH1N1 was the dominant serotype. Patients with hematologic malignancies had more severe influenza and presented worse outcomes. Annual SISVEFLU and CDC surveillance information showed a similar distribution of cases along time but influenza serotypes did not match for all seasons.

Libro Heroes de a pie / Book Heroes on foot

Este libro narra la historia íntima de diversas epidemias y de situaciones de alerta en salud pública ocurridas en el último cuarto de siglo en Colombia. Es la historia de los epidemiólogos que fueron al terreno con el propósito de controlarlas, de las personas que las padecieron y, a veces, de los profesionales de la salud que atendieron a la población. Pero este libro también cuenta cómo fue el desarrollo del programa que entrenó a esos epidemiólogos, de esas mujeres y esos hombres que han logrado mitigar el impacto de aquellas amenazas para la salud colectiva, o incluso evitar que hubieran ocurrido. En el argot médico son llamados epidemiólogos de campo, pero, por su anonimato y sacrificio, estas páginas los reconocen con justeza como unos "héroes de a pie".

This book tells the intimate history of various epidemics and public health alert situations that occurred in the last quarter of a century in Colombia. It is the story of the epidemiologists who went to the field with the purpose of controlling them, of the people who suffered them and, sometimes, of the health professionals who attended the population. But this book also tells how was the development of the program that trained those epidemiologists, those women and those men who have managed to mitigate the impact of those threats to collective health, or even prevent them from happening. In medical jargon they are called field epidemiologists, but, because of their anonymity and sacrifice, these pages rightly recognize them as "walking heroes."

Amino acid changes in HA and determinants of pathogenicity associated with influenza virus A H1N1pdm09 during the winter seasons 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 in Mexico.

Biennial H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus (IAV) epidemics have been associated with major severity of respiratory disease in Mexico. Atypically and in contrast with what happened in USA, Canada and Europe during 2017, an increase of infections due to the H1N1pdm09 pandemic virus instead of H3N2 was observed. In order to determine the viral contribution to severe acute respiratory disease, we characterized the pathogenicity determinants of IAV in Mexico during the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 seasons. The RNA segments of 20 IAV samples were sequenced by NGS platform and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. The analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) sequences established that all virus samples, except one, belong to clade (6B.1). The IAVs presented the substitution S162 N, which introduces a new glycosylation site in the hemagglutinin. We also found the D222 G substitution, which has been associated with a higher tropism towards the lower respiratory tract, and a non-reported insertion of one Ile in NS1 (Ile113). The IAVs from 2016 to 2017 in Mexico belong to the new clade 6B.1. The new glycosylation site in HA (S162 N) is a major change that may affect the efficacy of the current vaccine. We detected in several patients pathogenicity determinants associated with the severity of the respiratory disease.

In vitro evaluation of anthraquinones from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) roots and several derivatives against strains of influenza virus.

Aloe vera is a crop of wide economic value of worldwide distribution, and a rich source of quinone components. Recently, antiviral aloe anthraquinones had been reported against human influenza virus. In the present work two anthraquinones, aloesaponarin-I (1) and aloesaponarin-II (2) were isolated from A. vera roots, and six derivatives were obtained by methylation (3), acetylation (4) and O-glycosyl (5-6) reactions starting from (1). Additionally, a new Tetra-O-acetyl-ß-d-glucopyranosyl derivative from 2 was also prepared. All compounds were evaluated against two strains of influenza virus AH1N1 by cytopathic effect reduction assay (CPE). The antiviral activity was determined by the ability of compounds to inhibit virus replication on Madin Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK). New derivatives 3-(2´,3´,4´,6´-Tetra-O-acetyl-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-aloesaponarin-I (5) and 3-(2´,3´,4´,6´-Tetra-O-acetyl-ß-d-glucopyranosyl- aloesaponarin-II (7) showed a cytopathic reduction effect against influenza strain A/Yucatán/2370/09 with IC50 of 30.77 and 13.70 µM, and against the virus A/Mexico/InDRE797/10 with IC50 of 62.28 and 19.47 µM, respectively. To assess the effect of derivatives 5 and 7 during one cycle of replication (0-10 h), a time-of-addition experiment was performed. As a result it was found that both compounds were most effective when added 6-10 h post-infection and significantly inhibited viral titre (> 70%) at the concentrations of 50 and 100 µM. Based on the structural analysis of the compounds, it was suggested that the Tetra-O-acetyl-ß-d-glucopyranosyl substituent at the C3 position of the anthraquinone might have an effect against the influenza AH1N1 virus.

Medidas de aislamiento utilizadas en pacientes con sospecha de portar gripe AH1N1 en el área de clínica médica del Hospital Regional Paraguarí. Agosto ­ noviembre de 2018 / Isolation measures used in patients suspected of carrying the AH1N1 flu in the medical clinic area of the Hospital Regional Paraguarí. August - november of 2018

Resumen El propósito de la presente investigación se refiere a: Caracterizar las medidas de aislamiento utilizados en pacientes con sospecha de portar gripe AH1N1 en el área de clínica médica del Hospital Regional Paraguarí, Agosto a Octubre de 2018. Para ello, se utilizo una investigación de tipo descriptivo y se aplico un cuestionario a los médicos del Hospital Regional de Paraguarí. Los principales hallazgos indican que la mayoría de los médicos conoce las medidas de precaución a ser utilizadas y considera que en el evento en el cual un paciente sospechoso consulte al establecimiento de salud, el personal debe tener la capacidad de identificarlo, y aislarlo del resto de pacientes, especialmente en las etapas iniciales del brote. Palabras clave: gripe AH1N1; medidas de aislamiento; medidas de precaución (AU)

Abstract The purpose of this research refers to: Characterizing the isolation measures used in patients with suspected AH1N1 flu in the medical clinic area of the Hospital Regional Paraguarí, from August to October, 2018. For this, a descriptive research approach was used was used and a questionnaire was applied to the doctors of the Hospital Regional Paraguarí. The main findings indicate that the majority of doctors know the precautionary measures to be used and consider that in the event in which a suspicious patient consults the health establishment, the staff should have the ability to identify him and isolate him from the rest of the patients, especially in the early stages of the outbreak. Key words: AH1N1 flu; isolation measures; precautionary measures

Reporte de caso por infección de virus Influenza A H1N1: hallazgos de autopsia / Case report of Influenza virus H1N1 infection: autopsy findings

La influenza continúa siendo una causa importante de muerte en las Américas; en nuestro país al igual que en otros países del continente, hay circulación viral sostenida del virus Influenza A H1N1pdm09, este reporte describe los hallazgos histopatológicos más relevantes, encontrados en femenina de 32 años de edad, con antecedentes de anemia drepanocítica; que falleció tres días después de inicio de síntomas respiratorios. La autopsia estableció como causa de muerte neumonía, daño alveolar difuso (DAD), edema, hemorragia, membranas hialinas y colonias bacterianas secundarias a infección por virus Influenza AH1N1pdm09. Este reporte destaca la importancia que el médico forense realice una labor integrativa, de los hallazgos macro y microscópicos y exámenes complementarios de la autopsia en el contexto epidemiológico y clínico en el que se dan los decesos...(AU)

Decision-making Process by Users and Providers of Health Care Services During the AH1N1 Epidemic Influenza in Mexico: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze, using a decision analysis approach, the probability of severity of illness due to delayed utilization of health services and inappropriate hospital medical treatment during the 2009 AH1N1 influenza epidemic in Mexico. METHODS: Patients with influenza AH1N1 confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test from two hospitals in Mexico City, were included. Path methodology based upon literature and validated by clinical experts was followed. The probability for severe illness originated from delayed utilization of health services, delayed prescription of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) and inappropriate use of antibiotics was assessed. FINDINGS: Ninety-nine patients were analyzed, and 16% developed severe illness. Most patients received NAIs and 85.9% received antibiotics. Inappropriate use of antibiotics was observed in 70.7% of cases. Early utilization of services increased the likelihood of non-severe illness (cumulative probability CP = 0.56). The major cumulative probability for severe illness was observed when prescription of NAIs was delayed (CP = 0.19). CONCLUSION: Delayed prescription of NAIs and irrational use of antibiotics are critical decisions for unfavorable outcomes in patients suffering influenza AH1N1.

Excess of Mortality in Adults and Elderly and Circulation of Subtypes of Influenza Virus in Southern Brazil.

PURPOSE: In the elderly population, the influenza infection and its clinical complications are important causes of hospitalization and death, particularly, in longer-lived age. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of influenza virus circulation on mortality in the elderly and adults, in years with different predominant virus strains. METHODS: We performed a time trend study to evaluated excess of mortality for pneumonia and influenza, respiratory disease, and all-causes in southern region of Brazil, from 2002 to 2015. After considering other models, we opted for Serfling regression. Excess of death rates per 100,000 inhabitants were analyzed in specific age groups (24-59, 60-69, 70-79, ≥80 years) and by year of occurrence. Mortality information were taken from Brazilian Mortality Information System and etiological data were accessed in Sentinel Virological Surveillance database, getting the weekly positivity of the immunofluorescence tests for influenza A (H1N1, H3N2), and B. RESULTS: In southern Brazil, there is an evident seasonal pattern of all death outcomes among different age groups in the dry and cold season (April-September). The highest excess mortality rates occurs among older, particularly in years of circulation of influenza AH3N2, especially among people ≥80 years, in 2003 and 2007-years of great severity of influenza activity. After 2009, with the introduction of the pandemic influenza AH1N1, we observed a lower impact on the mortality of the elderly compared to <60 years. DISCUSSION: A cross reactivity antibody response from past exposure probably provided protection against disease in the elderly. Despite not controlling for comorbidities, climate, and vaccination, for the >70 years, ratio of respiratory diseases excess mortality rates between AH1N1 (2009) and severe year of H3N2 (2007) shows protection in the pandemic year and great vulnerability during AH3N2 virus predominance. CONCLUSION: The reduced immune response to infection, and to vaccination, and presence of comorbidities recommend a special attention to this age group in Brazil. Besides medical assistance, the timeliness of vaccine campaigns, its composition, and etiological surveillance of respiratory diseases are some of the preventive and public health measures.

Perfil epidemiológico de la Influenza Humana A H1N1 en Cochabamba, Bolivia, gestiones 2009 a 2014 / Epidemiological profile of AH1N1 influenza in Bolivia Cochabamba; years 2009 to 2014

Introducción: en julio de 2009, la Organización Mundial de la Salud alertó acerca de la pandemia debida al virus A H1N1 que elevó la fase epidemiológica a 6, producto del grado de diseminación del virus pero no a la gravedad e impacto de la enfermedad, lo que depende de la vulnerabilidad de la población y la capacidad de respuesta sanitaria de cada región, país y continente respectivamente. Objetivo: analizar el perfil epidemiológico de la influenza A H1N1 en el departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia. Métodos: el presente estudio es de tipo observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal, realizado en el departamento de Cochabamba, mediante el análisis de todas las fichas epidemiológicas de los casos sospechosos durante las gestiones 2009 al 2014, con una muestra de 3655 fichas. Resultados: del total de casos sospechosos el 52% fueron varones y el 48 % mujeres, el grupo etario con mayor proporción fue el de los menores de 5 años con un 16%, del total de casos sospechosos el 79% fueron negativos y solo el 21% fueron positivos, los síntomas más frecuentes fueron la tos presente en el 84% de los casos, la faringitis en el 78%, la cefalea y la rinorrea en el 76%. Conclusión: la prevalencia de Influenza Humana A H1N1 en el departamento de Cochabamba, disminuyó progresivamente, existiendo un rebrote de la patología el 2014 con un aumento en el número de casos positivos y los casos de mortalidad.

Introduction: as of June 2009, the World Health Organization alerted about the pandemic due to A H1N1 raising the epidemiological phase 6 "pandemic” by degree of spread of the virus but not to the severity and impact disease, which depends on the vulnerability of the population and the health response capacity in each region, country and continent respectively. Objective: to analyze the epidemiological profile of influenza A H1N1 at Cochabamba, Bolivia Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Cochabamba, through the analysis of all epidemiological records of suspected cases; during the years 2009 to 2014, with a sample of 3655 patients. Results: of all suspected cases, 52% were male and 48% female, the age group with the highest proportion was that of the children under 5 years with 16% of the total suspected cases, 79% were negative and only 21% were positive, the most common symptoms reported were present in 84% of cases, cough, sore throat in 78%, headache and rhinorrhea in 76%. Conclusion: the prevalence of human influenza A H1N1 at the Department of Cochabamba, decreased progressively, there a new outbreak of the disease in 2014 with increased the number of positive cases and mortality.

Modelling influenza A(H1N1) 2009 epidemics using a random network in a distributed computing environment.

In this paper we propose the use of a random network model for simulating and understanding the epidemics of influenza A(H1N1). The proposed model is used to simulate the transmission process of influenza A(H1N1) in a community region of Venezuela using distributed computing in order to accomplish many realizations of the underlying random process. These large scale epidemic simulations have recently become an important application of high-performance computing. The network model proposed performs better than the traditional epidemic model based on ordinary differential equations since it adjusts better to the irregularity of the real world data. In addition, the network model allows the consideration of many possibilities regarding the spread of influenza at the population level. The results presented here show how well the SEIR model fits the data for the AH1N1 time series despite the irregularity of the data and returns parameter values that are in good agreement with the medical data regarding AH1N1 influenza virus. This versatile network model approach may be applied to the simulation of the transmission dynamics of several epidemics in human networks. In addition, the simulation can provide useful information for the understanding, prediction and control of the transmission of influenza A(H1N1) epidemics.

Caracterización epidemiológica y clínica de la infección por influenza A (H1N1) 2009 en San Felipe, Región de Valparaíso, Chile: Junio a agosto 2009 / Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 at San Felipe, Valparaiso Region, Chile: June-August 2009

In order to understand the clinical and epidemiological aspects of infection with the AH1N1 influenza virus in Chile, a prospective study in the city of San Felipe was undertaken. It analyses the trends in consultations for respiratory causes in three primary care centers and hospital discharges by comparing data from years 2008 and 2009 until epidemiological week 37.It also includes a study of cases of ILI / SARI (influenza like disease/severe acute respiratory disease) in which viruses were detected by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) of nasopharyngeal aspirates and by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the case of influenza A (H1N1) 2009. A household survey was conducted in those cases with confirmed A (H1N1) infection, to identify contacts and history related to influenza virus transmission. The results indicate that the behavior of the pandemic was similar to that observed in the rest of the country, with an increase in emergency room visits for ILI. The most affected age group was from 5 to 14 years (26.5 per thousand inhabitants) and the least affected 60 years or older (1.2 per thousand). A 2.78% of the cases corresponded to SARI and the fatality rate was 0.11%.

Con el objetivo de conocer los aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de la infección por el virus A (H1N1) en Chile, se realizó un estudio prospectivo en la ciudad de San Felipe, lugar donde el brote de influenza se inició tardíamente en relación a otras ciudades del país. Se analizó la tendencia en las consultas por causa respiratorias en tres centros de atención primaria y egresos hospitalarios comparando los años 2008 y 2009 hasta la semana epidemiológica 37, y se realizó un estudio prospectivo de casos de enfermedad tipo influenza/infección respiratoria aguda grave (ETI/IRAG), tomando muestras mediante aspirado nasofaríngeo para detección de virus respiratorios por in-munofluorescencia directa (IFD) e identificación de virus influenza A (H1N1) 2009 por reacción de polimerasa en cadena en tiempo real (RPC-TR). En los pacientes confirmados se hizo una encuesta en visita domiciliaria para identificación de contactos y antecedentes relacionados con la transmisión de la influenza. Los resultados indican que el comportamiento de la pandemia fue similar a lo observado en el resto del país, con aumento de consulta principalmente en los servicios de urgencia; el grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 5 a 14 años (26,5 por mil habitantes), el menos afectado el grupo mayor de 60 años (1,2 por mil habitantes). Un 2,78% de los casos correspondió a IRAG y la tasa de letalidad fue de 0,11%.

Demand for care and nosocomial infection rate during the first influenza AH1N1 2009 virus outbreak at a referral hospital in Mexico City / Demanda asistencial y tasa de infección nosocomial durante el primer brote de influenza AH1N1 2009 en un hospital de referencia en la Ciudad de México

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of routine hospital indicators (consults at the Emergency Room (ER) and hospital admissions) during the 2009 pandemic of the influenza AH1N1 virus at the national referral hospital for respiratory diseases in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The outbreak was from April to mid-May 2009 and two control periods were used:2009 (before and after the outbreak),and during April-May from 2007 and 2008. RESULTS: During the outbreak total consultation at the ER increased six times compared with the 2007-2008 control period and 11 times compared with the 2009 control period. Pneumonia- or influenza-related ER consultations increased 23.2 and 15.3 percent, respectively. The rate of nosocomial infection during the outbreak was 13.6 and that of nosocomial pneumonia was 6 per/100 hospital discharges, a two-fold and three-fold increase compared to the control periods respectively. CONCLUSIONS: During the outbreak,mean severity of admitted patients increased,with a rise in in-hospital mortality and nosocomial infections rate, including nosocomial pneumonia.

OBJETIVO: Comparación de indicadores hospitalarios de rutina (consultas de urgencia, admisiones hospitalarias etc.) durante la pandemia de influenzaAH1N1 2009 en un hospital de referencia para enfermedades respiratorias de la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El brote se consideró de abril a la mitad de mayo de 2009 y se comparó con dos periodos control: el de 2009 (antes y después del brote), y durante abril y mayo de 2007 y 2008. RESULTADOS: Durante el brote las consultas de urgencia crecieron seis veces comparadas con el periodo control 2007-2008 y 11 veces contra el periodo control de 2009. Las consultas por neumonía o influenza incrementaron 23.2 y 15.3 por ciento comparadas contra los periodos control, respectivamente. La tasa de infección nosocomial durante el brote fue de 13.6 y la de neumonía nosocomial de 6.0 por 100 egresos hospitalarios, el doble y el triple de la documentada en los periodos control respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Durante el brote, la gravedad promedio de los pacientes hospitalizados se incrementó, desencadenando un aumento en la mortalidad hospitalaria y en la tasa de infecciones nosocomiales, incluyendo la de neumonía nosocomial.

La respuesta de la unidades de terapia intensiva frente a la pandemia de influenza AH1N1 2009: la experiencia en Chiapas, México / The response of the intensive care units during the influenza A H1N1 pandemic: The experience in Chiapas, Mexico

Las epidemias de virus respiratorios en la era moderna han destacado la importancia de las unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) para salvar la vida de pacientes graves. El desempeño de la UTI depende mucho del equipamiento y del personal capacitado. En Chiapas, durante el segundo brote de influenza H1N1-2009, se habilitó un área para atender enfermos graves con insuficiente equipamiento y con personal sin experiencia en UTI. Se logró mejorar su desempeño con una capacitación para estandarizar los procesos de atención del paciente en estado crítico.En la preparación para una próxima pandemia es esencial identificar anticipadamente los hospitales con UTI donde referir los casos graves y evitar improvisaciones. La experiencia en Chiapas demuestra que la estandarización de los procesos de atención es clave,y que en caso de una emergencia avasalladora es posible habilitar unidades sin dejar de lado la importancia de aprovechar la infraestructura instalada de cada ciudad con una decisión de autoridad.

Respiratory virus epidemics had highlighted the importance of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to save life of severe cases. ICU functioning and outcomes depends on infrastructure and trained healthcare personnel. In Chiapas, a Southern state in Mexico,an area to care for severe H1N1 cases on respiratory distress during the second H1N1-2009 outbreak, had to be habilitated.This had to be done without sufficient equipment and ICU un-experienced healthcare workers. It was possible to improve its performance through training and standardizing attention care processes for critically ill patients. In preparation for the next pandemic it is essential to designate hospitals with preexistent ICU where to refer severe cases and avoid improvisations.The experience in Chiapas showed that standardization of medical care processes are clue and in case of an overwhelming emergency it is possible to habilitate an ICU although it is imperative to take advantage from installed facilities in each city with the official authority.

Impacto de la pandemia de nueva influenza A H1N1 en personal de salud del hospital de niños JM de los Ríos: Caracas, 2009 / Impact of the new pandemic H1N1 insluenza personal health Children's Hospital JM de los Rios: Caracas, 2009

La nueva influenza A H1N1 circuló como virus predominante desde marzo de 2009 con carácterizcas pandémicas, estando los trabajadores de la salud en mayor riesgo de exposición ocupacional. El objetivo es evaluar el impacto de la pandemia por nueva influenza A H1N1 en el personal de salud del Hospital de Niños J. M. de los Ríos. Trabajo descriptivo, prospectivo, donde se incluyó al personal de salud con influenza A H!N!, según los criterios del MPPS, quienes trabajaron en las áreas de atención a pacientes designadas del Hospital JM de los Ríos. Se evaluó la presencia de complicaciones, co-morbilidad e indicación de antivirales. Análisis estadístico: Medidas de tendencia central y prueba de Chi². De 273 trabajadores de la salud 3,29 % presentaron infección por influenza AH1N1; de estos 8,62 % fueron médicos y 2,27 % personal de enfermería (p<0,05). Todos recibieron antivirales. Se presentaron complicaciones en 22,22 %, la totalidad por sobre-infección bacteriana. Se reportó un caso de co-morbilidad (11,11 %). No hubo fallecimientos. Ninguno de los casos tenía esquema de inmunización para influenza estacional. La tasa de ataque de influenza AH1N1 se consideró baja probablemente debido al cumplimiento de las medidas de precaución estándar por parte del personal de salud. Los médicos adquirieron la infección en mayor porcentaje. La educación del personal de salud es crucial para garantizar el éxito y control de la transmisión nosocomial de infuenza AH1N1.

New Influenza Virus A H1N1, was circulating as a predominant virus since march 2009 with a pandemic pattern. Health-care workers wereat an elevated risk. Evaluation of the impact o pandemic influenza in health-care personnel at JM de los Ríos Children's Hospital. Prospective, descriptive study including health-care personnel infected with influenza AH1N1, according with the MPPS criteria, who were working in the areas of assessment of patients; evaluation complications, comorbidities and indications for antivirals. Statistical Analysys: Meassures of Central Tendency, and CHI2. Of 273 health-care workers, 3.29 % were infected, 8.62% physcians, and 2.27% nurses (P<0.05). All were treated with antivirals. Complications presented in 22.22 %; most frequent being bacterial superinfection. Comorbidity presented in 11.11 %. There were no deaths, and none of the cases had been vaccinated with the influenzas seasonal vaccine. Influenza AH1N1 attack rate was low, probably because of observance of standard precautions measures by personnel. Physicians acquired the illness more frequently. Education of health personnel is important to guarantee success in preventing nosocomial transmission of influenza AH1N1.

Influenza ah1n1/09 en mujeres embarazadas: revisión de la literatura

La mayor parte de los estudios señalan que las mujeres embarazadas tienen un mayor riesgo para la influenza. Este riesgo es mayor si se tiene una condición médica subyacente, son de edad avanzada, o tienen una exposición en el tercer trimestre. Sobre las pruebas diagnósticas, la RT-PCR ha demostrado ser la más sensible y específica para la detección del virus del AH1N1/09. El embarazo no debe considerarse como una contraindicación para el uso de medicamentos como el Oseltamivir o Zanamivir puesto que los beneficios del tratamiento son mayores que los riesgos teóricos del uso de antivirales. No se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el uso de Oseltamivir frente a Zanamivir. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una revisión de la literatura sobre el estado del arte del virus AH1N1/09 en el embarazo, su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos de MEDLINE y COCHRANE de estudios sobre Influenza AH1N1/09 en embarazo.

Most studies show that pregnant women are at increased risk for influenza. This risk is higher if you have an underlying medical condition, are elderly or have exposure in the third trimester. About the diagnostic tests, the RT- PCR has demonstrated be the most sensitive and specific for the detection of AH1N1/09 virus. Pregnancy should not be regarded as a contraindication for the use of drugs such as oseltamivir or zanamivir since the benefits of treatment outweigh the theoretical risks of the use of antivirals. No statistically significant differences in the use of oseltamivir against zanamivir. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the state of the art virus AH1N1/09 in pregnancy, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. A search in the databases MEDLINE and COCHRANE studies on Influenza AH1N1/09 in pregnancy.

Caso anatomopatológico influenza AH1N1 en una paciente embarazada: características clínicas y patológicas / Pathological Case AH1N1 influenza in a pregnant patient: clinical and pathological features

Se describen los hallazgos clínicos y patológicos de la infección por influenza A(H1 N1), basados en un caso de autopsia. La paciente, una mujer de 25 años embarazada de gemelos, con 33 semanas de gestación y s¡ntomas similares a influenza, quien fue admitida en el hospital y murió 13 días después. En la autopsia, el principal hallazgo fue daño alveolar difuso en fase proliferativa...

RSI y las principales acciones adoptadas en los puntos de entrada durante la pandemia de influenza humana H1N1 en Chile, año 2009 / RSI anhed the main actions taken at the entry points during t pandemic of human influenza H1N1 in Chile in 2009

En Chile, la implementación del Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (2005), instrumento regulatorio internacional que permite abordar situaciones de impacto sanitario, se inició en el año 2007 con la instalación de Oficinas Sanitarias en los principales puntos de ingreso al país, la designación de puertos y la instalación del Centro Nacional de Enlace. Durante la denominada primera pandemia del siglo XXI nuestro país, en congruencia a lo ratificado con la entrada en vigor del RSI (2005), no cerró ni recomendó el cierre de fronteras, así como tampoco suspendió vuelos provenientes de zonas que ya presentaban casos de la enfermedad, sino que reforzó la vigilancia epidemiológica de la nueva influenza humana causada por el virus A (H1N1), lo cual en los puntos de entrada formó parte de las medidas sanitarias que fueron establecidas en orden de detectar, verificar, notificar y controlar ante el inevitable ingreso del nuevo virus. Acciones de educación, comunicación de riesgo y trabajo intersectorial favorecieron este accionar.

In Chile, the implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005), an international regulatory instrument that allows the management of situations with sanitary impact, started in 2007 with the establishment of border sanitary offices at the main points of entry to the country, the designation of ports and the establishment of the National Focal Point. During the called “first pandemic of the 21st century ” , in congruence with the entry into force of the IHR (2005), our country did not close or recommend the closure of borders, also did not suspend flights coming from areas that already reported cases of the disease, however, Chile reinforced the epidemiological surveillance of human influenza caused by the new AH1N1 virus at points of entry. This was one of the health measures established in order to detect, verify, report and control the inevitable entry of this new virus. This strategy was reinforced by doing educational activities, risk communication and working with different sectors of the country organization.

Casos ambulatorios de influenza humana H1N1 en Chile: pandemia año 2009 / Outpatient cases of human influenza H1N1 in Chile: pandemic 2009

En Chile, la vigilancia epidemiológica de casos ambulatorios afectados por la pandemia de influenza A (H1N1) se inició con la fase de mitigación del brote el día 1 de junio de 2009. Los casos fueron diagnosticados y tratados con antivirales, basándose únicamente en la definición de caso clínica, establecida en la Circular Nº B 51/ 24 del 19 de junio de 2009 y Guía Clínica versión 2.3 del 1 de julio de 2009. Se observó una alta correlación entre la definición de caso y los resultados positivos del examen de Reacción de Polimerasa en Cadena (PCR). El número total de casos ambulatorios notificados en todas las regiones del país hasta la semana epidemiológica Nº 39 fue de 367.339 casos (tasa 2.169,9 por 100.000 hab.). El grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 5 a 14 años (tasa 4.677,7 por 100.000 hab.). Sin embargo, la mediana y media agrupada de edad fue de 20,5 y 24,8 años respectivamente. No se observó diferencia significativa por sexo.

In Chile the epidemiological surveillance of the influenza A (H1N1) outpatients began with the mitigation phase ofthe outbreak on 01 of June 2009.The cases were diagnosed and received antiviral treatment on the basis of theestablished clinical case definition in Surveillance Guide Nº B 51/ 24, June 19 2009 and Clinical Guide 2.3 version 01 of July 2009. A high correlation was observed between this case definition and a positive Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) exam. A total of 367.339 cases were notified in all regions of the country up to epidemiological week Ner 39 (rate 2.169,9 every 100.000 inhabitants.). The age group most affected was the one between 5 and 14 years old (rate 4.677,7 every 100.000 inhabitants.). However, the grouped age median and average was 20,5 y 24,8 years respectively. There was no significant difference between genders.

Vigilancia de infecciones respiratorias agudas graves durante la influenza A (H1N1) pandémica en Chile, 2009 / Surveillance of severe acute respiratory infections during influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Chile, 2009

Se presenta la evolución de la epidemia de la influenza A (H1N1) pandémica en Chile a través de un indicador de gravedad: casos de infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRAG) con evolución grave, y se identifican sus características epidemiológicas utilizando los datos del Ministerio de Salud, incluyendo todos los casos sospechosos y confirmados de influenza. Se notificaron 1.606 casos de IRAG, con una tasa acumulada de 9,4 casos por 100.000 habitantes, inferior a otros países de América. Los mayores riesgos se presentan en el norte y en áreas del extremo sur del país. Los menores de 5 años son el grupo de mayor riesgo (tasa de 30,7 por cien mil hab.), y la tasa de hospitalización de los de 50 y más años también refleja un riesgo de mayor gravedad. Destaca el alto porcentaje de comorbilidad 53 por ciento, similar a lo registrado en Canadá.

The evolution of the epidemic of influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Chile is presented using an indicator of severity: acute respiratory infections (SARI) with serious evolution, and identifying its epidemiological characteristics. Data from the Ministry of Health, including all suspected and confirmed cases of influenza, is analyzed. SARI cases reported were 1606, with a cumulative rate of 9.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, lower than other countries in America. The greatest risks occur in the northern and southernmost areas of the country. All children under 5 years are at greatest risk (rate of 30.7 per 100,000 inhabitants.), and the rate of hospitalization for those 50 and over also reflect a more serious risk. The high percentage of co-morbidity, 53 percent, is similar to that reported in Canada.

Intervención del profesional de enfermería durante la contingencia de influenza A H1N1, en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias / Intervention of the professional nursing during the contingency of influenza AH1N1 in the National Institute of respiratory diseases

El INER es una institución normativa en las afecciones respiratorias, quien a lo largo de su historia ha enfrentado desafíos ante situaciones emergentes de salud, como lo son la tuberculosis y el VIH. Actualmente afronta un nuevo reto de salud respiratoria, la epidemia de influenza A H1N1, la cual se presentó de forma inesperada en México en la primavera del 2009, provocando la implementación de medidas sanitarias urgentes, al rebasarse la capacidad de atención médica en el Instituto. Por ello, fue necesario organizar todos sus recursos humanos, físicos y materiales. Instaurar el Comité de Influenza Institucional y en apoyo y coordinación con el Comité de Control de Infecciones, tomar decisiones urgentes enfocadas a la prevención, manejo y control de la enfermedad. Se implementó el Triage en los servicios de concentración para la atención integral del paciente con sospecha y/o confirmación de influenza (Consulta Urgencias, Urgencias Observación, Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e Intermedia y clínico 5). Con todo ello y gracias a la intervención y el trabajo en equipo que realizó el profesional de enfermería del Instituto, se logró controlar la propagación de la epidemia y una vez más lograr conciencia en el personal de salud (médicos y enfermeras), para afrontar manera exitosa, nuevos retos en la salud respiratoria.

INER is a respiratory-illness treating institution which has faced diverse health challenges including tuberculosis and VIH; yet, at present, it is facing a new one: the unexpected 2009 A H1N1 influenza outbreak in Mexico. This massive incident provoked the implementation of urgent sanitary measurements including: the organization of human, physical and material resources; the establishment of-Infection Committee coordinated measurement towards illness prevention, control and management; and the establishment of the TRIAGE on concentration services towards patients with confirmed or dubious influenza (Urgencies, Consult, Urgencies Observation, Intensive Therapy Unit, Intermediate Therapy Unit and Clinical 5). Thanks to these measurements and the INER's nursing personnel team work, we were able to control the outbreak propagation, but also to create consciousness among doctors and nurses to successfully face the new respiratory-illnesses challenges.