Phenolic profiling, organic acids and sugars composition of feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) and uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess) from the southern Brazilian highlands / Perfil fenólico, composição de ácidos orgânicos e de açúcares de feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) e uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess) do planalto sul brasileiro

Brazil is a large country with high biodiversity in its different regions. However, species of native fruits widely reported in the southern Brazil have not been properly explored so far, remaining underutilized by the food industry. This study evaluated the polyphenolic profile, as well as the composition of organic acids and sugars of the pulps of the feijoa, and the uvaia from southern brazilian highlands. The uvaia pulp showed the highest total polyphenol content and the highest antioxidant capacity by the methods used. The polyphenol (+)-catechin (6.54 mg 100g-1) was the major phenolic compound in uvaia pulp, which has not yet been reported in the literature for fruits of other regions. In addition, the feijoa pulp stood out for the presence of (-)-epicatechin (18.29 mg 100g-1). The pulps of native fruits in this study only quantified values for citric and malic acids. Malic acid (553.00 mg 100g-1) was the main acid in the uvaia pulp, and citric acid (455.60 mg 100g-1) was the main acid in the feijoa pulp. It is possible to note that the feijoa pulp showed the highest total sugar content (11.14 g 100g-1) and was the only pulp that contained sucrose. The uvaia pulp, conversely, showed fructose (3.10 g 100g-1) as the main sugar. The results obtained in this study contributed to the valuation and conservation of the species investigated, representing a promising alternative for the use of these native fruits in the development of new products.

O Brasil é um grande país e com elevada biodiversidade em suas diferentes regiões. Entretanto, espécies de frutas nativas amplamente encontradas no sul do Brasil ainda não foram devidamente exploradas, permanecendo desconhecidas e subutilizadas pela indústria de alimentos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil fenólico, bem como a composição de ácidos orgânicos e de açúcares de polpas de feijoa (Acca sellowiana) e de uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis) provenientes do planalto sul brasileiro. A polpa de uvaia apresentou o maior teor de polifenóis totais e a maior capacidade antioxidante pelos métodos utilizados. A (+)-catequina (6.54 mg 100g-1) foi o principal composto fenólico da polpa da uvaia, o que ainda não foi relatado na literatura para frutas de outras regiões. Além disso, a polpa da feijoa se destacou pela presença de (-)-epicatequina (18.29 mg 100g-1). Dentre os ácidos orgânicos avaliados, as polpas de frutas nativas apresentaram valores para os ácidos cítrico e málico, sendo o ácido málico (553.00 mg 100g-1) o principal na polpa de uvaia, e o cítrico (455.60 mg 100g-1) na polpa de feijoa. Em relação aos açúcares, a polpa da feijoa apresentou o maior teor de açúcar total (11.14 g 100g-1) e foi a única polpa que continha sacarose. Já a polpa da uvaia apresentou a frutose (3.10 g 100g-1) como principal açúcar. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo contribuem para a valorização e conservação das espécies investigadas, representando uma alternativa promissora para a utilização dessas frutas nativas no desenvolvimento de novos produtos.

Construction of a High-Density Genetic Map of Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, an Outcrossing Species, Based on Two Connected Mapping Populations.

Acca sellowiana, known as feijoa or pineapple guava, is a diploid, (2n = 2x = 22) outcrossing fruit tree species native to Uruguay and Brazil. The species stands out for its highly aromatic fruits, with nutraceutical and therapeutic value. Despite its promising agronomical value, genetic studies on this species are limited. Linkage genetic maps are valuable tools for genetic and genomic studies, and constitute essential tools in breeding programs to support the development of molecular breeding strategies. A high-density composite genetic linkage map of A. sellowiana was constructed using two genetically connected populations: H5 (TCO × BR, N = 160) and H6 (TCO × DP, N = 184). Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach was successfully applied for developing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 4,921 SNP markers were identified using the reference genome of the closely related species Eucalyptus grandis, whereas other 4,656 SNPs were discovered using a de novo pipeline. The individual H5 and H6 maps comprised 1,236 and 1,302 markers distributed over the expected 11 linkage groups, respectively. These two maps spanned a map length of 1,593 and 1,572 cM, with an average inter-marker distance of 1.29 and 1.21 cM, respectively. A large proportion of markers were common to both maps and showed a high degree of collinearity. The composite map consisted of 1,897 SNPs markers with a total map length of 1,314 cM and an average inter-marker distance of 0.69. A novel approach for the construction of composite maps where the meiosis information of individuals of two connected populations is captured in a single estimator is described. A high-density, accurate composite map based on a consensus ordering of markers provides a valuable contribution for future genetic research and breeding efforts in A. sellowiana. A novel mapping approach based on an estimation of multipopulation recombination fraction described here may be applied in the construction of dense composite genetic maps for any other outcrossing diploid species.

Diagrammatic scale for assessment of anthracnose severity in feijoa fruit / Escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade de Antracnose em frutos de feijoa

A diagrammatic scale of anthracnose in feijoa fruit was elaborated and validated in order to standardize disease severity assessments. The proposed scale showed six disease severity levels: 2, 10, 20, 40, 70 and 100% of the injured fruit surface. The scale took into account the minimum and maximum limits of disease severity observed in the field and the intermediate values followed logarithmic increments according to the Weber-Fechner stimulus-response law. Eight inexperienced raters validated the scale by quantifying the disease severity (using/not using the scale) of 50 feijoas with anthracnose symptoms. In conclusion, the scale improved the assessment of anthracnose in feijoa. Eight genotypes from different crosses were tolerant to anthracnose.(AU)

Com o objetivo de padronizar avaliações da severidade da antracnose em frutos de feijoa elaborou-se e validou-se uma escala diagramática com os seguintes níveis de severidade: 2, 10, 20, 40, 70 e 100% de área superficial do fruto com lesão. A escala considerou os limites de severidade mínima e máxima da doença observados em campo e os níveis intermediários seguiram incrementos logarítmicos, obedecendo-se a Lei do estímulo de Weber-Fechner. A severidade foi estimada, por oito avaliadores sem experiência, em 50 frutos sem e com o auxílio da escala proposta. Em conclusão, a escala melhorou a avaliação da antracnose na feijoa. Oito genótipos de diferentes cruzamentos foram tolerantes à antracnose.(AU)

Diagrammatic scale for assessment of anthracnose severity in feijoa fruit / Escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade de Antracnose em frutos de feijoa

ABSTRACT: A diagrammatic scale of anthracnose in feijoa fruit was elaborated and validated in order to standardize disease severity assessments. The proposed scale showed six disease severity levels: 2, 10, 20, 40, 70 and 100% of the injured fruit surface. The scale took into account the minimum and maximum limits of disease severity observed in the field and the intermediate values followed logarithmic increments according to the Weber-Fechner stimulus-response law. Eight inexperienced raters validated the scale by quantifying the disease severity (using/not using the scale) of 50 feijoas with anthracnose symptoms. In conclusion, the scale improved the assessment of anthracnose in feijoa. Eight genotypes from different crosses were tolerant to anthracnose.

RESUMO: Com o objetivo de padronizar avaliações da severidade da antracnose em frutos de feijoa elaborou-se e validou-se uma escala diagramática com os seguintes níveis de severidade: 2, 10, 20, 40, 70 e 100% de área superficial do fruto com lesão. A escala considerou os limites de severidade mínima e máxima da doença observados em campo e os níveis intermediários seguiram incrementos logarítmicos, obedecendo-se a "Lei do estímulo de Weber-Fechner". A severidade foi estimada, por oito avaliadores sem experiência, em 50 frutos sem e com o auxílio da escala proposta. Em conclusão, a escala melhorou a avaliação da antracnose na feijoa. Oito genótipos de diferentes cruzamentos foram tolerantes à antracnose.

Volatilome study of the feijoa fruit [Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret.] with headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.

Feijoa is a subtropical bush of the Myrtaceae family. It has unique fruit with organoleptic properties that make it an exotic fruit. Head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with a 65 µm divinylbenzene/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/PDMS) fiber and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) was used to study the volatile fraction of feijoa fruit cultured in Caldas, Colombia. The profile analyzed included 134 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). 127 VOCs were classified based on the functional group using the spectral and structural networks correlation analysis. Methyl, ethyl and (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate with 50% of the volatile composition, were the main compounds. Biosynthesis of the volatilome of feijoa fruit was associated with five main metabolic pathways. This study represents the first analysis of feijoa fruit commercialized in the region. This is an innovator view in elucidation of metabolic pathways that represent the biochemistry of the aroma of this fruit.

Path analysis for selection of feijoa with greater pulp weight / Análise de trilha para seleção de goiabeira-serrana com maior peso de polpa

The objective of this paper was to identify the direct and indirect effects of feijoa fruits (Acca sellowiana) traitson pulp weight, in order to use these traits in indirect genotypes selection. Fruits of five feijoa plants were collected in Rio Grande do Sul, in the years of 2009, 2010 and 2011. Six traits were evaluated: diameter, length, total weight, pulp weight, peel thickness and number of seeds per fruit. In the path analysis, with or without ridge regression, pulp weight was considered as the basic variable, and the other traits were considered as explanatory variables. Total weight and fruit diameter had high direct effect, and are the main traits associated with pulp weight. These traits may serve as criteria for indirect selection to increase feijoa pulp weight, since they are easy to be measured.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os efeitos diretos e indiretos de caracteres dos frutos de goiabeira-serrana (Accasellowiana) sobre o peso de polpa, visando à utilização desses caracteres para a seleção indireta de genótipos. Foram coletados frutos de cinco grupo de plantas de goiabeira-serrana no Rio Grande do Sul, nos anos de 2009, 2010 e 2011. Seis caracteres foram avaliados: diâmetro, comprimento, peso total, peso de polpa, espessura da casca e número de sementes por fruto. Na análise de trilha com e sem regressão em crista para controle da multicolinearidade, o peso de polpa foi considerado variável básica e os demais caracteres considerados explicativos. O peso total, seguido do diâmetro de fruto, tiveram efeito direto elevado e são os principais caracteres associados ao peso de polpa. Estes caracteres podem servir de critérios de seleção indireta para aumentar o peso de polpa de goiabeira-serrana, pois são de fácil mensuração.(AU)

Path analysis for selection of feijoa with greater pulp weight / Análise de trilha para seleção de goiabeira-serrana com maior peso de polpa

The objective of this paper was to identify the direct and indirect effects of feijoa fruits (Acca sellowiana) traitson pulp weight, in order to use these traits in indirect genotypes selection. Fruits of five feijoa plants were collected in Rio Grande do Sul, in the years of 2009, 2010 and 2011. Six traits were evaluated: diameter, length, total weight, pulp weight, peel thickness and number of seeds per fruit. In the path analysis, with or without ridge regression, pulp weight was considered as the basic variable, and the other traits were considered as explanatory variables. Total weight and fruit diameter had high direct effect, and are the main traits associated with pulp weight. These traits may serve as criteria for indirect selection to increase feijoa pulp weight, since they are easy to be measured.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os efeitos diretos e indiretos de caracteres dos frutos de goiabeira-serrana (Accasellowiana) sobre o peso de polpa, visando à utilização desses caracteres para a seleção indireta de genótipos. Foram coletados frutos de cinco grupo de plantas de goiabeira-serrana no Rio Grande do Sul, nos anos de 2009, 2010 e 2011. Seis caracteres foram avaliados: diâmetro, comprimento, peso total, peso de polpa, espessura da casca e número de sementes por fruto. Na análise de trilha com e sem regressão em crista para controle da multicolinearidade, o peso de polpa foi considerado variável básica e os demais caracteres considerados explicativos. O peso total, seguido do diâmetro de fruto, tiveram efeito direto elevado e são os principais caracteres associados ao peso de polpa. Estes caracteres podem servir de critérios de seleção indireta para aumentar o peso de polpa de goiabeira-serrana, pois são de fácil mensuração.

Path analysis for selection of feijoa with greater pulp weight / Análise de trilha para seleção de goiabeira-serrana com maior peso de polpa

ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper was to identify the direct and indirect effects of feijoa fruits (Acca sellowiana) traitson pulp weight, in order to use these traits in indirect genotypes selection. Fruits of five feijoa plants were collected in Rio Grande do Sul, in the years of 2009, 2010 and 2011. Six traits were evaluated: diameter, length, total weight, pulp weight, peel thickness and number of seeds per fruit. In the path analysis, with or without ridge regression, pulp weight was considered as the basic variable, and the other traits were considered as explanatory variables. Total weight and fruit diameter had high direct effect, and are the main traits associated with pulp weight. These traits may serve as criteria for indirect selection to increase feijoa pulp weight, since they are easy to be measured.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os efeitos diretos e indiretos de caracteres dos frutos de goiabeira-serrana (Accasellowiana) sobre o peso de polpa, visando à utilização desses caracteres para a seleção indireta de genótipos. Foram coletados frutos de cinco grupo de plantas de goiabeira-serrana no Rio Grande do Sul, nos anos de 2009, 2010 e 2011. Seis caracteres foram avaliados: diâmetro, comprimento, peso total, peso de polpa, espessura da casca e número de sementes por fruto. Na análise de trilha com e sem regressão em crista para controle da multicolinearidade, o peso de polpa foi considerado variável básica e os demais caracteres considerados explicativos. O peso total, seguido do diâmetro de fruto, tiveram efeito direto elevado e são os principais caracteres associados ao peso de polpa. Estes caracteres podem servir de critérios de seleção indireta para aumentar o peso de polpa de goiabeira-serrana, pois são de fácil mensuração.

Characterization of 10 new nuclear microsatellite markers in Acca sellowiana (Myrtaceae).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite primers were identified and characterized in Acca sellowiana in order to expand the limited number of pre-existing polymorphic markers for use in population genetic studies for conservation, phylogeography, breeding, and domestication. • METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 10 polymorphic microsatellite primers were designed from clones obtained from a simple sequence repeat (SSR)-enriched genomic library. The primers amplified di- and trinucleotide repeats with four to 27 alleles per locus. In all tested populations, the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.269 to 1.0. • CONCLUSIONS: These new polymorphic SSR markers will allow future genetic studies to be denser, either for genetic structure characterization of natural populations or for studies involving genetic breeding and domestication process in A. sellowiana.

Comparative proteomic analysis of off-type and normal phenotype somatic plantlets derived from somatic embryos of Feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret).

Morphological disorders in a relevant portion of emerged somatic embryos have been a limiting factor in the true-to-type plantlet formation in Acca sellowiana. In this sense, the present study undertook a comparison between normal phenotype and off-type somatic plantlets protein profiles by means of the 2-D DIGE proteomics approach. Off-type and normal phenotype somatic plantlets obtained at 10 and 20 days conversion were evaluated. Results indicated 12 exclusive spots between normal and off-type plantlets at 10 days conversion, and 17 exclusive spots at 20 days conversion. Also at 20 days conversion, 4 spots were differentially expressed, up- or down-regulated. Two proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism were only expressed in off-types at 10 days conversion, suggesting a more active respiratory pathway. A vicilin-like storage protein was only found in off-types at 20 days conversion, indicating that plantlets may present an abnormality in the mobilization of storage compounds, causing reduced vigor in the development of derived plantlets. The presence of heat shock proteins were only observed during formation of normal phenotype somatic plantlets, indicating that these proteins may be involved in normal morphogenesis of plantlets formed. These new findings shed light on possible genetic or epigenetic mechanisms governing A. sellowiana morphogenesis.