Identification of the Physiological Dimension and SelfConcept among Husbands of Iranian Women with Mastectomy; a Directed Content Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer, as the most prevalent cancer among females, exerts physical and mental impacts on both patients and their husbands. The present study aimed at investigating various dimensions of self-concept among husbands of Iranian women with mastectomy. METHODS: This study was conducted on 23 patients with mastectomy and their husbands and therapists using directed content analysis according to Callista-Roy adaptation model. The participants were interviewed regarding how they coped with cancer through video call, and 'physical dimensions' and 'self-concept' subcategories were identified. Content analysis was done using the Elo and Kyngus approach. RESULTS: The results revealed two main themes, namely 'exposure to physical challenges' and 'weakened to strengthened self-concept'. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This research showed the existence of many physical and mental problems of women undergoing mastectomy, and it is recommended to do interventions to reduce these complications.

Importancia de la medición de la Viscosidad sanguínea: retos y limitaciones

La sangre es una mezcla de componentes que tiene su propia identidad. Una de las propiedades físicas que adquiere es su viscosidad, la cual es la resistencia que ofrece para desplazarse. A diferencia de sus componentes (como glucosa, hemoglobina, colesterol, etc.), la sangre no posee un nivel único de viscosidad, sino que esta es variable debido a diversos factores. Exponemos algunos principios físicos que nos permitirán entender mejor esta dinámica de la viscosidad sanguínea, y su posible aplicación en algunos fenómenos hemodinámicos, así como la complejidad de su medición en la práctica clínica habitual.

Blood is a mixture of components that has its own identity. One of the physical properties that it acquires is its viscosity, which is the resistance it offers to move. Unlike its components (such as glucose, hemoglobin, cholesterol, etc.), blood does not have a single level of viscosity, but it is variable due to various factors. We present some physical principles that will allow us to better understand these dynamics of blood viscosity, and its possible application in some hemodynamic phenomena, as well as the complexity of its measurement in routine clinical practice.

[The effective post-stroke adaptation behavior model requires a family support system]. / El efectivo modelo de comportamiento de adaptación postapoplejía requiere un sistema de apoyo familiar.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explain the effective post-stroke adaptation behavior based on the Roy's adaptation model (RAM) through the patient experiences when undergoing the adaptation process after stroke. METHODS: This study was qualitative used a phenomenological approach. The participants were patients undergoing post-stroke recovery at home with the following inclusion criteria: post-discharge from the hospital 2-3 months, and in stable medical condition. The data were collected through in-depth interviews. The data analysis was performed through content analysis. We used Lincoln and Guba's criteria to establish the trustworthiness of the study. RESULTS: Three thematic categories structured the meaning of the stroke survivor's experience: (1) Problems after stroke; (2) Adaptive coping strategies and (3) Effective adaptation response. CONCLUSION: A thematic analysis integrated with Roy's adaptation model generated an effective post-stroke adaptation model. We recommend the development of a family empowerment intervention framework to improve the adaptation behavior of stroke survivors.

El efectivo modelo de comportamiento de adaptación postapoplejía requiere un sistema de apoyo familiar / The effective post-stroke adaptation behavior model requires a family support system

Objetivo: El objetivo de estudio es explicar el comportamiento efectivo de adaptación postaccidente cerebrovascular, basado en el modelo de adaptación de Roy (RAM), a través de las experiencias del paciente que se somete al proceso de adaptación después del accidente cerebrovascular.Métodos: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico. Los participantes fueron pacientes en recuperación postaccidente cerebrovascular, en casa, con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: dos a tres meses tras el alta del hospital y en condición médica estable. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de entrevistas en profundidad. El análisis de datos se realizó a través del análisis de contenido. Usamos los criterios de Lincoln y Guba para establecer la confiabilidad del estudio.Resultados: Tres categorías temáticas estructuran el significado de la experiencia del sobreviviente del accidente cerebrovascular: 1) problemas después del accidente cerebrovascular; 2) estrategias de afrontamiento adaptables y 3) respuesta de adaptación efectiva.Conclusión: Un análisis temático integrado con el modelo de adaptación de Roy generó un modelo de adaptación postaccidente cerebrovascular efectivo. Recomendamos el desarrollo de un marco de intervención familiar para mejorar la adaptación de los supervivientes a un accidente cerebrovascular.

Purpose: This study aimed to explain the effective post-stroke adaptation behavior based on the Roy's adaptation model (RAM) through the patient experiences when undergoing the adaptation process after stroke.Methods: This study was qualitative used a phenomenological approach. The participants were patients undergoing post-stroke recovery at home with the following inclusion criteria: post-discharge from the hospital 2–3 months, and in stable medical condition. The data were collected through in-depth interviews. The data analysis was performed through content analysis. We used Lincoln and Guba's criteria to establish the trustworthiness of the study.Results: Three thematic categories structured the meaning of the stroke survivor's experience: (1) Problems after stroke; (2) Adaptive coping strategies and (3) Effective adaptation response.Conclusion: A thematic analysis integrated with Roy's adaptation model generated an effective post-stroke adaptation model. We recommend the development of a family empowerment intervention framework to improve the adaptation behavior of stroke survivors.

The Potential Role of Exercise Training and Mechanical Loading on Bone-Associated Skeletal Nerves.

The spatial distribution, innervation, and functional role of the bone-associated skeletal nerves have been previously reported in detail. However, studies examining exercise-induced associations between skeletal nerves and bone metabolism are limited. This review introduces a potential relationship between exercise and the skeletal nerves and discusses how it can contribute to exercise-induced bone anabolism. First, the background and current understanding of nerve fiber types and their functions in the skeleton are provided. Next, the influence of exercise and mechanical loading on the skeletal nervous system is elaborated. Effective synthesis of recent studies could serve as an established baseline for the novel discovery of the effects of exercise on skeletal nerve density and bone anabolic activity in the future. Therefore, this review overviews the existing evidence for the neural control of bone metabolism and the potential positive effects of exercise on the peripheral skeletal nervous system. The influence of exercise training models on the relationships of sensory nerve signals with osteoblast-mediated bone formation and the increased bone volume provides the first insight on the potential importance of exercise training in stimulating positive adaptations in the skeletal nerve-bone interaction and its downstream effect on bone metabolism, thereby highlighting its therapeutic potential in a variety of clinical populations.

The effective post-stroke adaptation behavior model requires a family support system.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explain the effective post-stroke adaptation behavior based on the Roy's adaptation model (RAM) through the patient experiences when undergoing the adaptation process after stroke. METHODS: This study was qualitative used a phenomenological approach. The participants were patients undergoing post-stroke recovery at home with the following inclusion criteria: post-discharge from the hospital 2-3 months, and in stable medical condition. The data were collected through in-depth interviews. The data analysis was performed through content analysis. We used Lincoln and Guba's criteria to establish the trustworthiness of the study. RESULTS: Three thematic categories structured the meaning of the stroke survivor's experience: (1) Problems after stroke; (2) Adaptive coping strategies and (3) Effective adaptation response. CONCLUSION: A thematic analysis integrated with Roy's adaptation model generated an effective post-stroke adaptation model. We recommend the development of a family empowerment intervention framework to improve the adaptation behavior of stroke survivors.

[The importance of neuroadaptation after multifocal intraocular lens implantation].

Multifocal intraocular lens (MIOL) can help cataract patients get a full range of vision, restore binocular stereopsis, improve pseudo-accommodation power, and correct regular corneal astigmatism with limits. However, MIOL also have shortcomings, including decreased contrast sensitivity, night glare, halos and other negative dysphotopsias, despite strictly controlled indications. Sometimes dysphotopsia can be relieved spontaneously after surgery in a period of time. During this process neuroadaptation plays an important role. This article explains the concept and mechanism of neuroadaptation, the location of neuroadaptation in the central nervous system, cognitive training, the preoperative evaluation of MIOL implantation, and the treatment for postoperative dissatisfaction. Correct understanding of the important role of neuroadaptation will provide theoretic foundation for cataract specialists and facilitate the handling of complications after MIOL implantation. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 6-10).

Proceso de adaptación en pacientes diabéticos / Adaptation process in diabetic patients

Objetivo : determinar las características sociodemográficas y los modos adaptativos afectados en pacientes diabéticos atendidos en centros de salud del Distrito Chambo-Riobamba. Método : estu- dio con enfoque mixto, descriptivo­transversal, en población constituida por 157 pacientes con ECNT, de los centros del Distrito Chambo-Riobamba, Ecuador; seleccionando 40 mayores de 19 años, salud mental apta para llenar los instrumentos, con diagnóstico de diabetes Mellitus tipo II, residencia regular en los sectores mencionados y que estén de acuerdo con participar, durante el período abril-agosto 2017. Resultados : se observó que el 67,5% son de sexo femenino, mayores de 65 años, el 75% con instrucción básica y el 52,5% ama de casa. Tuvieron un 90% en el nivel medio y poca adaptación a las limitaciones por la enfermedad y el 82,5% pocas veces o nunca reali- za actividad física. El 77,5% manifiestó cambios emocionales y en relación con el apoyo familiar se evidenció que el 80% no lo recibió. Conclusiones : las características sociodemográficas distin- tivas en la población de estudio fueron: predominio del género femenino, adultos mayores, amas de casa, de instrucción básica. Tomando en cuenta los modos adaptativos en el fisiológico los pacientes manifiestan poca adaptación a la enfermedad. Mientras que de forma mayoritaria a veces o nunca realizaban actividad física. En el modo psicosocial, el auto-concepto se encuentra alterado; así como en el de interdependencia la mayoría de los individuos a veces o nunca recibían soporte familiar, relacionando con un déficit de búsqueda de sistemas de apoyo y el régimen terapéutico.

Objective: to determine the sociodemographic characteristics and the adaptive modes affected in diabetic patients treated in health centers of the Chambo-Riobamba District during the period April-August 2017. Method: a study with a mixed, descriptive-cross-sectional approach was carried out in a population made up of 157 patients with NCD, they were attended in the centers of the Chambo-Riobamba District, Ecuador. 40 patients over 19 years of age were selected considering aspects such as mental health suitable to fill out the instruments, diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus, regular residence in the aforementioned sectors and who agree to parti- cipate. Results: it was observed that 67.5% are female, over 65 years of age, 75% have basic education and 52.5% are housewives. They had 90% in the medium level and little adaptation to the limitations due to the disease and 82.5% rarely or never did physical activity. 77.5% mani- fested emotional changes and in relation to family support and 80% did not receive it. Conclu- sions: the distinctive sociodemographic characteristics in the study population were the predo- minance of the female gender, older adults, housewives, basic education. Taking into account the adaptive modes in the physiological, patients showed little adaptation to the disease. Most of them sometimes or never did physical activity. In the psychosocial mode, the self-concept was altered; as well as in the interdependence, most individuals sometimes or never received family support, related to a deficit in the search for support systems and the therapeutic regimen.

Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Heart Transplant Status in 4 Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

Bariatric surgery helps many morbidly obese patients lose substantial weight. However, few data exist on its long-term safety and effectiveness in patients who also have continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices and in whom heart transplantation is contemplated. We retrospectively identified patients at our institution who had undergone ventricular assist device implantation and subsequent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy from June 2015 through September 2017, and we evaluated their baseline demographic data, preoperative characteristics, and postoperative outcomes. Four patients (3 men), ranging in age from 32 to 44 years and in body mass index from 40 to 57, underwent sleeve gastrectomy from 858 to 1,849 days after left ventricular assist device implantation to treat nonischemic cardiomyopathy. All had multiple comorbidities. At a median follow-up duration of 42 months (range, 24-47 mo), median body mass index decreased to 31.9 (range, 28.3-44.3) at maximal weight loss, with a median percentage of excess body mass index lost of 72.5% (range, 38.7%-87.4%). After achieving target weight, one patient was listed for heart transplantation, another awaited listing, one was kept on destination therapy because of positive drug screens, and one regained weight and remained ineligible. On long-term follow-up, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy appears to be safe and feasible for morbidly obese patients with ventricular assist devices who must lose weight for transplantation consideration. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate this weight-loss strategy after transplantation and immunosuppression.

[Training methods and trainability]. / Trainingsmethoden und Trainierbarkeit.

BACKGROUND: The need for effective training methods for positive adaptations in muscle strength and bone mineralization, suitable for all groups of patients, arises in both rehabilitation and pre-habilitation. In addition to mechanical stress, an increased metabolic stress, by means of reduced blood supply of the muscle, seems to induce positive adaptations as well. OBJECTIVES: Description of the effects of resistance training and opportunities of blood-flow restriction training in a clinical setting. METHODS: Key and specialized literature RESULTS: Regularly applied high mechanical loads are suitable to induce increases in muscle strength and mass as well as bone mineralization. In principle, the trainability of these tissues is given over the entire life span, although the adaptation of the muscle mass is reduced in the prepubertal and later stages of life. Classic strength training is particularly suitable as a training method to apply this stimulus quality (mechanical stress). For some years now, however, there has been increasing evidence that even low-intensity resistance training associated with metabolic stress is capable of producing hypertrophic effects and increasing muscle strength. This observation is particularly interesting for target groups whose mechanical capacity of the musculoskeletal system is reduced. Blood-flow-restriction training is particularly suitable as a training method for the application of this stimulus quality (metabolic stress). The data available on the effectiveness of low-intensity stress protocols on bone structure is still insufficient. Further research is needed to make evidence-based recommendations.

Comparison of Needs for Pregnancy and Postpartum Adaptation of Chinese Immigrant Women and Vietnamese Immigrant Women in South Korea.

PURPOSE: To identify needs for pregnancy and postpartum adaptation of Chinese immigrant women and Vietnamese immigrant women in South Korea. METHODS: A descriptive research design was employed. Data were collected from 244 Chinese immigrant women and Vietnamese immigrant women from 3 provinces, 20 health care centers, and multi-cultural family support centers. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS: An average score for needs perceived by Chinese immigrant women was significantly higher than that perceived by Vietnamese immigrant women. There were significantly differences in physical and emotional adaptation after childbirth, nutrition during pregnancy, cross cultural understanding and personal respect, and adaptation daily activity during pregnancy between the 2 groups. The highest score of needs in Chinese immigrant women was for nutrition during pregnancy and that in Vietnamese immigrant women was for baby rearing and family support. CONCLUSION: Based on needs of pregnancy and postpartum adaption, nursing intervention program in consideration of cultural characteristics of Chinese immigrant women and Vietnam immigrant women need to be developed for their pregnancy and postpartum health care.

Comparison of Needs for Pregnancy and Postpartum Adaptation of Chinese Immigrant Women and Vietnamese Immigrant Women in South Korea / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: To identify needs for pregnancy and postpartum adaptation of Chinese immigrant women and Vietnamese immigrant women in South Korea. METHODS: A descriptive research design was employed. Data were collected from 244 Chinese immigrant women and Vietnamese immigrant women from 3 provinces, 20 health care centers, and multi-cultural family support centers. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS: An average score for needs perceived by Chinese immigrant women was significantly higher than that perceived by Vietnamese immigrant women. There were significantly differences in physical and emotional adaptation after childbirth, nutrition during pregnancy, cross cultural understanding and personal respect, and adaptation daily activity during pregnancy between the 2 groups. The highest score of needs in Chinese immigrant women was for nutrition during pregnancy and that in Vietnamese immigrant women was for baby rearing and family support. CONCLUSION: Based on needs of pregnancy and postpartum adaption, nursing intervention program in consideration of cultural characteristics of Chinese immigrant women and Vietnam immigrant women need to be developed for their pregnancy and postpartum health care.

Efecto de un método de Entrenamiento Intervalado de Alta Intensidad sobre el consumo máximo de oxígeno en escolares chilenos / Effect of a High-intensity Interval Training method on maximum oxygen consumption in Chilean schoolchildren

Resumen Introducción: Los bajos niveles de Consumo Máximo de Oxígeno (VO2max) evaluados en escolares chilenos, sugieren la puesta en marcha de entrenamientos que mejoren la capacidad aeróbica. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de un método de Entrenamiento Intervalado de Alta Intensidad sobre el Consumo Máximo de Oxígeno en escolares chilenos. Materiales y métodos: Treinta y dos escolares de octavo año básico divididos en dos grupos fueron parte del estudio (grupo experimental = 16 y grupo control = 16). La principal variable analizada fue el Consumo Máximo de Oxígeno a través del Test de Course Navette. Se aplicó un método de Entrenamiento Intervalado de Alta Intensidad basado en la Velocidad Aeróbica Máxima obtenida a través del Test. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó un ANOVA Mixto. Resultados: El grupo experimental presentó un aumento significativo en el Consumo Máximo de Oxígeno entre el pre test y post test al ser comparado con el grupo control (p < 0.0001). Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio mostraron un efecto positivo del Entrenamiento Intervalado de Alta Intensidad sobre el Consumo Máximo de Oxígeno. Al término del estudio, se concluye que el Entrenamiento Intervalado de Alta Intensidad es una buena metodología de estimulación para escolares chilenos.

Abstract Introduction: The low levels of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) evaluated in Chilean schoolchildren suggest the startup of trainings that improve the aerobic capacity. Objective: To analyze the effect of a High-intensity Interval Training method on maximum oxygen consumption in Chilean schoolchildren. Materials and methods: Thirty-two high school students from the eighth grade, who were divided into two groups, were part of the study (experimental group = 16 students and control group = 16 students). The main analyzed variable was the maximum oxygen consumption through the Course Navette Test. A High-intensity Interval training method was applied based on the maximum aerobic speed obtained through the Test. A mixed ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: The experimental group showed a significant increase in the Maximum Oxygen Consumption between the pretest and posttest when compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The results of the study showed a positive effect of the High-intensity Interval Training on the maximum consumption of oxygen. At the end of the study, it is concluded that High-intensity Interval Training is a good stimulation methodology for Chilean schoolchildren.

The Impact of Kitesurfing on the Dynamic Equilibrium.

BACKGROUND: The kitesurfing athletes endure unexpected conditions in terms of the function of irregularities in the surface of the water that requires a correct proprioceptive response in order to maintain equilibrium and execute the required movements while maintaining contact with the board and the water. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work was to use the star excursion balance test to compare the dynamic equilibrium of athletes who engage in kitesurfing activities with non-athletic subjects. METHODS: Fourteen kitesurfing athletes and fifteen sedentary male subjects completed three rounds of the star excursion balance test: familiarity, test one and test two. During each phase the eight directions of the test were performed three times on each leg and the maximum distance reached by the leg (cm) was measured before being divided by the length of the lower limb (%). To compare the intergroup averages, a student test t to independent samples was performed. To compare the averages across the eight directions in the same group, the repeated-measures ANOVA test was employed and to compare the averages of the right leg and the left leg, a student test t to dependent samples was used (α = 0.05). RESULTS: For both groups and in both legs, the distance reached in the medial, posteromedial, posterior and posterolateral directions was similar and further than the other directions. It was observed that the athletes in the comparison intergroup achieved superior results than those in the control group in the medial, posteromedial, posterior and posterolateral directions in both right and left legs and the lateral direction in the right leg (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Kitesurfing activities result in proportionate adaptations in the dynamic equilibrium of athletes, maybe in function of adaptations in the neuromuscular structure, resulting in a better performance in situations that cause disequilibrium.

Resting energy expenditure adaptation after short-term caloric restriction in morbidly obese women / Adaptação do gasto energético de repouso após restrição calórica de curto prazo em mulheres com obesidade mórbida

Objective:The objective of this study was to describe changes in the resting energy expenditure, substrate oxidation rate, and body composition in morbidly obese women subjected to short-term caloric restriction. Methods:This was a prospective study that included ten obese women with body mass index greater than 40 kg/m2 and aged between 20-50 years. The participants were hospitalized for eight days and received a controlled conventional low-calorie diet, 1200 kcal/day, for seven days. Body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation rate were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the study. Results:A significant reduction in body weight (p=0.005), body mass index (p=0.005), abdominal circumference (p=0.005), fat mass (p=0.005) and fat-free mass (p=0.008) was observed at the end of the study. There was an average reduction in resting energy expenditure of approximately 124 kcal/day (5%). Substrate oxidation rate did not show statistically significant changes. There was a positive correlation only between body weight reduction and fat-free mass reduction (r=0.753; p=0.012). Conclusion:There was an adaptive response of the resting energy expenditure with short-term energy restriction in morbidly obese women with a 5% reduction in resting energy expenditure and a positive correlation between weight loss and the fat-free mass, which indicates the influence of fat-free mass on the decrease in resting energy expenditure. Therefore, short-term caloric restriction in morbidly obese women led to a decrease in resting energy expenditure and fat-free mass, which suggests a rapid adaptation of energy expenditure.

Objetivo:Descrever as mudanças no gasto energético de repouso, na taxa de oxidação de substrato e na composição corporal em mulheres obesas mórbidas submetidas à restrição calórica de curto prazo. Métodos:Este foi um estudo prospectivo com dez mulheres obesas com índice de massa corporal maior que 40 kg/m2 e idade entre 20-50 anos. As participantes foram hospitalizadas por sete dias consecutivos e receberam uma dieta hipocalórica convencional controlada de 1200 kcal/dia. Peso corporal, índice de massa corporal, circunferência abdominal, composição corporal, gasto energético de repouso e taxa de oxidação de substratos foram avaliados no início e no final do estudo.Resultados:Reduções significativas no peso corporal (p=0,005), índice de massa corporal (p=0,005), circunferência abdominal (p=0,005), massa gorda (p=0,005) e massa livre de gordura (p=0,008) foram observadas no final do estudo. O gasto energético de repouso mostrou redução média de aproximadamente 124 kcal/dia (5%). A taxa de oxidação de substratos não apresentou mudanças estatisticamente significativas. Houve correlação importante apenas entre a redução do peso corporal e a redução da massa livre de gordura (r=0,753, p=0,012). Conclusão:Houve uma resposta adaptativa do gasto energético de repouso com restrição energética em curto prazo em mulheres obesas mórbidas, apresentando redução média de 5% do gasto energético de repouso e correlação entre a perda de peso e a massa livre de gordura, o que indica a influência da mesma na diminuição do gasto energético de repouso. Portanto, a restrição calórica de curto prazo em mulheres obesas mórbidas leva à diminuição no gasto energético de repouso e na massa livre de gordura, sugerindo uma rápida adaptação do gasto energético.

Respostas fisiológicas ao exercício físico em atletas cadeirantes com lesão medular / Physiological responses to exercise in wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury

Introdução: Atletas com lesão medular apresentam redução da sua capacidade aeróbia global, em comparação com indivíduos não portadores de deficiência. Porém, seu treinamento tem sido realizado igual ao de um atleta sadio, desconsiderando suas particularidades. Objetivo: Identificar o que tem sido relatado pela literatura nos últimos anos envolvendo a capacidade aeróbia de atletas cadeirantes com lesão medular. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática por meio de busca de artigos originais em inglês publicados e indexados na base de dados PubMed. Resultados: Foram encontrados 44 artigos originais, e destes, apenas 17 se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão desta pesquisa. Conclusão: O nível da lesão e o grau de mobilidade afetaram diretamente a capacidade aeróbia dos esportistas. Atletas cadeirantes apresentaram VO2 pico e potência aeróbia semelhantes a dos atletas saudáveis, e FCmáx maior. Atletas cadeirantes de modalidades esportivas de esforço contínuo exibiram melhor capacidade aeróbia que atletas de esforços intermitentes.

Introduction: Athletes with spinal cord injury have overall aerobic capacity reduced, compared with non-disabled individuals. However, their training has been conducted the same way as a healthy athlete, disregarding their peculiarities. Objective: To identify what has been reported in the literature in recent years involving the aerobic capacity of wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury. Methods: A systematic review by searching for original articles published in English and indexed in the PubMed database was performed. Results: Forty-four original articles were found and of these only 17 met our criteria for inclusion and exclusion of this research. Conclusion: The lesion level and the mobility degree directly affect the aerobic capacity of these athletes. Wheelchair athletes have VO2peak and aerobic power similar to healthy athletes, and higher HRmax. Wheelchair athletes in sports that require continuous effort exhibited better aerobic capacity than athletes in sports requiring only intermittent effort.

The relationship between the number of repetitions performed at given intensities is different in endurance and strength trained athletes.

Prescribing training intensity and volume is a key problem when designing resistance training programmes. One approach is to base training prescription on the number of repetitions performed at a given percentage of repetition maximum due to the correlation found between these two measures. However, previous research has raised questions as to the accuracy of this method, as the repetitions completed at different percentages of 1RM can differ based upon the characteristics of the athlete. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of an athlete's training background on the relationship between the load lifted (as a percentage of one repetition maximum) and the number of repetitions achieved. Eight weightlifters and eight endurance runners each completed a one repetition maximum test on the leg press and completed repetitions to fatigue at 90, 80 and 70% of their one repetition maximum. The endurance runners completed significantly more repetitions than the weightlifters at 70% (39.9 ± 17.6 versus 17.9 ± 2.8; p < 0.05) and 80% (19.8 ± 6.4 versus 11.8 ± 2.7; p < 0.05) of their one repetition maximum but not at 90% (10.8 ± 3.9 versus 7.0 ± 2.1; p > 0.05) of one repetition maximum. These differences could be explained by the contrasting training adaptations demanded by each sport. This study suggests that traditional guidelines may underestimate the potential number of repetitions that can be completed at a given percentage of 1RM, particularly for endurance trained athletes.

Application of slow and rapid liquid nutrient load tests for evaluating proximal gastric perception and accommodation / 中华消化杂志

Objective To evaluate the possibility of slow and rapid liquid nutrient loading test (LNLT) in the proximal gastric function assessment according to the results of gastric barostat testing.Methods From April to August in 2013,20 healthy volunteer were selected.The sensitivity of gastric,basic abdominal pressure,gastric sensing threshold,gastric discomfort and pain thresholds were examined by barostat.The average gastric volume after fasting was tested by barostat,which reflected gastric accommodation.And then 200 mL liquild meal was taken in five minutes by the volunteers.The difference value between the maximum gastric volume in 60 minutes after taking the meal minus the average gastric volume after fasting was used to evaluate the proximal gastric adapted diastolic function.In LNLT,volunteers drank 100 mL/min and 15 mL/min (rapid and slow) liquid meal.The threshold value of drinking volume,satiety drinking volume and maximum drinking volume were determined.Pearson correlation analyses were performed in the results of fast and slow LNLT,correlation between LNLT and sensitivity of gastric,gastric adapted diastolic function tested by barostat.Results The basic abdominal pressure,gastric sensing threshold,gastric discomfort and pain thresholds,gastric volume after fasting,maximum gastric volume and adapted diastolic volume was (6.8±1.2) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),(2.7±1.9) mmHg,(5.2±2.0) mmHg,(7.3-±-2.1) mmHg,(188.7-±-80.0) mL,(505.2±133.7) mL and (316.5±87.7) mL,respectively.The maximum gastric volume after the meal was at (9.8±3.3) min after meal.In rapid LNLT,the threshold value of drinking volume,satiety drinking volume and maximum drinking volume of volunteers was (209-±-96),(501±148) and (674±199) mL,respectively,and that in slow LNLT was (107 ± 43),(340 ± 134) and (524 ± 213) mL,respectively,there was correlation between rapid and slow LNLT (r=0.768,0.825 and 0.856,all P＜0.01).The maximum drinking volume of rapid and slow LNLT was at (8.6± 1.2) and (34.9±6.4) minutes after meal.Threshold value of drinking volume in the slow drinking test was positively correlated with the gastric sensing threshold (r=0.714,P＜0.01).Satiety drinking volume in the slow drinking test was correlated with gastric sensing threshold,gastric discomfort and pain thresholds (r=0.599,0.650 and 0.622,all P＜0.01).The proximal gastric adapted diastolic volume was related with slow satiety drinking volume,rapid satiety drinking volume,slow maximum drinking volume and rapid drinking volume (r＝0.543,0.636,0.527 and 0.493,all P＜0.05).Conclusions Threshold value of drinking volume and satiety drinking volume in the slow LNLT is more suitable for evaluating the sensitivity of stomach.Satiety drinking volume in the rapid LNLT is more suitable for the evaluating of gastric adapted diastolic function.

Imaging-Based Methods for Non-invasive Assessment of Bone Properties Influenced by Mechanical Loading.

PURPOSE: To describe the most common in vivo imaging-based research tools used to assess bone properties that are influenced by mechanical loading associated with exercise, habitual physical activity, or disease states. Bone is a complex metabolically active tissue that adapts to changes in mechanical loading by altering the amount and spatial organization of mineral. METHOD: Using a narrative review design, the authors provide an overview of bone biology and biomechanics to emphasize the importance of bone size scale, porosity, and degree of mineralization when interpreting measures acquired using quantitative ultrasound (QUS), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and finite element analysis (FEA). For each imaging modality, basic imaging principles, typical outcome measures associated with changes in mechanical loading, and salient features for physiotherapists are described. MAIN RESULTS: While each imaging modality has strengths and limitations, currently CT-based methods are best suited for determining the effects of mechanical loading on bone properties-particularly in the peripheral skeleton. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the imaging technology used, the physiotherapist must carefully consider the assumptions of the imaging-based method, the clinical context, the nature of the change in mechanical loading, and the expected time course for change in bone properties.Purpose: To describe the most common in vivo imaging-based research tools used to assess bone properties that are influenced by mechanical loading associated with exercise, habitual physical activity, or disease states. Bone is a complex metabolically active tissue that adapts to changes in mechanical loading by altering the amount and spatial organization of mineral. Method: Using a narrative review design, the authors provide an overview of bone biology and biomechanics to emphasize the importance of bone size scale, porosity, and degree of mineralization when interpreting measures acquired using quantitative ultrasound (QUS), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and finite element analysis (FEA). For each imaging modality, basic imaging principles, typical outcome measures associated with changes in mechanical loading, and salient features for physiotherapists are described. Main Results: While each imaging modality has strengths and limitations, currently CT-based methods are best suited for determining the effects of mechanical loading on bone properties­particularly in the peripheral skeleton. Conclusions: Regardless of the imaging technology used, the physiotherapist must carefully consider the assumptions of the imaging-based method, the clinical context, the nature of the change in mechanical loading, and the expected time course for change in bone properties.

RÉSUMÉ Objectif : Décrire les outils de recherche en imagerie in vivo les plus couramment utilisés pour l'évaluation des propriétés des os qui sont influencés par la charge mécanique associée à l'exercice, à l'activité physique habituelle ou aux problèmes de santé. Les os sont des tissus actifs complexes sur le plan métabolique, qui s'adaptent aux changements de la charge mécanique en modifiant la quantité et l'organisation spatiale des minéraux. Méthode : À l'aide d'un modèle de revue narrative, un aperçu de la biologie et de la biomécanique osseuse est produit en vue de mettre l'accent sur l'importance de l'échelle de la dimension des os, de la porosité et du degré de minéralisation au moment d'interpréter les mesures recueillies à l'aide d'ultrasons quantitatifs (QUS), d'absorptiométrie à rayons X biphotonique (DXA), de tomographie informatisée (CT), d'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) et d'analyse par éléments finis (FEA). Pour chaque modalité d'imagerie, les principes d'imagerie de base, les mesures typiques de résultats associés aux changements de charge mécanique et les caractéristiques principales pour les physiothérapeutes ont été décrits. Principaux résultats : Bien que chaque modalité d'imagerie ait ses forces et ses limites, les méthodes à base de tomographie informatisée sont les mieux adaptées pour déterminer les effets de la charge mécanique sur les propriétés osseuses ­ particulièrement dans le squelette périphérique. Conclusions : Sans égard à la technologie d'imagerie utilisée, le physiothérapeute doit analyser soigneusement les hypothèses de la méthode fondée sur l'imagerie, le contexte clinique, la nature du changement de charge mécanique et le délai attendu de changement des propriétés osseuses.