Morgagni and Boerhaave in 1719 : The European academic network in the 18th century demonstrated by a letter from Giovanni Battista Morgagni.

The European academic network in 18th century Europe and the interaction between two eminent 18th century scientists is illustrated by a recently recovered letter from 25.IX.1719 by Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771). It appears from this letter that Morgagni was interested in the latest edition of Boerhaave's Institutiones Medicae exactly in the same year that Boerhaave tried in vain to persuade him to transfer from the University of Padua to the University of Leiden.

Científicos Sociales Latinoamericanos en Estados Unidos: Cooperación Académica, Movilidad Internacional y Trayectorias Interamericanas alrededor de la Fundación Ford / Latin American Social Scientists in the United States: The Ford Foundation's Role in Academic Cooperation, International Mobility, and Inter-American Trajectories / Sociologues Latino-américains aux États-Unis: Le Rôle de la Fondation Ford dans la Coopération Académique, la Mobilité Internationale et les Trajectoires Interaméricaines / Cientistas Sociais Latino-americanos nos Estados Unidos: Cooperação Acadêmica, Mobilidade Internacional e Trajetórias Interamericanas em torno da Fundação Ford

RESUMEN El objetivo principal de este artículo es examinar las redes de cooperación académica y los canales de movilidad internacional establecidos por la Fundación Ford en América Latina, los cuales actuaron como plataformas de promoción de científicos sociales de la región en Estados Unidos. El interés está puesto en comprender las interacciones y los vínculos entre varios autores latinoamericanos con algunos "diplomáticos" de esta institución filantrópica para desarrollar en ese país actividades institucionales e intelectuales. De forma específica, se estudiarán los orígenes del Programa Latinoamericano del Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, establecido en Washington en 1977 por las gestiones y mediaciones personales de Abraham F. Lowenthal. Además, y siguiendo un enfoque histórico, se hará un seguimiento temporal y espacial a la trayectoria de este autor y a sus nexos intelectuales y personales mantenidos con Fernando H. Cardoso, Albert O. Hirschman, Guillermo O'Donnell y Kalman Silvert.

RESUMO O principal objetivo deste artigo consiste em examinar as redes de cooperação acadêmica e os canais de mobilidade internacional estabelecidos pela Fundação Ford na América Latina, os quais intervieram como plataformas para a promoção, em terras estadunidenses, de cientistas sociais da região. O interesse reside em compreender as interações e vínculos de vários autores latino-americanos com alguns "diplomatas" desta instituição filantrópica, no intuito de desenvolverem atividades institucionais e intelectuais nos Estados Unidos. Especificamente, serão analisadas as origens do Programa Latino-Americano do Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, fundado em Washington no ano de 1977, em decorrência de intervenções e mediações pessoais de Abraham F. Lowenthal. Além disso, e seguindo um enfoque histórico, acompanharemos temporal e espacialmente a trajetória deste autor e os seus laços intelectuais e pessoais estabelecidos com Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Albert O. Hirschman, Guillermo O'Donnell e Kalman Silvert.

ABSTRACT This article's main objective is to examine the academic cooperation networks and international mobility channels established by the Ford Foundation in Latin America, to have served as platforms for showcasing social scientists from the region in the United States. Our interest is in understanding how the interactions and links between various Latin American authors and several "diplomats" from this charitable institution were fostered in order to develop institutional and intellectual activities in the United States. The article places a particular focus on studying the origins of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, established in Washington in 1977 by means of Abraham F. Lowenthal's personal efforts to manage and mediate. A historical focus is also employed to temporally and spatially analyze the author's career path and his intellectual and personal ties developed with Fernando H. Cardoso, Albert O. Hirschman, Guillermo O'Donnell, and Kalman Silvert.

RÉSUMÉ Le principal objectif de cet article est d'analyser les réseaux de coopération académique et de mobilité internationale établis par la Fondation Ford en Amérique Latine et qui ont servi de plate-forme de promotion de sociologues de la région aux États-Unis. Il s'agit ici de comprendre comment les interactions et les liens entre différents auteurs latino-américains et certains "diplomates" de cette institution philanthropique ont permis de développer leurs activités institutionnelles et intellectuelles aux États-Unis. Nous étudierons en particulier les origines du Programme latino-américain du Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, lancé à Washington en 1977 grâce aux actions et médiations d'Abraham F. Lowenthal. En outre, dans une perspective historique, nous analyserons la trajectoire temporelle et spatiale de cet auteur et ses liens intellectuels et personnels avec Fernando H. Cardoso, Albert O. Hirschman, Guillermo O'Donnell et Kalman Silvert.

Medical Science Meets 'Development Aid' Transfer and Adaptation of West German Microbiology to Togo, 1960-1980.

After losing the importance it had held around 1900 both as a colonial power and in the field of tropical medicine, Germany searched for a new place in international health care during decolonisation. Under the aegis of early government 'development aid', which started in 1956, medical academics from West German universities became involved in several Asian, African and South American countries. The example selected for closer study is the support for the national hygiene institute in Togo, a former German 'model colony' and now a stout ally of the West. Positioned between public health and scientific research, between 'development aid' and academia and between West German and West African interests, the project required multiple arrangements that are analysed for their impact on the co-operation between the two countries. In a country like Togo, where higher education had been neglected under colonial rule, having qualified national staff became the decisive factor for the project. While routine services soon worked well, research required more sustained 'capacity building' and did not lead to joint work on equal terms. In West Germany, the arrangement with the universities was a mutual benefit deal for government officials and medical academics. West German 'development aid' did not have to create permanent jobs at home for the consulting experts it needed; it improved its chances to find sufficiently qualified German staff to work abroad and it profited from the academic renown of its consultants. The medical scientists secured jobs and research opportunities for their postgraduates, received grants for foreign doctoral students, gained additional expertise and enjoyed international prestige. Independence from foreign politics was not an issue for most West German medical academics in the 1960s.