Periarticular Infiltration Compared to Single Femoral Nerve Block in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Study.

Objective To compare patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) under spinal anesthesia and single femoral nerve block (FNB) with subjects undergoing TKA under spinal anesthesia and periarticular infiltration (PAI). Materials and Methods A total of 100 patients undergoing primary TKA were randomized into two groups. Group 1 included patients undergoing surgery under FNB associated with spinal anesthesia, while group 2 included patients undergoing TKA under IPA and spinal anesthesia. The assessment of these subjects in the early postoperative period included pain, active flexion, active extension, elevation of the extended limb, and morphine use. Results There was no significant difference in the types of analgesia concerning pain, the elevation of the extended limb, and morphine use. Active flexion and extension were better in the PAI group ( p = 0.04 and p = 0.02 respectively). Conclusion We conclude that the techniques are similar regarding pain control, limb elevation, and morphine use. The use of IPA provided better active flexion and extension during the hospital stay compared to single FNB in patients undergoing TKA.

Modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through perichondrial approach for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: A new block, namely, modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through perichondrial approach, is administered below the costal cartilage. We sought to compare the analgesic efficacy of the modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through perichondrial approach block with local anesthetic infiltration at the port sites in an adult population who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Patients who will undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized to receive bilateral ultrasound-guided modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through perichondrial approach blocks or local anesthetic infiltration at the port insertion sites. The primary outcome was the total amount of tramadol used in the first 12 h postoperatively. The secondary outcomes were total IV tramadol consumption for the first postoperative 24 h and visual analog scale scores. RESULTS: The modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through perichondrial approach group had significantly less tramadol use in the first 12 h postoperatively (p<0.001). The modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through perichondrial approach group's visual analog scale scores at rest (static) and with movement (dynamic) were significantly lower compared with the port infiltration group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients who received modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through perichondrial approach block had significantly less analgesic consumption and better pain scores than those who received port-site injections after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Periarticular Infiltration Compared to Single Femoral Nerve Block in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Study / Infiltração periarticular comparada ao bloqueio do nervo femoral único na artroplastia total de joelho: Um estudo prospectivo randomizado

Abstract Objective To compare patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) under spinal anesthesia and single femoral nerve block (FNB) with subjects undergoing TKA under spinal anesthesia and periarticular infiltration (PAI). Materials and Methods A total of 100 patients undergoing primary TKA were randomized into two groups. Group 1 included patients undergoing surgery under FNB associated with spinal anesthesia, while group 2 included patients undergoing TKA under IPA and spinal anesthesia. The assessment of these subjects in the early postoperative period included pain, active flexion, active extension, elevation of the extended limb, and morphine use. Results There was no significant difference in the types of analgesia concerning pain, the elevation of the extended limb, and morphine use. Active flexion and extension were better in the PAI group (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02 respectively). Conclusion We conclude that the techniques are similar regarding pain control, limb elevation, and morphine use. The use of IPA provided better active flexion and extension during the hospital stay compared to single FNB in patients undergoing TKA.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho (ATJ) sob raquianestesia e bloqueio do nervo femoral (BNF) único e comparar com pacientes que submetidos a ATJ sob raquianestesia e infiltração periarticular (IPA). Materiais e Métodos Um total de 100 pacientes submetidos a ATJ foram randomizados em dois grupos. O grupo 1 incluiu pacientes submetidos a ATJ sob BNF associado à raquianestesia, ao passo que o grupo 2 incluiu pacientes submetidos a ATJ sob IPA associada à raquianestesia. Os indivíduos foram avaliados no pós-operatório precoce quanto à dor, à flexão e extensão ativas, à elevação do membro estendido e ao uso de morfina. Resultados Não se observou diferença significativa associada ao tipo de analgesia em relação à dor, à elevação do membro em extensão e ao consumo de morfina. Houve melhor flexão e extensão ativas no grupo que recebeu IPA (p = 0,04 e p = 0,02, respectivamente). Conclusão Concluímos que as técnicas utilizadas são semelhantes quanto ao controle da dor, à elevação de membro e ao uso de morfina. O uso de IPA proporcionou uma melhor flexão e extensão ativas durante o período de internação hospitalar comparado ao uso de BNF único em pacientes submetidos a ATJ.

Perineural low dexamethasone dose as adjuvant in supraclavicular brachial plexus block for arteriovenous fistula creation in end stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background and aims: Dexamethasone as adjunct to local anesthetic solution improves the quality of brachial plexus block (BPB). However, evidence for its efficacy at low doses (< 4 mg) is lacking. This study was designed to evaluate the duration of analgesia attained with low dose dexamethasone as adjuvant to local anesthetic for creation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) under BPB. Methods: Sixty-six patients scheduled for AVF creation were randomly allocated to receive either saline (control) or 2 mg dexamethasone, together with 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.2% lignocaine. The primary outcome was duration of analgesia, defined as time from performing the block to the first analgesic request. The secondary outcomes were time from injection to complete sensory block, time from injection to complete motor block, duration of motor block, postoperative analgesic consumption, and fistula patency at three months. Results: All the blocks were effective. In the group that received dexamethasone, the time to first analgesic request was significantly delayed (432 ± 43.8 minutes vs. 386.4 ± 40.2 minutes; p < 0.01). The onset of sensory and motor blockade occurred faster in dexamethasone group and overall analgesic consumption was also reduced. However, dexamethasone addition did not prolong the duration of motor block. There was no statistically significant difference in the patency of fistulas between the two groups at three months. (p = 0.34). Conclusion: Addition of low-dose perineural dexamethasone to local anesthetic solution significantly prolonged the duration of analgesia. Further trials are warranted to compare the adverse effects between dexamethasone doses of 4 mg and lower.

Perineural low dexamethasone dose as adjuvant in supraclavicular brachial plexus block for arteriovenous fistula creation in end stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dexamethasone as adjunct to local anesthetic solution improves the quality of brachial plexus block (BPB). However, evidence for its efficacy at low doses (< 4 mg) is lacking. This study was designed to evaluate the duration of analgesia attained with low dose dexamethasone as adjuvant to local anesthetic for creation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) under BPB. METHODS: Sixty-six patients scheduled for AVF creation were randomly allocated to receive either saline (control) or 2 mg dexamethasone, together with 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.2% lignocaine. The primary outcome was duration of analgesia, defined as time from performing the block to the first analgesic request. The secondary outcomes were time from injection to complete sensory block, time from injection to complete motor block, duration of motor block, postoperative analgesic consumption, and fistula patency at three months. RESULTS: All the blocks were effective. In the group that received dexamethasone, the time to first analgesic request was significantly delayed (432 ± 43.8 minutes vs. 386.4 ± 40.2 minutes; p < 0.01). The onset of sensory and motor blockade occurred faster in dexamethasone group and overall analgesic consumption was also reduced. However, dexamethasone addition did not prolong the duration of motor block. There was no statistically significant difference in the patency of fistulas between the two groups at three months. (p = 0.34). CONCLUSION: Addition of low-dose perineural dexamethasone to local anesthetic solution significantly prolonged the duration of analgesia. Further trials are warranted to compare the adverse effects between dexamethasone doses of 4 mg and lower.

Buffered 2% articaine in buccal infiltration of mandibular molars: a randomized triple-blind clinical trial

Abstract This crossover study aimed to compare the anesthetic effects of buffered 2% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine with that of non-buffered 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine. Forty-seven volunteers were administered two doses of anesthesia in the buccal region of the second mandibular molars in two sessions using 1.8 mL of different local anesthetic solutions. The onset time and duration of pulp anesthesia, soft tissue pressure pain threshold, and the score of pain on puncture and burning during injection were evaluated. The operator, volunteers, and statistician were blinded. There were no significant differences in the parameters: onset of soft tissue anesthesia (p = 0.80), duration of soft tissue anesthesia (p = 0.10), onset of pulpal anesthesia in the second (p = 0.28) and first molars (p = 0.45), duration of pulp anesthesia of the second (p = 0.60) and first molars (p = 0.30), pain during puncture (p = 0.82) and injection (p = 0.80). No significant adverse events were observed. Buffered 2% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine did not differ from non-buffered 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine considering anesthetic success, safety, onset, duration of anesthesia, and pain on injection.

Perfil de utilização de anestésicos locais por cirurgiões-dentistas em pacientes hipertensos de uma cidade brasileira / Profile of use of local anesthetics by dental surgeons in hypertensive patients in a Brazilian city / Perfil del uso de anestésicos locales por cirujanos dentistas en pacientes hipertensos en una ciudad brasileña

Justificativa e Objetivos: O sucesso da técnica anestésica é fundamental para qualquer procedimento e garantia de segurança ao paciente, sendo sustentado por protocolos e fundamentos de caráter imperativo a fim de conferir o melhor atendimento. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho verificará a utilização dos anestésicos locais, com ênfase em pacientes hipertensos, nos consultórios particulares da cidade de Palmas/TO. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo transversal de abordagem quantitativa realizado por meio de um questionário fechado de construção livre aplicado para profissionais do serviço privado de Palmas/TO, após assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Foi realizada análise descritiva de 113 questionários por intermédio do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 22.0. Resultados: Dos entrevistados, 58,4% eram mulheres, a especialidade mais encontrada foi implantodontia (20,4%); 53,1% apontaram que a escolha do anestésico é feita de acordo com a condição do paciente; 47,8% dos profissionais possuem mais de 3 tipos de anestésicos disponíveis para o atendimento; 53,1% apontou ensino de anestesiologia na graduação satisfatório; 65,5% não frequenta cursos e palestras sobre esse tema; 41,6% dos dentistas aferiam a pressão somente em hipertensos, lidocaína foi o sal mais utilizado de forma geral e também de forma especifica ao considerar somente hipertensos. Conclusão: O anestésico local mais utilizado em hipertensos é a lidocaína 2% com adrenalina 1:100.000, porém a maioria dos profissionais só afere a pressão arterial em já diagnosticados com hipertensão, expondo resultados relativamente satisfatórios em virtude de condutas que ainda necessitam ser readequadas.(AU)

Background and Objectives: The success of the anesthetic technique is f undamental to any procedure and guarantees patient safety, being supported by imperative protocols and fundamentals to provide the best care. This study verifies the use of local anesthetics, focusing on hypertensive patients in private offices of the city of Palmas/Tocantins. Methods: This is a quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study supported by a closed questionnaire of free construction applied to professionals from the private health service of Palmas; all participants signed informed consent forms. In total, 113 questionnaires underwent descriptive analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 22.0. Results: Of the interviewees, 58.4% were women, the most common specialty was prosthodontics (20.4%); 53.1% answered that the choice of anesthetic is made according to the patient's condition; 47.8% of professionals have more than 3 types of anesthetics available for care; 53.1% indicated teaching anesthesiology in undergraduate courses satisfactory; 65.5% did not attend courses and lectures on this topic; 41.6% of dentists measured pressure only in hypertensive patients, lidocaine was the most widely used salt and specifically when considering only hypertensive. Conclusion: The most commonly used local anesthetic in hypertensive patients is lidocaine 2% with adrenaline 1:100,000, but most professionals only check blood pressure in patients already diagnosed with hypertension, showing relatively satisfactory results due to conducts that still need to be adjusted.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: El éxito de la técnica anestésica es fundamental para cualquier procedimiento y garantía de seguridad del paciente, lo cual es respaldado por protocolos y fundamentos imperativos para brindar la mejor atención. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo verificar el uso de anestésicos locales en pacientes hipertensos en oficinas privadas de la ciudad de Palmas (Tocantins, Brasil). Métodos: Este es un estudio descriptivo, transversal, cuantitativo, en el cual se aplicó un cuestionario cerrado de construcción libre a profesionales del servicio privado de Palmas, después de firmar el término de consentimiento libre y esclarecido. Se analizaron 113 cuestionarios por medio del Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 22.0. Resultados: De los entrevistados, el 58,4% eran mujeres, la especialidad más encontrada fue la implantología (20,4%), el 53,1% señaló que la elección del anestésico se realiza según la condición del paciente, el 47,8% de los profesionales tienen más de 3 tipos de anestésicos disponibles para la atención, el 53,1% indicó que la enseñanza de anestesiología en cursos de grado fue satisfactoria, el 65,5% no asistió a cursos y conferencias sobre este tema, el 41,6% de los dentistas verificaron la presión solo en pacientes hipertensos, lidocaína era la sal más utilizada en general y también de manera específica cuando se consideraban solo pacientes hipertensos. Conclusión: El anestésico local más utilizado en los pacientes hipertensos es la lidocaína 2% con adrenalina 1:100.000, pero la mayoría de los profesionales solo ajustan la presión arterial en los pacientes ya diagnosticados con hipertensión, lo cual apunta resultados relativamente satisfactorios debido a las conductas que aún deben ser ajustadas.(AU)

Eficácia de agentes químicos na desinfecção de tubetes anestésicos odontológicos / Effectiveness of chemical agents in disinfecting dental anesthetic cartridges

Durante o atendimento odontológico, o paciente pode ser exposto a várias fontes de contaminações, por isso a equipe odontológica deve sempre implementar ações de biossegurança. Materiais não autoclaváveis, como os tubetes anestésicos, necessitam ser desinfetados previamente ao seu uso, pois não são estéreis, podendo transmitir patógenos entre os pacientes. Este estudo objetivou avaliar e comparar a eficácia de três soluções desinfetantes na redução da carga microbiana em tubetes de anestésicos odontológicos. Os tubetes anestésicos (n = 31) foram escolhidos aleato-riamente e submetidos a diferentes métodos e agentes desinfetantes (Álcool 70%, Dióxido de Cloro 7%; Cloreto de benzalcônio 5,2% com Polihexametileno biguanida 3,5%). Após a desinfecção por métodos de imersão ou fricção, os tubetes foram semeados em meio de cultura contendo caldo tripticase de soja e incubados (48h/37 ºC). Amostras do meio de cultura líquido foram repicadas e semeadas em ágar tripticase de soja, incubado durante 48h a 37 ºC. O crescimento microbiano foi observado pela presença de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFCs) crescidas no ágar. O estudo concluiu que os produtos Álcool 70% e Cloreto de benzalcônio 5,2% com Polihexametileno biguanida 3,5% demostraram ser mais eficazes na eliminação da carga microbiana dos tubetes pelo método de fricção, e que realmente os tubetes anestésicos tem sua superfície externa contaminada. O estudo comprovou ser o método de fricção do agente desinfetante mais eficaz na redução da carga microbiana comparado a imersão. Dos agentes testados, o Dióxido de Cloro 7% não demonstrou um nível de desinfecção satisfatório.

During dental care, the patient may be exposed to various sources of contamination, so the dental team should always implement biosecurity actions. Non-autoclavable materials such as anesthetic cartridges need to be di-sinfected prior to use because they are not sterile and can transmit pathogens between patients. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of three disinfectant solutions to reduce microbial load in dental anesthetic cartridges. Anesthetic cartridges (n = 31) were randomly chosen and submitted to different methods and disinfectants (70% Alcohol, 7% Chlorine Dioxide; 5.2% Benzalkonium Chloride with 3.5% Polyhexamethylene Biguanide). After immersion or friction methods of disinfection, the tubes were seeded in culture medium containing trypticase soy broth and incubated (48h/37 ºC). Samples of liquid culture medium were picked and seeded in trypticase soy agar, incubated for 48h at 37 ºC. Microbial growth was observed by the number of colonies forming units (CFUs) grown on the agar. The study concluded that 70% Alcohol and 5.2% Benzalko-nium Chloride with 3.5% Polyhexamethylene biguanide have been shown to be most effective in eliminating the microbial contamination of the cartridges by the friction method, and that the anesthetic cartridges actually have contamination of their external surface. The study proved that the friction method is most effective in reducing microbial load compared to immersion. Of the agents tested, 7% Chlorine Dioxide did not show a satisfactory level of disinfection.

Safety of local anesthetics

Abstract Local anesthetics are essential medications for the conduction of dermatological procedures. They stop the depolarization of nerve fibers and are divided into two main categories, the amide and ester types. Systemic toxicity with reflex on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems is their most feared adverse reactions, and the anaphylactic reaction is the most concerning one. Although potentially fatal, these events are extremely rare, so local anesthetics are considered safe for use in in-office procedures.

Safety of local anesthetics.

Local anesthetics are essential medications for the conduction of dermatological procedures. They stop the depolarization of nerve fibers and are divided into two main categories, the amide and ester types. Systemic toxicity with reflex on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems is their most feared adverse reactions, and the anaphylactic reaction is the most concerning one. Although potentially fatal, these events are extremely rare, so local anesthetics are considered safe for use in in-office procedures.

Efeito da mepivacaína 2% nos parâmetros cardiovasculares em cirurgias de terceiros molares / The 2% mepivacaine in the cardiovascular system in third molar surgeries / Efecto de la mepivacaína 2% en los parámetros cardiovasculares en cirugías de terceros molares

Ao serem administrados, os Anestésicos Locais e Vasoconstritores (VC) iniciam os processos de absorção e eliminação, passando pela circulação sanguínea podendo atingir níveis tóxicos ou induzir alterações cardiovasculares. Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento da atividade cardiovascular nas cirurgias para a remoção de terceiros molares utilizando a mepivacaína 2% com adrenalina na concentração de 1:100.000 em um período de até 120 min após a injeção anestésica. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, interventivo com caráter quantitativo e descritivo, com dados mensuráveis para análise e interpretação, realizado com pacientes da disciplina de clínica cirúrgica do curso de odontologia da UniCatólica. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados através do teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e comparados ao longo do trans-operatório pelos testes ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguidas do pós-teste de Bonferroni ou Friedman seguido do pós-teste de Dunn adotando um nível de 5% de significância (p < 0,05). O procedimento com o anestésico utilizado não provocou alterações na Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) (p=0,712), Pressão Arterial Diastólica (PAD) (p=0,098) bem como da diferença de PAS e PAD (p=0,546). Na Frequência Cardíaca (FC) houve diferença significante nos tempos de 10 min (p=0,013) e 120 min (p=0,013). Já na Saturação Periférica O2 (SPO2) houve diferença estatística significante nos tempos da 1ª visita (p=0,001), 0 (p=0,001), 5 (p=0,001) e 20 (p=0,001). Conclui-se assim, que o anestésico local pode ser utilizado em pacientes normotensivos durante a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos odontológicos, e este leve aumento na FC e SPO2 pode estar relacionado à ansiedade e/ou ao estresse emocional dos pacientes(AU)

When injected into the tissues, Local Anesthetics and Vasoconstrictors (VC) initiate the process of absorption and elimination, passing through the bloodstream to reach toxic levels or induce cardiovascular changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of cardiovascular activity in the surgeries for the removal of third molars using mepivacaine 2% with adrenaline at a concentration of 1: 100,000 in a period of up to 120 min after the anesthetic injection. It is a longitudinal, interventional study with a quantitative and descriptive character, with measurable data for analysis and interpretation, carried out with patients of the discipline of surgical clinic of the dentistry course of the UniCatólica. The results obtained were analyzed using the normality test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and compared during the trans-operative period by ANOVA for repeated measurements followed by the Bonferroni or Friedman post-test followed by the Dunn post-test adopting a 5% level of significance (p <0.05). The procedure with the anesthetic used did not cause changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.712), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p = 0.098) as well as SBP and DBP difference (p = 0.546). In heart rate (HR) there was a significant difference in the time of 10 min (p = 0.013) and 120 min (p = 0.013). In the O2 Peripheral Saturation (SPO2) there was a statistically significant difference at the time of the first visit (p = 0.001), 0 (p = 0.001), 5 (p = 0.001) and 20 (p = 0.001). It is concluded that the local anesthetic can be used in normotensive patients during dental surgical procedures, and this slight increase in HR and SPO2 may be related to the anxiety and / or emotional stress of the patients(AU)

Al ser administrados, los anestésicos locales y vasoconstrictores (VC) inician los procesos de absorción y eliminación, pasando por la circulación sanguínea pudiendo alcanzar niveles tóxicos o inducir alteraciones cardiovasculares. Se objetivó evaluar el comportamiento de la actividad cardiovascular en las cirugías para la remoción de terceros molares utilizando la mepivacaína 2% con adrenalina en la concentración de 1: 100.000 en un período de hasta 120 minutos después de la inyección anestésica. Se trata de un estudio longitudinal, interventivo con carácter cuantitativo y descriptivo, con datos mensurables para análisis e interpretación, realizado con pacientes de la disciplina de clínica quirúrgica del curso de odontología de la UniCatólica. Los resultados obtenidos fueron analizados a través del test de normalidad de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y comparados a lo largo del trans-operatorio por las pruebas ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguidas del post-test de Bonferroni o Friedman seguido del post-test de Dunn adoptando un nivel del 5% de significancia (p <0,05). El procedimiento con el anestésico utilizado no provocó cambios en la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) (p = 0,712), presión arterial diastólica (PAD) (p = 0,098), así como de la diferencia de PAS y PAD (p = 0,546). En la Frecuencia Cardiaca (FC) hubo diferencia significante en los tiempos de 10 min (p = 0,013) y 120 min (p = 0,013). En la Saturación Periférica O2 (SPO2) hubo diferencia estadística significante en los tiempos de la 1ª visita (p = 0,001), 0 (p = 0,001), 5 (p = 0,001) y 20 (p = 0,001). Se concluye así que el anestésico local puede ser utilizado en pacientes normotensivos durante la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos odontológicos, y este leve aumento en la FC y SPO2 puede estar relacionado a la ansiedad y / o al estrés emocional de los pacientes(AU)

Posterior quadratus lumborum block for primary total hip arthroplasty analgesia: a comparative study / Bloqueio anestésico do quadrado lombar posterior para analgesia na artroplastia total do quadril primária: estudo comparativo

ABSTRACT Objective To compare analgesia and opioid consumption for patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block with patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block. Methods The medical records of patients undergoing unilateral total hip arthroplasty between January 1st, 2017 and March 31, 2018 were reviewed, and 238 patients were included in the study. The primary outcome was postoperative opioid consumption in the first 24 postoperative hours. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative, post anesthesia care unit, and 48-hour opioid consumption, postoperative pain Visual Analog Scale scores, and post-anesthesia care unit length of stay. Primary and secondary endpoint data were compared between patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block with patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block. Results For the patients who received quadratus lumborum block, the 24-hour total oral morphine equivalent (milligram) requirements were lower (53.82mg±37.41), compared to the patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block (77.59mL±58.42), with p=0.0011. Opioid requirements were consistently lower for the patients who received quadratus lumborum block at each additional assessment time point up to 48 hours. Pain Visual Analog Scale scores were lower up to 12 hours after surgery for the patients who received a posterior quadratus lumborum block, and the post-anesthesia care unit length of stay was shorter for the patients who received quadratus lumborum block. Conclusion Preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block for primary total hip arthroplasty is associated with decreased opioid requirements up to 48 hours, decreased Visual Analog Scale pain scores up to 12 hours, and shorter post-anesthesia care unit length of stay. Level of evidence: III

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar a analgesia e o uso de opioides em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril primária com bloqueio pré-operatório do quadrado lombar posterior e pacientes que não receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar. Métodos Revisamos os prontuários de pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril unilateral entre 1º de janeiro de 2017 e 31 de março de 2018, e 238 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. O desfecho primário foi o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório nas primeiras 24 horas. Os desfechos secundários foram consumo de opioide no intraoperatório, na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica e nas primeiras 48 horas, escores de Escala Visual Analógica de dor pós-operatória, e tempo de permanência na recuperação pós-anestésica. Os desfechos primário e secundários foram comparados entre os pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril primária com bloqueio pré-operatório do quadrado lombar posterior e aqueles que não receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar. Resultados Para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio, as doses totais de morfina por via oral em 24 horas foram menores (53,82mg±37,41) em comparação ao grupo sem bloqueio (77,59mg±58,42), com p=0,0011. A utilização de opioides foi consistentemente menor para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio em cada tempo adicional de avaliação até 48 horas. Os escores da Escala Visual Analógica até 12 horas após a cirurgia para os pacientes que receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar posterior e o tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica foram menores para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio. Conclusão O bloqueio anestésico do quadrado lombar posterior para artroplastia total do quadril primária está associado à diminuição do uso de opioides nas primeiras 48 horas, diminuição do escore de dor da Escala Visual Analógica em até 12 horas, e menor tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica. Nível de evidência: III

Comparison of topical and retrobulbar anesthesia in terms of pain experience during silicone oil extraction / Comparação da sensação de dor durante a extração de óleo de silicone sob anestesia tópica e retrobulbar

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the use of topical anesthesia and retrobulbar anesthesia during silicone oil removal with a mixed pars plana technique, through evaluating the pain experience of patients. Methods: We selected patients according to their behavior during previous vitreoretinal surgery and ophthalmologic examinations and divided them into two anesthesia groups: topical (n=36) and retrobulbar (n=33). We used a mixed technique for the passive removal of silicone oil in both groups. During each step of the surgery, the patients' pain experience and the surgeon's comfort were scored according to a pain scale. Results: The pain experienced during the application of the anesthesia was significantly greater in the retrobulbar group (p<0.001). The topical group experienced greater pain during trocar insertion (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the overall pain experience or complications. Conclusions: The pain experience of the selected patients during silicone oil removal was comparable between the topical and the retrobulbar anesthesia. Topical anesthesia with the mixed pars plana technique is an effective and safe alternative option for silicone oil removal surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a sensação de dor de pacientes durante a remoção do óleo de silicone sob anestesia tópica e retrobulbar, usando uma técnica via pars plana combinada. Métodos: Os pacientes foram selecionados, de acordo com suas atitudes durante cirurgia vitreorretiniana prévia e exames oftalmológicos, e divididos em dois grupos: anestesia tópica e retrobulbar. Para a remoção passiva do óleo de silicone, utilizou-se uma técnica combinada em ambos os grupos. A sensação de dor dos pacientes e o conforto do cirurgião foram classificados através de uma escala de dor durante cada etapa da cirurgia. Resultados: Os grupos anestesia tópica e retrobulbar incluíram 36 e 33 pacientes, respectivamente. A sensação de dor durante a aplicação da anestesia foi significativamente maior no grupo retrobulbar (p<0,001). O grupo anestesia tópica sentiu mais dor durante a inserção do trocarte (p<0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à sensação geral de dor e a complicações. Conclusões: A sensação de dor é comparável entre a anestesia tópica e a retrobulbar durante a remoção de óleo de silicone. A combinação de anestesia tópica e uma técnica via pars plana é uma opção alternativa eficaz e segura para a cirurgia de remoção de óleo de silicone.

Minimum anesthetic volume in regional anesthesia by using ultrasound-guidance / Volume mínimo de anestésico em anestesia regional guiada por ultrassom

Abstract The ultrasound guidance in regional anesthesia ensures the visualization of needle placement and the spread of Local Anesthetics. Over the past few years there was a substantial interest in determining the Minimum Effective Anesthetic Volume necessary to accomplish surgical anesthesia. The precise and real-time visualization of Local Anesthetics spread under ultrasound guidance block may represent the best requisite for reducing Local Anesthetics dose and Local Anesthetics-related effects. We will report a series of studies that have demonstrated the efficacy of ultrasound guidance blocks to reduce Local Anesthetics and obtain surgical anesthesia as compared to block performed under blind or electrical nerve stimulation technique. Unfortunately, the results of studies are widely divergent and not seem to indicate a dose considered effective, for each block, in a definitive way; but it is true that, through the use of ultrasound guidance, it is possible to reduce the dose of anesthetic in the performance of anesthetic blocks.

Resumo O uso de ultrassom em anestesia regional permite visualizar a colocação da agulha e a propagação dos anestésicos locais. Nos últimos anos houve um grande interesse em determinar o volume mínimo eficaz de anestésico necessário para fazer a anestesia cirúrgica. A visualização precisa e em tempo real da difusão dos anestésicos locais com o uso de ultrassom pode ser o melhor requisito para reduzir a dose e os efeitos relacionados aos anestésicos locais. Revisamos uma série de estudos que relataram a eficácia de bloqueios guiados por ultrassom para reduzir o uso de anestésicos locais e obter anestesia cirúrgica, em comparação com bloqueios feitos com a técnica às cegas e de estimulação elétrica de nervos. Infelizmente, os resultados dos estudos são muito divergentes e não parecem indicar uma dose considerada eficaz para cada bloqueio de modo definitivo, mas é verdade que, com o auxílio do ultrassom, é possível reduzir a dose dos anestésicos em bloqueios.

Minimum anesthetic volume in regional anesthesia by using ultrasound-guidance.

The ultrasound guidance in regional anesthesia ensures the visualization of needle placement and the spread of Local Anesthetics. Over the past few years there was a substantial interest in determining the Minimum Effective Anesthetic Volume necessary to accomplish surgical anesthesia. The precise and real-time visualization of Local Anesthetics spread under ultrasound guidance block may represent the best requisite for reducing Local Anesthetics dose and Local Anesthetics-related effects. We will report a series of studies that have demonstrated the efficacy of ultrasound guidance blocks to reduce Local Anesthetics and obtain surgical anesthesia as compared to block performed under blind or electrical nerve stimulation technique. Unfortunately, the results of studies are widely divergent and not seem to indicate a dose considered effective, for each block, in a definitive way; but it is true that, through the use of ultrasound guidance, it is possible to reduce the dose of anesthetic in the performance of anesthetic blocks.

Levobupivacaína o ropivacaína: un ensayo aleatorio doble ciego controlado con dosis equipotentes en la anestesia espinal / Levobupivacaine or ropivacaine: A randomised double blind controlled trial using equipotent doses in spinal anaesthesia

Introduction: Levobupivacaine and ropivacaine are relatively new local anaesthetics developed in order to address the issue of bupivacaine toxicity Although certain differences do exist between their pharmacological profiles, its clinical relevance at equipotent doses is not evident so far Objective: To compare the efficacy and characteristics of equipotent doses of intrathecal levobupivacaine with ropivacaine Methodology: Sixty ASA grade I/II patients of 18-60 years, either sex posted for lower limb orthopaedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia were randomly given either 15 mg levobupivacaine or 22.5 mg ropivacaine. Sensory and motor block, haemodynamic characteristics, as well as any side effects, were recorded Results: Onset of sensory block to T10 was more rapid in group R than group L, p < 0.0001. The median (range) height achieved in group R was T7 (T5-T10) while in group L was T7 (T4-T10). Time to reach maximum height and time to modified Bromage grade 3 was shorter in group R as compared to group L, p < 0.0001. Levobupivacaine produced significantly longer (290.50 ± 34.67) duration of motor block compared to ropivacaine (222.50 ± 23.00). Duration of analgesia was significantly longer in group L (309.83 ± 36.45) than group R (249.50 ± 22.83). No serious adverse effects were recorded. Conclusion: Levobupivacaine produces significantly longer duration of analgesia than ropivacaine when used in a ratio of 0.6:1. Efficacy, toxicity and haemodynamic profile make ropivacaine suitable agent for surgeries with low threshold for hypotension.

Introducción: La levobupivacaína y la ropivacaína son anestésicos locales relativamente nuevos, desarrollados con el fin de abordar la cuestión de la toxicidad de la bupivacaína. Aunque existen ciertas diferencias entre sus perfiles farmacológicos, su relevancia clínica en dosis equipotentes no es evidente hasta ahora. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia y las características de las dosis equipotentes de levobupiva-caína por vía intratecal con las de ropivacaína. Metodología: A Sesenta pacientes de grado ASA I/II de 18 a 60 años y de ambos sexos, programados para cirugía ortopédica del miembro inferior bajo anestesia espinal, se les dio al azar o bien 15 mg de levobupivacaína o 22,5 mg de ropivacaína. El bloqueo motor, el bloqueo sensorial, las características hemodinámicas y cualquier otro efecto secundario fueron registrados. Resultados: El inicio del bloqueo sensorial en T10 fue más rápido en el grupo R que en el grupo L, p < 0,0001. El nivel mediano (rango) alcanzado en el grupo R fue T7 (T5-T10), mientras en el grupo L fue T7 (T4-T10). El tiempo para alcanzar el nivel máximo y para alcanzar un grado 3 en la escala de Bromage fue más breve en el grupo R en comparación con el grupo L, p < 0,0001. La levobupivacaína produce una duración significativamente más larga (290.50 ± 34.67) del bloqueo motor que la ropivacaína (222.50 ± 23.00). La duración de la analgesia fue significativamente más larga en el grupo L (309.83 ± 36.45) que en el grupo R. No se registraron efectos adversos graves. Conclusión: La levobupivacaína produce una duración de la analgesia significativamente más larga que la ropivacaína cuando se utiliza en una proporción de 0,6:1. La eficacia, toxicidad y perfil hemodinámico hacen de la ropivacaína un agente adecuado para cirugías con un umbral bajo de hipotensión.

Síndrome neurológico transitorio por anestésicos locales: un caso clínico con bupivacaína / Transient neurological syndrome with local anesthetics: A clinic case with bupivacaine / Síndrome neurológico transitório por anestésicos locais: um caso clínico com bupivacaína

Se presenta la historia de un paciente que después de realizarle anestesia espinal con bupivacaína hiperbárica 15 mg (0.5%), más fentanil 25 mcg, para prostatectomía abierta, presentó dolor en periné, lumbar y en miembros inferiores, 24 horas después de la aplicación del anestésico local. Se descarta compromiso mecánico y electromiográfico con tomografía, resonancia y electromiografía. Teniendo como diagnóstico definitivo el síndrome neurológico transitorio. En este caso la bupivacaína fue el agente causal. La duración de los síntomas por cerca de tres meses es un hallazgo novedoso en cuanto al tiempo de resolución del cuadro, Independiente de su asociación con infección del sitio operatorio.

This report describes the medical record of a patient whom after undergoing spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg (0.5%), plus fentanyl 25mcg for an open prostatectomy presented perineal, lumbar, and lower member pain 24 hours following local anesthesia administration. Mechanical and electromyographic compromise were discarded by tomography, resonance, and electromyography. Final diagnosis was transient neurological syndrome. In this case, bupivacaine was the causative agent. Duration of symptoms for nearly three months is a novel finding with respect to the time of recovery, regardless of its association with surgical site infection.

Se apresenta a história de um paciente que depois de realizar anestesia espinal com bupivacaína hiperbárica 15 mg (0.5%), mais fentanil 25 mcg, para prostatectomia aberta, apresentou dor em períneo, lombar e em membros inferiores, 24 horas depois da aplicação do anestésico local. Se descarta compromisso mecânico e eletromiográfico com tomografia, ressonância e eletromiografia. Tendo como diagnóstico definitivo a síndrome neurológico transitório. Neste caso a bupivacaína foi o agente causal. A duração dos sintomas por ao redor de três meses é um descoberta inovador em quanto ao tempo de resolução do quadro, Independente de sua associação com infecção do lugar operatório.

Anestesia regional en pediatría - Revisión no sistemática de la literatura / Regional anesthesia in pediatrics - Non-systematic literature review

Introduction: The use of pediatric regional anesthesia has grown to become the standard of care, because of its effective pain control, improved safety profile of the local anesthetic agents, in addition to the introduction of ultrasound. Objective: To perform a non-systematic review of pediatric regional anesthesia. Methods and materials: A search was conducted on the available scientific evidence in databases (Pubmed/Medline, ScienceDirect, OVID, SciELO), for a non-systematic review. Conclusions: The use of pediatric regional anesthesia has increased due to its notable effect on pain management and furthermore as a result of the incremented use of ultrasound technology.

Introducción: El uso de anestesia regional en niños ha aumentado hasta convertirse en estándar de manejo, debido al efectivo control del dolor, mejor perfil de seguridad de anestésicos locales y a la implementación del ultrasonido. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión no sistemática sobre evidencia científica disponible en anestesia regional pediátrica. Métodos y materiales: Se realizó una búsqueda, sobre la evidencia científica disponible, en bases de datos (Pubmed/Medline, ScienceDirect, OVID, SciELO), para realizar una revisión no sistemática. Conclusiones: El aumento en el uso de la anestesia regional pediátrica, se debe a que proporciona control adecuado del dolor y al uso del US. La realización de bloqueos en niños anestesiados o sedados es más segura que en pacientes despiertos.

Efficacy of paraspinal anesthetic block in patients with chronic pelvic pain refractory to drug therapy: a randomized clinical trial / Eficácia do bloqueio anestésico paraespinhal em pacientes com dor pélvica crônica refratária a terapia medicamentosa: um ensaio clínico randomizado

PURPOSE: To determine whether paraspinal block reduces pain scores compared to placebo in women with chronic pelvic pain refractory to drug therapy. METHODS: Subjects with chronic pelvic pain due to benign conditions and refractory to drug therapy were invited to participate in a randomized, double blind, superiority trial at a tertiary reference center. Subjects were randomly allocated to receive paraspinal anesthetic block with 1% lidocaine without epinephrine or placebo (control). Lidocaine was injected along the spinal process of the painful segment in the supra- and interspinal ligaments using a 25G X 2" needle. Placebo consisted of introduction of the needle in the same segment without injecting any substance. The main outcome measured was the pain score based on a visual analog scale at T0 (baseline), T1 (within 15 min after the procedure) and T2 (one week after the procedure). Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: Mean age was similar for both groups, i.e., 51.2 (paraspinal anesthetic block) and 51.8 years (control). A blind examiner measured the degree of pain according to the visual analog scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). Based on the visual analog scale, the mean pain scores of the paraspinal anesthetic block group at T0, T1 and T2 were 5.50 (SD=2.92; 95%CI 3.84-7.15), 2.72 (SD=2.10; 95%CI 1.53-3.90), and 4.36 (SD=2.37; 95%CI 1.89-6.82), respectively. The difference between T0 and T1 was statistically significant, with p=0.03. CONCLUSIONS: Paraspinal anesthetic block had a small effect on visual analog scale pain score immediately after the injections, but no sustained benefit after one week. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of paraspinal anesthetic block with different lidocaine doses for the treatment of visceral pain of other causes. .

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o bloqueio paraespinhal reduz os escores de dor quando comparado com placebo em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica refratária a terapia medicamentosa. MÉTODOS: As pacientes com dor pélvica crônica de origem benigna que eram refratárias a terapia medicamentosa foram convidadas a participar nesse estudo de superioridade, randomizado, duplo-cego, em um centro de referência terciário. As pacientes foram alocadas randomicamente para receber o bloqueio anestésico paraespinhal com lidocaína 1% sem epinefrina ou placebo (controle). A lidocaína foi injetada ao longo do processo espinhal do segmento doloroso, nos ligamentos supra e interespinhal, usando uma agulha de 25G X 2". O placebo consistia na introdução da agulha no mesmo segmento sem injetar qualquer substância. O desfecho principal foi a medida dos escores de dor, baseado numa escala análogo visual nos tempos T0 (basal), T1 (dentro de 15 minutos depois do procedimento) e T2 (uma semana depois do procedimento). A análise estatística realizada utilizou ANOVA e o intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: A média de idade das pacientes foi similar: 51,2 (bloqueio anestésico paraespinhal) e 51,8 anos (controle). Um examinador, cegado quando ao tratamento, mediu o grau de dor de acordo com a escala análogo visual de 0 (sem dor) a 10 (pior dor imaginável). De acordo com a escala análogo visual, a média dos escores para o grupo bloqueio anestésico paraespinhal em T0, T1 e T2 foi 5,50 (DP=2,92; IC95% 3,84-7,90), 2,72 (DP=2,10; IC95% 1,53-3,90) e 4,36 (DP=2,37; IC95% 1,89-6,82), respectivamente. A diferença entre T0 e T1 foi estatisticamente significativano grupo bloqueio anestésico paraespinhal, com p=0,03. CONCLUSÕES: O bloqueio anestésico paraespinhal tem um pequeno efeito na redução da dor(escala análogo visual) imediatamente após a injeção, mas esse benefício não permanece após uma semana. Outros estudos são necessário para avaliar a eficácia do bloqueio anestésico ...