[Analysis of the electrophoretic profiles of the protein extracts of the species Manihot esculenta (Crantz, 1975), Persea Americana (Mill., 1768) and Actinidia delicious (A. Chevalier., 1984), and their association with the latex-fruit syndrome for searching for potential allergens]. / Análisis de los perfiles electroforéticos de los extractos proteicos de las especies Manihot esculenta (Crantz,1975), Persea americana (Mill.,1768) y Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chevalier., 1984), y su asociación con el síndrome látex-fruta para la búsqueda de alérgenos potenciales.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the electrophoretic profiles of the extracts of Manihot esculenta, Actinidia Deliciosa and Persea Americana and their possible relationship with Latex-Fruit Syndrome. METHODS: Protein extracts of M. esculenta, P. Americana and A. Deliciosa were prepared through the processes of maceration and solvent extraction from plant samples. In the case of the avocado, a prior extraction by soxhlet was carried out to eliminate the fat. The extracts were vacuum filtered, dialyzed and finally lyophilized. Separation of proteins based on molecular weight was performed by SDS PAGE electrophoresis. The electrophoretic profiles obtained were compared with the allergenic proteins previously identified in the latex extract, in order to determine a possible relationship with Latex-Fruit Syndrome, depending on the molecular weight. RESULTS: The extracts of M. esculenta and P. Americana showed a wide range of protein fractions with molecular weights varying from 10 to 250 KD, finding that the region with the highest concentration of bands was between 20 and 89 KD, (60 and 65%), respectively. A 20-band profile was obtained for the M. esculenta extract (Figure 1), with seven bands sharing similar weights with the latex allergens (Hev b 1, Hev b 2, Hev b3, Hev b 4, Hev b 5, Hev b 6.03, Hev b 8 and Hev b 10) (3-5). For the P. Americana extract, 20 bands were also observed (Figure 2), seven of which presented approximate weights to the Latex allergens (Hev b 1, Hev b 2 Hev b 4 Hev b 6.01 Hev b 6.03 Hev b 8 , Hev b 10 Hev b 11 Hev b 14). The Kiwi extract showed two bands of 19.1 and 22.9 KD, with weights close to latex proteins (figure 3), (Hev b 3 and Hev b 6.01), and allergens (Act d 2 and Act d 6), reported in the literature for this fruit. CONCLUSIONS: When analyzing the relationship between the separated protein fractions and the latex allergens described in the literature, a possible association of 35% was found for the extracts of M. esculenta and P. Americana, and 10% for A. Delicious, with great relevance being the association found with the allergens Hev b 4, Hev b 2, Hev 8 and Hev b 11, which are involved in Latex-Fruit Syndrome. The electrophoretic profiles of the prepared extracts were determined and compared with the Latex allergens. This information generates a contribution for the development of new research and advances in the standardization of these extracts on a large scale and for their future use in diagnostic tests.

OBJETIVO: Determinar los perfiles electroforéticos de los extractos de Manihot esculenta, Actinidia deliciosa y Persea americana y su posible relación con el Síndrome de Látex ­ Fruta. MÉTODOS: Se prepararon extractos proteicos de M. esculenta, P. Americana y A. Deliciosa, a través de los procesos de macerado y extracción con solventes a partir muestras vegetales. En el caso del aguacate, se realizó una extracción previa por soxhlet, para eliminar la grasa. Los extractos se filtraron al vacío, se sometieron a diálisis y por último se liofilizaron. La separación de las proteínas en función del peso molecular se realizó mediante electroforesis SDS PAGE. Se compararon los perfiles electroforéticos obtenidos con las proteínas alergénicas previamente identificadas en el extracto de látex, con el fin de determinar una posible relación con el Síndrome de Látex-Fruta, en función del peso molecular. RESULTADOS: Los extractos de M. esculenta y P. americana mostraron una amplia gama de fracciones proteicas con pesos moleculares que varían desde 10 a 250 KD, encontrando que la región con mayor concentración de bandas se situó entre 20 y 89 KD, (60 y 65 %), respectivamente. Se obtuvo un perfil de 20 bandas para el extracto de M. esculenta (figura 1), con siete bandas que comparten pesos similares con los alérgenos del látex (Hev b 1, Hev b 2, Hev b3, Hev b 4, Hev b 5, Hev b 6.03, Hev b 8 y Hev b 10) (3-5). Para el extracto de P. americana, también se observaron 20 bandas (figura 2), siete de las cuales presentaron pesos aproximados a los alérgenos de Látex (Hev b 1, Hev b 2 Hev b 4 Hev b 6.01 Hev b 6.03 Hev b 8, Hev b 10 Hev b 11 Hev b 14). El extracto de Kiwi mostró dos bandas de 19,1 y 22,9 KD, con pesos cercanos a proteínas de látex (figura 3), (Hev b 3 y Hev b 6.01), y los alérgenos (Act d 2 y Act d 6), reportados en la literatura para esta fruta. CONCLUSIONES: Al analizar la relación existente entre las fracciones proteicas separadas y los alérgenos de los látex descritos en la literatura, se encontró una posible asociación del 35% para los extractos de M. esculenta y P. Americana, y del 10% para A. Deliciosa, siendo de gran relevancia la asociación encontrada con los alérgenos Hev b 4, Hev b 2, Hev 8 y Hev b 11, los cuales se encuentran implicados en el Síndrome de Látex-Fruto. Se lograron determinar los perfiles electroforéticos de los extractos elaborados y se compararon con los alérgenos del Látex. Está información genera un aporte para el desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones y avances en la estandarización de estos extractos a gran escala y para su uso futuro en pruebas diagnósticas.

Putative Daucus carota Capsanthin-Capsorubin Synthase (DcCCS) Possesses Lycopene ß-Cyclase Activity, Boosts Carotenoid Levels, and Increases Salt Tolerance in Heterologous Plants.

Plant carotenoids are synthesized and accumulated in plastids through a highly regulated pathway. Lycopene ß-cyclase (LCYB) is a key enzyme involved directly in the synthesis of α-carotene and ß-carotene through the cyclization of trans-lycopene. Daucus carota harbors two LCYB genes, of which DcLCYB2 (annotated as CCS-Like) is mostly expressed in mature storage roots, an organ that accumulates high α-carotene and ß-carotene content. In this work, we determined that DcLCYB2 of the orange Nantes variety presents plastid localization and encodes for a functional LCYB enzyme determined by means of heterologous complementation in Escherichia coli. Also, ectopic expression of DcLCYB2 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) plants increases total carotenoid content showing its functional role in plants. In addition, transgenic tobacco T2 homozygous plants showed better performance under chronic salt treatment, while kiwi transgenic calli also presented a higher survival rate under salt treatments than control calli. Our results allow us to propose DcLCYB2 as a prime candidate to engineer carotenoid biofortified crops as well as crops resilient to saline environments.

Fragrance addition improves visitation by honeybees and fruit quality in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa).

BACKGROUND: Kiwifruit is an important horticultural crop all over the world and its development is important in Argentina. This dioecious crop has a short blooming period with nectarless flowers, and its fruit production depends on cross-pollination. Here, we tested whether kiwifruit quality increases by using honeybees exposed to female flowers treated with an artificial fragrance. The three experimental treatments were: A, sprinkled female flowers with 1:1 sugar syrup + Lavandula hybrida extract solution (a new attractant substance especially developed for this study named Lavandin Grosso); B, sprinkled female flowers with 1:1 water + sugar syrup (female flowers with additional sugar syrup reward); C (control; female flowers exposed to honeybees). RESULTS: The results showed a higher number of visits of honeybees to the female flowers sprinkled with the attractant substance, Lavandin Grosso, as well as higher fruit quality (weight, number of seeds, regularity in fruit size). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the potential of fragrance-treated flowers to improve yield production in kiwifruit. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Propagation of 'Bruno' kiwifruit: influence of cutting collection time and indolebutyric acid / Propagação de kiwizeiro 'Bruno': influência da época de coleta das estacas e ácido indolbutírico

In Brazil, the propagation of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is achieved through seed-derived rootstocks, which results in low uniformity. An alternative to address this problem is the cuttings technique, a simple and fast method that generates individuals identical to the parent plant, maintaining the agronomic traits. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cutting collection time and indolebutyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of 'Bruno' kiwifruit cuttings. The cuttings were collected in the months of May, August and December 2016 and March 2017 and treated with 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg L-1 IBA, as a hydroalcoholic solution, for seven seconds. After 90 days, the percentages of rooted and dead cuttings and cuttings that produced shoots; leaf retention; average length of the three largest roots; average number of primary roots per cutting; and reserve contents before and after rooting were evaluated. The treatments with IBA influenced the rooting of cuttings collected in May, which showed 36.07% rooting at the calculated IBA concentration of 2,320 mg L-1, and in December, which exhibited 57.59% rooting at the concentration of 4000 mg L-1. In the present experimental conditions, it is recommended to root cuttings of 'Bruno' kiwifruit collected in December with the application of 4000 mg L-1 IBA.(AU)

No Brasil, para a propagação de kiwizeiros (Actinidia deliciosa) são utilizados porta-enxertos oriundos de sementes, resultando em baixa uniformidade. Uma alternativa é a estaquia, por ser método simples, rápido, que gera indivíduos idênticos à planta matriz, mantendo as características agronômicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a época de coleta das estacas e o efeito do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) sobre o enraizamento de estacas de kiwizeiro 'Bruno'. As estacas foram coletadas nos meses de maio, agosto e dezembro de 2016 e março de 2017; e tratadas com zero, 1.000, 2.000 e 4.000 mg L-1 de AIB, na forma de solução hidroalcoólica, por sete segundos. Após 90 dias, avaliou-se a percentagem de estacas enraizadas; mortas; brotadas; retenção foliar; comprimento médio das três maiores raízes; número médio de raízes primárias por estaca, além do conteúdo de reservas antes e após o enraizamento. Os tratamentos com AIB influenciam o enraizamento das estacas coletadas em maio, com 36,07% de enraizamento na concentração calculada de 2.320 mg L-1, e em dezembro, atingindo 57,59% de enraizamento na concentração de 4.000 mg L-1 de AIB. Nas condições do presente experimento recomenda-se o enraizamento de estacas de kiwizeiro 'Bruno' coletadas em dezembro, aplicando-se 4.000 mg L-1 de AIB.(AU)

Complete genome sequencing of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 3, P155, kiwifruit pathogen originating from China / Sequenciamento completo do genoma Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 3, P155, agente patogênico do kiwi, originário da China

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is a bacterial pathogen of kiwifruit. Based on the results of the pathogenicity assay, we sequenced the strain Pseudomonas syringae (Psa3) P155 which possesses a series of virulence and resistance genes, CRISPR candidate elements, prophage related sequences, methylation modifications, genomic islands as well as one plasmid. Most importantly, the copper resistance genes copA, copB, copC, copD, and copZ as well as aminoglycoside resistance gene ksgA were identified in strain P155, which would pose a threat to kiwifruit production. The complete sequence we reported here will provide valuable information for a better understanding of the genetic structure and pathogenic characteristics of the genome of P155.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae agente causal do cancro bacteriano do kiwi. Com base nos resultados do teste de patogenicidade, foi sequenciado um isolado de Pseudomonas syringae (Psa3) P155, que abriga a uma série de genes de virulência e resistência, elementos candidatos CRISPR, sequências relacionadas a profagos, modificações na metilação, ilhas genômicas, e também um plasmídeo. O mais importante foram os genes de resistência ao cobre, copA, copB, copC, copD e copZ, bem como, o gene de resistência aminoglicosídea ksgA identificados na estirpe P155, os quais representariam uma ameaça à produção de kiwi. A sequência completa relatada fornecerá informações valiosas para uma melhor compreensão da estrutura genética e as características patogênicas do genoma de P155.

Chemical composition and bioactive properties of byproducts from two different kiwi varieties.

Kiwis are an example of fruits with excellent bioactive properties worldwide appreciated and consumed generating tons of waste. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare two varieties of kiwi: Actinidia deliciosa cv. "Hayward" (green) and Actinidia spp. (red) regarding the nutritional value of their pulps, chemical composition and bioactivities of each pulp and peel. The results revealed that pulps have a high water content and low amount of other macronutrients. Both parts of red kiwi presented the highest tocopherols content and red kiwi pulp presented the highest content in ascorbic acid. In general, the peels exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and green kiwi peels showed cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity, which could be related to its higher content in phenolic compounds, especially B-type (epi)catechin dimer. Therefore, kiwi components currently underutilized may be indicated as a source of natural functionalizing ingredients with several benefits for human health.

Temperatura base inferior, soma térmica e fenologia de cultivares de videira e quivizeiro / Lower base temperature, thermal time and grapevine phenology and kiwi cultivars

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a temperatura-base inferior (Tb), soma térmica e fenologia de cultivares de videira e de quivizeiro. Estacas com 25-35 cm das cultivares de videira Chardonnay (CH), Isabel (IS), Niágara Branca (NB), Concord (CO) e Bordô (BO) e de quivizeiro Bruno (BR), Monty (MO), Elmwood (EL), MG06 (MG) e Yellow Queen (YQ) foram coletadas em pomares localizados em Veranópolis, RS, em 03/06/2015. As estacas intactas foram submetidas a 0 °C por 1.008 Horas de Frio (HF), em câmaras incubadoras para a superação da dormência, embaladas em filme plástico preto. Na sequência, foram transferidas para as temperaturas de 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 °C, em estacas de nós-isolados, plantadas em espuma fenólica. Durante 150 dias, as gemas foram avaliadas a cada 2-3 dias quanto à brotação, no estádio de ponta verde e seus dados (1/dias para brotação) inseridos em curvas de regressão para estimativa da Tb para cada genótipo. Séries históricas de fenologia de 10 anos das cultivares e dados meteorológicos dos locais de cultivo foram utilizados para o cálculo da soma térmica (graus-dia) das frutíferas durante o ciclo vegetativo. A Tb se diferenciou entre as espécies frutíferas. A Tb foi menor para cultivares de quivizeiro (BR=3,0 °C; MO=3,3 ºC; EL=3,1 °C; MG=3,2 °C e YQ=3,0 °C) e maior para cultivares de videira (CH=4,2 °C; IS=4,3 °C; NB=4,1 °C; CO=6,2 °C e BO=4,4 °C). A soma de graus-dia (GD) variou de 1670,9 a 2060,7 para as cultivares de videira e de 3179,6 a 3762,0 para as cultivares de quivizeiro. A maior soma de GD para a cultura do quivizeiro é dada pelo maior número de dias do seu ciclo vegetativo associada a menor Tb dos genótipos, se comparada à cultura da videira. O subperíodo fenológico (brotação à maturação) das frutíferas, em 100% dos casos, respondeu mais ao tempo térmico (graus-dia) do que ao tempo cronológico (dias) para completar o ciclo vegetativo.

This study aimed to evaluate the lower base temperature (Tb), thermal time and grapevine phenology and kiwi cultivars. Twigs 25-35-cm long for the following cultivars: grapevine, Chardonnay (CH), Isabel (IS), Niágara Branca (NB), Concord (CO) and Bordô (BO); and kiwi, Bruno (BR), Monty (MO), Elmwood (EL), MG06 (MG) and Yellow Queen (YQ) were collected in orchards in Veranópolis, RS State, on 06/03/2015. Intact twigs packed in black plastic film were subjected to 1,008 chilling hours (HC) at 0°C in incubators to overcome dormancy and then transferred to temperatures of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12°C on single-node cuttings planted in phenolic foam. Over 150 d, budburst of the buds was evaluated in 2-3-d intervals in the green-tip stage. The resulted inverse data for number of days to budburst (1/days to budburst) was inserted into regression curves to estimate Tb for each genotype. Historical phonological series comprised of 10-years for the analyzed cultivars and meteorological data of the cultivation sites were used to determine thermal time (degree-days) for the fruit trees during the growing season. Temperate fruit species exhibited different Tb. Tb was lower for kiwi cultivars (BR=3,0°C; MO=3,3ºC; EL=3,1°C; MG=3,2°C and YQ=3°C) and higher for grapevine cultivars (CH=4,2°C; IS=4,3°C; NB=4,1°C; CO=6,2°C; and BO=4,4°C). The thermal time, in degree-days (DD), varied from 1670.9 to 2060.7 for grapevine cultivars and from 3179.6 to 3762.0 for kiwi cultivars. The higher DD sum for kiwi crop was given by the higher number of days of its vegetative cycle associated to lower Tb of the genotypes, when compared to the grapevine crop. The phenological subperiod (budburst to maturation) of the fruit trees in 100% of the assessed cases responded more to thermal time (degree-days) than to chronological time (d) to complete the vegetative cycle.

Temperatura base inferior, soma térmica e fenologia de cultivares de videira e quivizeiro / Lower base temperature, thermal time and grapevine phenology and kiwi cultivars

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a temperatura-base inferior (Tb), soma térmica e fenologia de cultivares de videira e de quivizeiro. Estacas com 25-35 cm das cultivares de videira Chardonnay (CH), Isabel (IS), Niágara Branca (NB), Concord (CO) e Bordô (BO) e de quivizeiro Bruno (BR), Monty (MO), Elmwood (EL), MG06 (MG) e Yellow Queen (YQ) foram coletadas em pomares localizados em Veranópolis, RS, em 03/06/2015. As estacas intactas foram submetidas a 0 °C por 1.008 Horas de Frio (HF), em câmaras incubadoras para a superação da dormência, embaladas em filme plástico preto. Na sequência, foram transferidas para as temperaturas de 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 °C, em estacas de nós-isolados, plantadas em espuma fenólica. Durante 150 dias, as gemas foram avaliadas a cada 2-3 dias quanto à brotação, no estádio de ponta verde e seus dados (1/dias para brotação) inseridos em curvas de regressão para estimativa da Tb para cada genótipo. Séries históricas de fenologia de 10 anos das cultivares e dados meteorológicos dos locais de cultivo foram utilizados para o cálculo da soma térmica (graus-dia) das frutíferas durante o ciclo vegetativo. A Tb se diferenciou entre as espécies frutíferas. A Tb foi menor para cultivares de quivizeiro (BR=3,0 °C; MO=3,3 ºC; EL=3,1 °C; MG=3,2 °C e YQ=3,0 °C) e maior para cultivares de videira (CH=4,2 °C; IS=4,3 °C; NB=4,1 °C; CO=6,2 °C e BO=4,4 °C). A soma de graus-dia (GD) variou de 1670,9 a 2060,7 para as cultivares de videira e de 3179,6 a 3762,0 para as cultivares de quivizeiro. A maior soma de GD para a cultura do quivizeiro é dada pelo maior número de dias do seu ciclo vegetativo associada a menor Tb dos genótipos, se comparada à cultura da videira. O subperíodo fenológico (brotação à maturação) das frutíferas, em 100% dos casos, respondeu mais ao tempo térmico (graus-dia) do que ao tempo cronológico (dias) para completar o ciclo vegetativo.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the lower base temperature (Tb), thermal time and grapevine phenology and kiwi cultivars. Twigs 25-35-cm long for the following cultivars: grapevine, Chardonnay (CH), Isabel (IS), Niágara Branca (NB), Concord (CO) and Bordô (BO); and kiwi, Bruno (BR), Monty (MO), Elmwood (EL), MG06 (MG) and Yellow Queen (YQ) were collected in orchards in Veranópolis, RS State, on 06/03/2015. Intact twigs packed in black plastic film were subjected to 1,008 chilling hours (HC) at 0°C in incubators to overcome dormancy and then transferred to temperatures of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12°C on single-node cuttings planted in phenolic foam. Over 150 d, budburst of the buds was evaluated in 2-3-d intervals in the green-tip stage. The resulted inverse data for number of days to budburst (1/days to budburst) was inserted into regression curves to estimate Tb for each genotype. Historical phonological series comprised of 10-years for the analyzed cultivars and meteorological data of the cultivation sites were used to determine thermal time (degree-days) for the fruit trees during the growing season. Temperate fruit species exhibited different Tb. Tb was lower for kiwi cultivars (BR=3,0°C; MO=3,3ºC; EL=3,1°C; MG=3,2°C and YQ=3°C) and higher for grapevine cultivars (CH=4,2°C; IS=4,3°C; NB=4,1°C; CO=6,2°C; and BO=4,4°C). The thermal time, in degree-days (DD), varied from 1670.9 to 2060.7 for grapevine cultivars and from 3179.6 to 3762.0 for kiwi cultivars. The higher DD sum for kiwi crop was given by the higher number of days of its vegetative cycle associated to lower Tb of the genotypes, when compared to the grapevine crop. The phenological subperiod (budburst to maturation) of the fruit trees in 100% of the assessed cases responded more to thermal time (degree-days) than to chronological time (d) to complete the vegetative cycle.(AU)

[Prevalence of sensitization and allergy to kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) in adults with allergic diseases]. / Prevalencia de sensibilización y alergia al kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) en adultos con enfermedades alérgicas.

BACKGROUND: The kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is a food that has been recognized for its allergenic capability for more than 30 years. In general, kiwi allergy is characterized by local discomfort, but systemic reactions such as rash, angioedema, rhinitis, conjunctivitis or anaphylaxis can be triggered. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sensitization and allergy to kiwi in adults with allergic diseases. METHODS: By means of a cross-sectional, retrolective study, data corresponding to 370 patients aged ≥16 years were analyzed. RESULTS: 226 patients had positive skin reaction against aeroallergens. The prevalence of food sensitization was 84/226 (37.2%; 95 % CI = 31.1 to 43.6). Overall, the prevalence of sensitization to kiwi fruit was 15/226 (6.6%; 95% CI = 3.9 to 10.7), and of kiwi allergy, 2/15 (13.3%; 95% CI = 2.5 to 39.1); one patient had symptoms consistent with oral allergy syndrome, and another, gastrointestinal and cutaneous manifestations. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sensitization to kiwi fruit is not a rare event; in contrast, symptoms related to its consumption are uncommon.

Antecedentes: El kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) es un alimento reconocido por su capacidad alergénica desde hace más de 30 años. Por lo general, la alergia al kiwi se caracteriza por molestias locales, pero pueden desencadenarse reacciones sistémicas como urticaria, angioedema, rinitis, conjuntivitis o anafilaxia. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de sensibilización y alergia al kiwi en adultos con enfermedades alérgicas. Métodos: Mediante un estudio transversal se analizaron los datos correspondientes a 370 pacientes ≥ 16 años de edad. Resultados: Tuvieron reacción cutánea positiva contra aeroalérgenos 226/370 pacientes. La prevalencia de sensibilización a alimentos fue 84/226 (37.2 %; IC 95 % = 31.1 a 43.6 %). En general, la prevalencia de sensibilización al kiwi fue de 15/226 (6.6 %; IC 95 % = 3.9 a 10.7 %) y de alergia al kiwi de 2/226 (0.9 %; IC 95 % = 0.03% a 3.4 %), un paciente tuvo síntomas compatibles con síndrome de la alergia oral y otro, manifestaciones gastrointestinales y cutáneas. Conclusión: La prevalencia de sensibilización al kiwi no es un evento raro; en contraste, los síntomas relacionados con el consumo del fruto son poco frecuentes.

Draft genome sequences of five Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum strains isolated in France

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum causes necrotic spots on the leaves of Actinidia deliciosa and Actinidia chinensis. P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum has been detected in New Zealand, Australia, France and Spain. Four lineages were previously identified within the P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum species group. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of five strains of P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum representative of lineages 1, 2 and 4, isolated in France. The whole genomes of strains isolated in New Zealand, representative of P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum lineages 1 and 3, were previously sequenced. The availability of supplementary P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum genome sequences will be useful for developing molecular tools for pathogen detection and for performing comparative genomic analyses to study the relationship between P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum and other kiwifruit pathogens, such as P. syringae pv. actinidiae.

Draft genome sequences of five Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum strains isolated in France

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum causes necrotic spots on the leaves of Actinidia deliciosa and Actinidia chinensis. P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum has been detected in New Zealand, Australia, France and Spain. Four lineages were previously identified within the P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum species group. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of five strains of P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum representative of lineages 1, 2 and 4, isolated in France. The whole genomes of strains isolated in New Zealand, representative of P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum lineages 1 and 3, were previously sequenced. The availability of supplementary P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum genome sequences will be useful for developing molecular tools for pathogen detection and for performing comparative genomic analyses to study the relationship between P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum and other kiwifruit pathogens, such as P. syringae pv. actinidiae.(AU)

Draft genome sequences of five Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum strains isolated in France.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum causes necrotic spots on the leaves of Actinidia deliciosa and Actinidia chinensis. P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum has been detected in New Zealand, Australia, France and Spain. Four lineages were previously identified within the P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum species group. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of five strains of P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum representative of lineages 1, 2 and 4, isolated in France. The whole genomes of strains isolated in New Zealand, representative of P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum lineages 1 and 3, were previously sequenced. The availability of supplementary P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum genome sequences will be useful for developing molecular tools for pathogen detection and for performing comparative genomic analyses to study the relationship between P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum and other kiwifruit pathogens, such as P. syringae pv. actinidiae.

Pre-anthesis CPPU low dosage application increases 'Hayward' kiwifruit weight without affecting the other qualitative and nutritional characteristics.

In 2008, in Central Italy, a low dosage of CPPU solution, 4 µL L(-1) (6 hL/ha), was sprayed on the canopy of vines of 'Hayward' kiwifruit, at the "break of sepals", about one week before anthesis, to study its effects on fruit weight/size and on qualitative and nutritional characteristics. At harvest, CPPU, with respect to control, significantly increased the fresh weight by about 12% (+12.6 g fruit(-1)) and consequently the yield per vine, without affecting fruit shape, firmness, dry matter (%), total soluble solids, glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, citrate, malate, vitamin C and soluble and insoluble oxalic acid. After 3 months of storage, CPPU-treated kiwifruits and the control fruit showed no difference in dry matter content, fruit firmness and total soluble solids. The results indicate that a low dosage of CPPU applied in pre-anthesis can improve fruit weight/size without any negative effect on fruit qualitative and nutritional characteristics.

Desenvolvimento de geleia de kiwi: influência da polpa, pectina e brix na consistência / Development of kiwi jelly: influence of pulp, pectin and brix in the consistency of the resulting product

O kiwi é um fruto sazonal, altamente perecível, rico em ácido ascórbico e um excelente regulador da função intestinal devido à presença de fibras. A proposta da pesquisa foi desenvolver uma ?geleia de kiwi? utilizando frutos inapropriados fisicamente para o comércio in natura. Foram avaliadas três variáveis independentes (polpa de kiwi, pectina e sólidos solúveis totais) e fixados o tempo de cocção em 30 minutos e a massa do produto final em 400 g. As variáveis de resposta foram: força necessária à compressão utilizando texturômetro; tempo necessário para o escorrimento sobre uma superfície de vidro inclinada; espalhabilidade e molhabilidade em fatias de pão; coloração, expressa na escala CIELAB; e após 30 dias, aparência e ocorrência de separação de fases em vidros fechados. Os frutos apresentaram em média comprimento de 68,64±2,77 mm, diâmetro de 45,28±3,41 mm e massa de 89,85±9,17 g. A polpa apresentou pH 3,98±0,18; acidez total titulável, em ácido cítrico, de 0,646±0,206 g.100g-1; sólidos solúveis de 13,53±0,88 ºBrix; e rendimento, com sementes, de 70,0 g.100g-1. A polpa, pectina e sólidos solúveis propiciaram o aumento da força de compressão da geleia, sendo o aumento do teor de pectina o mais significativo no intervalo estudado. A formulação de processamento do produto ?geleia de kiwi? recomendada foi: polpa de kiwi 70 a 80 g.100g-1, pectina 1,5 a 2,0 g.100g-1 e sólidos solúveis do produto final de 50 a 58 ºBrix.

The kiwi is a seasonal and highly perishable fruit, rich in ascorbic acid and a fine regulator of instestinal function due to the presence of fibers. The aim of this study was to develop a ?kiwi jelly? using fruits considered inappropriate for trade as fresh fruit. Three independent variables (pulp kiwi, pectin, soluble solids) were studied. Cooking time and sample weight were kept constant at 30 minutes and 400 g, respectively. Evaluations were made regarding compressive strength using texturometer; time required for sliding an inclined glass surface; wettability and spreadability on slices of bread; instrumental color, expressed on the CIELAB scale. After 30 days, closed bottles were evaluated for appearance and occurrence of phase separation. Fruits presented average length of 68.64±2.77 mm, diameter of 45.28±3.41 mm, and weight of 89.85±9.17 g. The pulp showed pH 3.98±0.18; titratable acidity of 0.646±0.206 g.100g-1, expressed as citric acid; soluble solids of 13.53±0.88 ºBrix; and yield with seeds of 70 g.100g-1. The pulp, pectin and soluble solids increased compression force of the jelly and pectin was the most significant factor in the interval studied. The recommended formulation for the ?kiwi jelly? product was: 70-80 g.100g-1 of kiwi pulp, 1.5-2.0 g.100g-1 of pectin and 50-58 ºBrix of total soluble solids.

Storage of Elmwood kiwifruit in controlled atmosphere and ethylene management / Armazenamento de kiwi cv. Elmwood em atmosfera controlada e manejo do etileno

The aim of this work was to evaluate Elmwood kiwifruit conservation under different controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions, with or without ethylene absorption and inhibition of ethylene action by 1-MCP. The treatments were: [1] cold storage (CS), [2] CA with 1.5 kPa O2 and 5.0 kPa CO2 plus ethylene scrubbing , [3] CA with 2.0 kPa O2 and 5.0 kPa CO2 plus ethylene scrubbing [4] CA with 2.0 kPa O2 and 5.0 kPa CO2 without ethylene scrubbing and [5] CA with 2.0 kPa O2 and 7.0 kPa CO2 plus ethylene scrubbing. Fruits from all treatments were stored for fi ve months at -0.5ºC, with and without 1.0 ppm of 1-metylcyclopropene (1-MCP). 1-MCP application, on this study, provided an uneven ripening in fruits stored in CA, with more pronounced softening of the pulp in relation to the core. The three CA conditions showed a similar effect on the kiwifruit conservation and the ethylene scrubbing delayed ripening of the fruits during storage and shelf life.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a conservação de kiwi Elmwood em função das condições de atmosfera controlada (AC), absorção de etileno e aplicação de 1-MCP. Os tratamentos foram: [1] armazenamento refrigerado (AR), [2] AC com 1,5 kPa O2 e 5,0 kPa CO2 com absorção de etileno, [3] AC com 2,0 kPa O2 e 5,0 kPa CO2 com absorção de etileno [4] AC com 2,0 kPa O2 e 5,0 kPa CO2 , [5] AC com 2,0 kPa O2 e 7,0 kPa CO2 com absorção de etileno. Os frutos de todos os tratamentos permaneceram armazenados durante cinco meses na temperatura de -0,5ºC, com e sem aplicação de 1,0 ppm de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP). A aplicação de 1-MCP, neste trabalho, proporcionou um amadurecimento desuniforme nos frutos armazenados em AC, com o amolecimento mais pronunciado da polpa em relação à columela. As três condições de AC apresentaram um efeito semelhante na conservação do kiwi e a absorção de etileno retardou o amadurecimento durante o armazenamento e na vida de prateleira.

Storage of Elmwood kiwifruit in controlled atmosphere and ethylene management / Armazenamento de kiwi cv. Elmwood em atmosfera controlada e manejo do etileno

The aim of this work was to evaluate Elmwood kiwifruit conservation under different controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions, with or without ethylene absorption and inhibition of ethylene action by 1-MCP. The treatments were: [1] cold storage (CS), [2] CA with 1.5 kPa O2 and 5.0 kPa CO2 plus ethylene scrubbing , [3] CA with 2.0 kPa O2 and 5.0 kPa CO2 plus ethylene scrubbing [4] CA with 2.0 kPa O2 and 5.0 kPa CO2 without ethylene scrubbing and [5] CA with 2.0 kPa O2 and 7.0 kPa CO2 plus ethylene scrubbing. Fruits from all treatments were stored for fi ve months at -0.5ºC, with and without 1.0 ppm of 1-metylcyclopropene (1-MCP). 1-MCP application, on this study, provided an uneven ripening in fruits stored in CA, with more pronounced softening of the pulp in relation to the core. The three CA conditions showed a similar effect on the kiwifruit conservation and the ethylene scrubbing delayed ripening of the fruits during storage and shelf life.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a conservação de kiwi Elmwood em função das condições de atmosfera controlada (AC), absorção de etileno e aplicação de 1-MCP. Os tratamentos foram: [1] armazenamento refrigerado (AR), [2] AC com 1,5 kPa O2 e 5,0 kPa CO2 com absorção de etileno, [3] AC com 2,0 kPa O2 e 5,0 kPa CO2 com absorção de etileno [4] AC com 2,0 kPa O2 e 5,0 kPa CO2 , [5] AC com 2,0 kPa O2 e 7,0 kPa CO2 com absorção de etileno. Os frutos de todos os tratamentos permaneceram armazenados durante cinco meses na temperatura de -0,5ºC, com e sem aplicação de 1,0 ppm de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP). A aplicação de 1-MCP, neste trabalho, proporcionou um amadurecimento desuniforme nos frutos armazenados em AC, com o amolecimento mais pronunciado da polpa em relação à columela. As três condições de AC apresentaram um efeito semelhante na conservação do kiwi e a absorção de etileno retardou o amadurecimento durante o armazenamento e na vida de prateleira.

Lime sulphur mineral oil and garlic extract to suppress dormancy of kiwi / Calda sulfocálcica, óleo mineral e extrato de alho na superação da dormência de quivizeiro

This study aimed to examine the effect of lime sulphur (LS), mineral oil (MO) and garlic extract (GE) on budbreak of "Bruno" kiwifruit. In the experiment with lime sulphur, 16 treatments in factorial design 4 x 4 (budbreak solutions x bud position) were tested. The solutions were: MO 6%; MO 6% + LS 10%; MO 6% + LS 20% and MO 6% + LS 30%. In the experiment with garlic extract, 28 treatments in factorial design 7 x 4 (budbreak solutions x bud position) were tested. The solutions were: control; MO 4%; MO 4% + GE 2%; MO 4% + GE 4%; MO 4% + GE 6%; MO 4% + GE 8% and MO 4% + GE 10%. Four buds at the shoot apical position were examined at different dates in both experiments. All buds with one visible leaf or more advanced phenological stages were considered like bud burst. Apical bud always showed the greatest percentage of bud sprouting in both experiments, forming a decreased scale until low buds. Lime sulphur did not promote budbreak of kiwifruit, showing the same effect presented by the treatment with only mineral oil. Garlic extract showed effect on budbreak of kiwifruit. The MO 4% + GE 10% treatment was superior to the others, but it was not different from MO 4% + GE 6% and MO 4% + GE 8%. This superiority was a consequence of higher lateral buds sprouting, because apical buds sprouting were the same, averaging 93.33%. In conclusion, the lime sulphur until 30% of concentration com

Este trabalho teve por objetivo testar o efeito da calda sulfocálcica (CS), do óleo mineral (OM) e do extrato de alho (EA) na superação da dormência de quivizeiro "Bruno". No experimento com calda sulfocálcica foram testados 16 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (soluções para superação da dormência x posição das gemas). As soluções foram: OM 6%; OM 6% + CS 10%; OM 6% + CS 20% e OM 6% + CS 30%. No experimento com extrato de alho foram testados 28 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 7 x 4 (soluções para superação da dormência x posição das gemas). As soluções foram: testemunha; OM 4%; OM 4% + EA 2%; OM 4% + EA 4%; OM 4% + EA 6%; OM 4% + EA 8% e OM 4% + EA 10%. Em ambos experimentos foram avaliadas as quatro gemas da porção apical dos ramos em quatro avaliações. Foram consideradas gemas brotadas todas as que se encontravam com uma folha visível ou em estádios fenológicos mais avançados. Em ambos experimentos, a gema apical sempre apresentou a maior porcentagem de brotação, formando um gradiente decrescente até as gemas inferiores. A calda sulfocálcica não apresentou efeito na superação da dormência de gemas de quivizeiro, apresentando-se semelhante ao tratamento apenas com óleo mineral. O extrato de alho apresentou efeito na superação da dormência das gemas do quivizeiro. O tratamento com OM 4% + EA 10% foi superior aos demais, mas não diferiu dos tratamentos com OM 4% + EA 6% e O

Lime sulphur mineral oil and garlic extract to suppress dormancy of kiwi / Calda sulfocálcica, óleo mineral e extrato de alho na superação da dormência de quivizeiro

This study aimed to examine the effect of lime sulphur (LS), mineral oil (MO) and garlic extract (GE) on budbreak of "Bruno" kiwifruit. In the experiment with lime sulphur, 16 treatments in factorial design 4 x 4 (budbreak solutions x bud position) were tested. The solutions were: MO 6%; MO 6% + LS 10%; MO 6% + LS 20% and MO 6% + LS 30%. In the experiment with garlic extract, 28 treatments in factorial design 7 x 4 (budbreak solutions x bud position) were tested. The solutions were: control; MO 4%; MO 4% + GE 2%; MO 4% + GE 4%; MO 4% + GE 6%; MO 4% + GE 8% and MO 4% + GE 10%. Four buds at the shoot apical position were examined at different dates in both experiments. All buds with one visible leaf or more advanced phenological stages were considered like bud burst. Apical bud always showed the greatest percentage of bud sprouting in both experiments, forming a decreased scale until low buds. Lime sulphur did not promote budbreak of kiwifruit, showing the same effect presented by the treatment with only mineral oil. Garlic extract showed effect on budbreak of kiwifruit. The MO 4% + GE 10% treatment was superior to the others, but it was not different from MO 4% + GE 6% and MO 4% + GE 8%. This superiority was a consequence of higher lateral buds sprouting, because apical buds sprouting were the same, averaging 93.33%. In conclusion, the lime sulphur until 30% of concentration com

Este trabalho teve por objetivo testar o efeito da calda sulfocálcica (CS), do óleo mineral (OM) e do extrato de alho (EA) na superação da dormência de quivizeiro "Bruno". No experimento com calda sulfocálcica foram testados 16 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (soluções para superação da dormência x posição das gemas). As soluções foram: OM 6%; OM 6% + CS 10%; OM 6% + CS 20% e OM 6% + CS 30%. No experimento com extrato de alho foram testados 28 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 7 x 4 (soluções para superação da dormência x posição das gemas). As soluções foram: testemunha; OM 4%; OM 4% + EA 2%; OM 4% + EA 4%; OM 4% + EA 6%; OM 4% + EA 8% e OM 4% + EA 10%. Em ambos experimentos foram avaliadas as quatro gemas da porção apical dos ramos em quatro avaliações. Foram consideradas gemas brotadas todas as que se encontravam com uma folha visível ou em estádios fenológicos mais avançados. Em ambos experimentos, a gema apical sempre apresentou a maior porcentagem de brotação, formando um gradiente decrescente até as gemas inferiores. A calda sulfocálcica não apresentou efeito na superação da dormência de gemas de quivizeiro, apresentando-se semelhante ao tratamento apenas com óleo mineral. O extrato de alho apresentou efeito na superação da dormência das gemas do quivizeiro. O tratamento com OM 4% + EA 10% foi superior aos demais, mas não diferiu dos tratamentos com OM 4% + EA 6% e O

Degenerescência da polpa e respiração de quivi cv. "Bruno" em função das condições de armazenamento / Internal breakdown and respiration of 'Bruno' kiwifruit in relation to storage conditions

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da atmosfera controlada sobre a ocorrência da degenerescência da polpa, de sabor e aroma alcoólico no quivi cultivar "Bruno" e a relação destes parâmetros com a taxa respiratória e o quociente respiratório. Os tratamentos foram 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5kPa O2, combinados com 8, 12 e 16kPa CO2. A incidência de degenerescência da polpa e de frutos com aroma alcoólico foi menor nos frutos armazenados com 8kPa de CO2, independente do nível de O2. A taxa respiratória dos frutos foi menor nos tratamentos com 16kPa de CO2 e o quociente respiratório apresentou os maiores valores no tratamento com 0,5kPa de O2 combinado com 16kPa de CO2. A taxa respiratória correlacionou-se negativamente com a incidência de degenerescência da polpa e com a presença de aroma alcoólico. O quociente respiratório apresentou uma correlação positiva com a degenerescência da polpa e com a incidência de aroma alcoólico. Segundo a análise sensorial, os tratamentos com 1,0 e 1,5kPa de O2, combinados com 8kPa de CO2, não induziram a formação de sabor alcoólico nos frutos.

This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of controlled atmosphere on the internal breakdown, alcoholic taste and flavor in æBrunoÆ kiwifruits and the relationship between these parameters and the rate and respiratory quotient. The treatments were 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5kPa O2 combined with 8, 12 and 16kPa CO2. The internal breakdown and occurrence of fruits with flavor was lower at 8kPa of CO2 independent of O2 level. Respiration rate of fruits was lower at treatments with 16kPa of CO2 and the respiratory quotient showed highest values at treatment with 16kPa of CO2. The respiration rate was negatively correlated with internal breakdown and flavor incidence. The respiratory quotient showed a positive correlation with internal breakdown and alcoholic aroma incidence. According to sensory analysis, the treatments with 1.0 and 1.5kPa of O2 combined with 8kPa of CO2 did not induce the of flavor taste in fruits.

Degenerescência da polpa e respiração de quivi cv. "Bruno" em função das condições de armazenamento

This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of controlled atmosphere on the internal breakdown, alcoholic taste and flavor in ‘Bruno’ kiwifruits and the relationship between these parameters and the rate and respiratory quotient. The treatments were 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5kPa O2 combined with 8, 12 and 16kPa CO2. The internal breakdown and occurrence of fruits with flavor was lower at 8kPa of CO2 independent of O2 level. Respiration rate of fruits was lower at treatments with 16kPa of CO2 and the respiratory quotient showed highest values at treatment with 16kPa of CO2. The respiration rate was negatively correlated with internal breakdown and flavor incidence. The respiratory quotient showed a positive correlation with internal breakdown and alcoholic aroma incidence. According to sensory analysis, the treatments with 1.0 and 1.5kPa of O2 combined with 8kPa of CO2 did not induce the of flavor taste in fruits.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da atmosfera controlada sobre a ocorrência da degenerescência da polpa, de sabor e aroma alcoólico no quivi cultivar "Bruno" e a relação destes parâmetros com a taxa respiratória e o quociente respiratório. Os tratamentos foram 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5kPa O2, combinados com 8, 12 e 16kPa CO2. A incidência de degenerescência da polpa e de frutos com aroma alcoólico foi menor nos frutos armazenados com 8kPa de CO2, independente do nível de O2. A taxa respiratória dos frutos foi menor nos tratamentos com 16kPa de CO2 e o quociente respiratório apresentou os maiores valores no tratamento com 0,5kPa de O2 combinado com 16kPa de CO2. A taxa respiratória correlacionou-se negativamente com a incidência de degenerescência da polpa e com a presença de aroma alcoólico. O quociente respiratório apresentou uma correlação positiva com a degenerescência da polpa e com a incidência de aroma alcoólico. Segundo a análise sensorial, os tratamentos com 1,0 e 1,5kPa de O2, combinados com 8kPa de CO2, não induziram a formação de sabor alcoólico nos frutos.