Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Its Association With Dental Caries Among Adolescents in Erbil, Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Sugar-sweetened beverages are one of the most common sources of added sugar in the diet and have been associated with an increased risk of dental caries, obesity, major chronic diseases, and possibly cancer. Dental caries is a diet-related, highly prevalent, and preventable oral disease. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and its association with dental caries in adolescents in Erbil, Iraq. Methods This is a cross-sectional study that invited 11- to 16-year-old intermediate school students (n=380) in Erbil, Iraq. Data collection comprised a validated questionnaire and a clinical examination. In addition, dietary data were collected by using two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls. The mean of the daily consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages over a two-day period was calculated. Dental caries was diagnosed based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and was reported as a decayed, missing, and filled permanent tooth (DMFT). A multiple regression model was used to assess the influence of sugar-sweetened beverages on dental caries experience (DMFT). SPSS version 26 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) was used to analyze the data at the 5% significance level. Results Of the 380 students interviewed, one participant was excluded because of incomplete data. The participant's mean age and standard deviation (SD) were 13.3±1.2. A total of 54.1% of the students were female. The mean daily intake of sugar-sweetened beverages was 686.71±197.50 mL per day. Male students consumed more beverages than female students (p<0.001). The most frequently consumed sugar-sweetened beverages were sweetened tea and coffee, and the least frequently consumed beverages were milk and dairy products. The mean decayed, missing, and filled permanent tooth (DMFT) was 94.58±2.73. Results of multiple regression analysis showed that caries experience (DMFT) was associated with insufficient toothbrushing (p<0.001), plaque-affected sextants (p=0.001), and male sex (p=0.016). The model also showed a significant association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and dental caries experience (DMFT) (regression coefficient=0.008, CI: 0.006-0.009, p<0.001). Conclusions Adolescents in Erbil, Iraq, consumed sugar-sweetened beverages on a frequent basis, and male students consumed more sugary beverages than females. The higher frequency of these beverage consumptions was associated with a higher dental caries experience. Consequently, reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption could have a significant positive public health impact.

Childhood adversity in a youth psychiatric population: prevalence and associated mental health problems.

Background: Childhood adversity can have lasting negative effects on physical and mental health. This study contributes to the existing literature by describing the prevalence rates and mental health outcomes related to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among adolescents registered for mental health care.Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study were youths (aged 12-18 years) who were referred to outpatient psychiatric departments in the Netherlands. Demographic information was collected from the medical records. The Child Trauma Screening Questionnaire (CTSQ) was used to examine the presence of ACEs and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). To assess mental health problems, we used the Dutch translation of the Youth Self Report. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were used to calculate prevalence rates across the various ACEs domains. ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to explore the relationship between ACEs and mental health.Results: Of the 1373 participants, 69.1% reported having experienced at least one ACE and 17.1% indicated exposure to four or more ACEs in their lives. Although there was substantial overlap among all ACE categories, the most frequently reported were bullying (49.2%), emotional abuse (17.8%), physical abuse (12.2%), and sexual abuse (10.1%). Female adolescents (72.7%) reported significantly more ACEs than their male counterparts (27.0%). Furthermore, a higher number of ACEs was associated with significantly more self-reported general mental health problems, an elevated prevalence of both mood and post-traumatic stress disorders, and a greater presence of two or more co-existing psychiatric diagnoses (comorbid psychiatric classification).Conclusions: This cross-sectional study on childhood adversity and its association with mental health showed that ACEs are highly prevalent in youth registered for mental health care. This study provides support for a graded and cumulative relationship between childhood adversity and mental health problems.

This study investigated the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and associated mental health problems among Dutch youth registered for mental health care. Almost seven out of ten patients reported having been exposed to childhood adversity, and two out of ten patients reported exposure to four or more adverse childhood experiences.The results indicated a significant association between exposure to childhood adversity and mental health problems.Analysis of the data showed a cumulative effect of adverse childhood experiences, meaning that patients who reported exposure to more childhood adversity also showed more severe internalizing and externalizing mental health problems, a significant increase in both posttraumatic stress disorder and mood disorder diagnoses, and a general increase in psychiatric comorbidities.

Associations between glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, oxidative stress markers, and cognitive capacity in adolescents who stutter.

In this study, we amid to evaluate the correlation between the change in the expressed levels of anti-GAD antibodies titers, oxidative stress markers, cytokines markers, and cognitive capacity in adolescents with mild stuttering. Eighty participants (60 male/20 female) with the age range of 10-18 years with moderate stutteringparticipated in this study. To assess the stuttering and cognitive function, stutteringseverity instrument (SSI-4; 4th edit.)and the LOTCA-7 scores assessment were applied respectively in all subjects. In addition, serum GAD antibodies, cytokines like TNF-α, CRP,and IL-6 withtotal antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide as oxidative stress markers were estimated using calorimetry and immunoassay techniques.The results showed that good cognitive capacity was reported in about 56.25 % of the study population (n = 45) with a 117.52 ± 6.3 mean LOTCA-7 score. However, abnormal cognitive function was identified in 43.75 % of the study population (n = 35); they were categorized into moderate (score 62-92, n = 35), and poor (score 31-62; n = 10). There were significant associations between cognitive capacity reported and all biomarkers. The expression of GAD antibodies is significantly associated with the degree of cognitive capacity among students with stuttering. Significant association with the reduction (P = 0.01) in LOTCA-7 score domains, particularly orientation, thinking operations, attention, and concentration among students with variable cognitive capacity compared to controls. In addition, the expressed higher GAD antibodies in students with moderate and poor cognitive capacity showed to be significantly correlated with both elevated concentrations of cytokines; TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6, and the reduction of TAC and nitric oxide (NO) respectively. This study concludes that abnormality of cognitive capacity showed to be associated with higher expression of GAD antibodies, cytokines, and oxidative stress in school students with moderate stuttering.

Recreio e adolescências: as práticas de lazer na escola / Recess and adolescences: leisure practices in school / Recreo y adolescencias: prácticas de ocio en la escuela

A presente pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, tem como objetivo investigar as experiências de adolescentes no recreio de uma escola pública de Ensino Fundamental, para compreender as condições, as relações sociais, as necessidades, os desejos e os sentidos atribuídos a esse tempo pelos sujeitos. A pesquisa envolveu um questionário e uma entrevista semiestruturada, e desvelou uma proposta da escola limitada a restrições de atividades e espaços, questionada e ressignificada pelos adolescentes, que reivindicam mudanças. Os achados, em diálogo com a literatura acadêmica, questionam o processo de constituição, planejamento e mediação do recreio escolar e o seu sentido na formação humana dos sujeitos (AU).

The present qualitative research aimed to investigate the experiences of adolescents during the recess time in a Brazilian public school, to understand the conditions, social relations, needs, desires and meanings attributed to that time by the subjects. The research involved an online questionnaire and a semi-structured interview and revealed a school proposal limited to restrictions on activities and spaces, which is questioned and re-signified by the adolescents, who demand changes. The findings, in dialogue with the academic literature, question the process of constitution, planning and mediation of school recess and its meaning in the education of the subjects (AU)

La presente investigación, de naturaleza cualitativa, tuvo como objetivo investigar las experiencias de adolescentes en el recreo de una escuela pública para comprender las condiciones, las relaciones sociales, las necesidades, los deseos y los significados atribuidos a ese momento por los sujetos. La investigación involucró un cuestionario y una entrevista semiestructurada, y reveló una propuesta escolar limitada a restricciones de actividades y espacios, que es cuestionada y resignificada por los adolescentes, que exigen cambios. Los hallazgos, en diálogo con la literatura académica, cuestionan el proceso de constitución, planificación y mediación del recreo escolar y su significado en la formación humana de los sujeto (AU).

The prevalence and risk factors of screen-based disordered eating among university students: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this review was to estimate the prevalence of screen-based disordered eating (SBDE) and several potential risk factors in university undergraduate students around the world. METHODS: An electronic search of nine data bases was conducted from the inception of the databases until 1st October 2021. Disordered eating was defined as the percentage of students scoring at or above established cut-offs on validated screening measures. Global data were also analyzed by country, research measure, and culture. Other confounders in this review were age, BMI, and sex. RESULTS: Using random-effects meta-analysis, the mean estimate of the distribution of effects for the prevalence of SBDE among university students (K = 105, N = 145,629) was [95% CI] = 19.7% [17.9%; 21.6%], I2 = 98.2%, Cochran's Q p value = 0.001. Bayesian meta-analysis produced an estimate of 0.24, 95% credible intervals [0.20, 0.30], τ = 92%. Whether the country in which the students were studying was Western or non-Western did not moderate these effects, but as either the mean BMI of the sample or the percentage of the sample that was female increased, the prevalence of SBDE increased. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support previous studies indicating that many undergraduate students are struggling with disordered eating or a diagnosable eating disorder, but are neither receiver effective prevention nor accessing accurate diagnosis and available treatment. It is particularly important to develop ever more valid ways of identifying students with high levels of disordered eating and offering them original or culturally appropriate and effective prevention or early treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I, systematic review and meta-analysis.

Clinical Incidence and Characteristics of Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Nationwide Registry Study of 34 Medical Centers.

Objective: To investigate the clinical incidence and characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) of children and adolescents at the time of initial diagnosis in China. Methods: Data on all pediatric patients with newly diagnosed T1DM were retrospectively collected from 34 medical centers in 25 major cities in China from January 2015 to January 2020. Patients were classified into three age groups: <5 years, 5 to <10 years, and ≥10 years of age. The same patient population was also categorized into diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and non-DKA groups based on clinical criteria. Results: The mean annual clinical incidence of T1DM was 3.16/100,000 from the years 2015 to 2019. A total of 6,544 patients with newly diagnosed T1DM aged 0-16 years (median 7.84 ± 3.8) were studied [ages <5 years (29.3%), 5 to <10 years (38.7%), and ≥10 years (32%)], 52.4% of them were women. In total, 90.5% of the cases were occurred in individuals without a family history. Patients had lower C-peptide (CP) and body mass index (BMI) z scores when compared with healthy children, 41.8% of them had measurable T1DM-related antibodies and 52.7% had DKA. Among all three age groups, the <5 years group had the lowest BMI z score, CP, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) on average, while it had the highest incidence rate of DKA (56.9%). Compared to the non-DKA group, the DKA group was significantly younger, with a lower BMI z score and CP, higher antibody positive rate, HbA1c, and the rate of insulin pump therapy. Conclusion: The clinical incidence of T1DM in children and adolescents in China was 3.16/100,000. Patients with DKA at the first diagnosis of T1DM have a worse ß-cell function. Public health measures for the prevention and treatment of T1DM should focus on preschoolers (aged <5 years) in particular, considering the severity and the highest frequency of DKA in this age group. More efforts should be dedicated to early screening and diagnosis of the T1DM.

A systematic review of population-based gingival health studies among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is close to 1% in the United States of America and other countries. Special attention should be given to oral health in individuals with ASD as they are often affected by oral diseases. However, gingival health in children with ASD and adolescents is controversial in terms of the severity of disease and number of people affected. AIM: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the gingival health status of children and adolescents with ASD. METHODS: The search was conducted using eight databases for articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This search produced 742 relevant papers, but only five with sufficient data on gingival and plaque indices were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. RESULTS: The homogeneity of the sample was tested using the Cohen Q test, which identified significant heterogeneity (P < 0.0001), indicating the use of the random effect's standard mean difference. Significantly higher gingival index and plaque index values were found in children and adolescents with ASD than in children without ASD. CONCLUSION: Individuals with ASD need help and better access to oral healthcare. Further investigation is needed with regard to gingival health in individuals with ASD and caries risk assessment to understand how this disorder affects oral health. A standardized index for gingival health will help in the inclusion of more studies to assess gingival health in children and adolescents with ASD.

Identifying adolescents with hoarding disorder.

Hoarding disorder is a relatively new diagnosis in the DSM-5, only just included in the most recent edition. The disorder has piqued the interest of many in the community, in part because of the hit TV show called "Hoarders." Although there is interest, there continues to be relatively few research studies into the causes, treatment, and management of this disorder specifically in adolescences. Yet, in the research that has been published, it often sites the disorder first appearing in adolescents. This paper will discuss the following elements of adolescent hoarding disorder: The potential etiology and risk factors noted in the literature, the DSM-5 criteria for the diagnosis of hoarding disorder, and the characteristic signs and symptoms found in the adolescent presentation, as well as treatment. Finally, it will also include recommendations for healthcare professionals for early screening and treatment.

Links between screen use and depressive symptoms in adolescents over 16 years: Is there evidence for increased harm?

Recent scholarship has been divided on whether an observed increase in suicides in the United States among teenagers and preteens (12-18) can be attributed to an increased use in social screen media beginning in 2009. If these concerns are accurate effect sizes for the relationship between screen use and suicide should increase over the 16 years since 2001. The current study used the Florida Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (n = 45,992) from 2001 to 2017, to track effect sizes for screen/depression correlations, controlling for age and gender. A second dataset from the UK Understanding Society dataset (ns for each wave ranged between 3,536 and 4,850) was used to study associations between time spent on social media and emotional problems. Metaregression was be used to examine whether effect sizes increase across time. Results generally did not support the hypothesis that effect sizes between screen and social media use are increasing over time. Aside from the trends over time, for any given year, most effect sizes were below the r = .10 threshold used for interpretation with the exception of computer use which was just at that threshold. It is concluded that screens and social media use are unlikely to bear major responsibility for youth suicide trends. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76S7cxiaU88.

[Disease burden on falls among 0-19 years old population in China, in 1990 and 2017].

Objective: To analyze and compare the disease burden of falls in Chinese population aged 0-19, in 1990 and 2017. Methods: Indicators including number of deaths, mortality rates, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted of life years (DALY), on falls, were gathered from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 and used to describe the disease burden and corresponding parameters on falls, between 1990 and 2017, in China. Results: In 2017, number of death, YLLs, YLDs, DALYs caused by falls were 5 321, 0.43 million person years, 0.14 million person years and 0.57 million person years respectively, among aged 0-19 group. Rates on standardized mortality, YLLs, YLDs and DALYs on falls were 1.76/100 000, 141.49/100 000, 46.99/100 000, and 188.48/100 000, respectively. The burden of falls decreased with the increase of age. Compared with 1990, disease burden of falls decreased in all age groups, both in male and female, with more seen in the lower age groups. Compared with 1990, the number of deaths, rates on YLLs, YLDs and DALYs caused by falls decreased by 65.08%, 46.63%, 47.38% and 36.33% respectively, in 2017. However, the YLDs rate increased by 73.31% between 1990 and 2017. The ratio of YLLs to DALYs decreased from 90.84% in 1990 to 75.07% in 2017, with a proportion as 17.36%. Conclusion: Compared with 1990, although the disease burden of falls among aged 0-19 group showed a decreasing trend, falls still caused serious disease burden for the aged 0-19 group. Research that targeting prevention on falls, should be continued.

The prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian children and adolescences and its association with age, socioeconomic status, dietary habits and other risk factors. A cross-sectional study.

Background: Dental caries is a chronic, multifactorial disease, with limited data available for the Egyptian population. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian children and adolescents in correlation with age, gender, body mass index, socioeconomic status, parental education, biological risk factors and dietary habits. Methods: A total number of 369 Egyptian children and adolescents (age ranges from 3-18 years) were examined over the period from 15 th November 2017 to 13 th January 2018. Socio-demographic data, oral hygiene measures and dietary habits for children were recorded. Dental status was analyzed using decayed, missing and filled tooth index (dmft) for deciduous dentition and (DMFT) index for permanent dentition. For mixed dentition (deft) index was used, d (decayed tooth indicated for filling), e (decayed tooth indicated for extraction) and f (filled tooth). Results: 74% of the children had dental caries with mean dmft: 3.23±4.07; deft: 4.21±3.21; DMFT: 1.04±1.56. In primary dentition, dmft of the children was positively correlated with age, beans, candies, crackers, chocolates and inversely correlated with gender, socio-economic status (SES), parental education, brushing frequency of the parent, brushing frequency of the parent to the child teeth, brushing frequency of the child and consumption of eggs, fruits/vegetables, milk and milk products. In mixed dentition, deft was positively correlated with candies, crackers, citric juices, while negatively correlated with age, SES, parental education, brushing frequency of the parent to the child, brushing frequency of the child, fruits/vegetables. In permanent dentition, DMFT in children was positively correlated with age and chocolates while not correlated with any of the remaining risk factors. Conclusion: The present study clarifies the significant risk factors associated with dental caries amongst Egyptian children. This will help in planning strategies to prevent and treat such disease.

Trajetórias e narrativas de adolescentes envolvidos com a criminalidade: os objetos e suas formas de aproximação em transdisciplinaridade / Trajectories and narratives from adolescents involved in criminality: objects and approaching procedures in transdisciplinarity / Trayectorias y narrativas de adolescentes involucrados con la criminalidad: los objetos y sus formas de aproximación en transdisciplinariedad

Este trabalho tem por objetivo mapear alguns dos conceitos que servem de fundamentação teórica para a pesquisa Curso de vida e trajetória delinquencial: um estudo exploratório dos eventos e narrativas de jovens em situação de vulnerabilidade (IEAT/UFMG). Partimos de uma breve conceituação dos objetos da pesquisa, a saber, adolescências, violência e criminalidade, para então chegarmos às formas de apreensão escolhidas, tendo como referência os campos da psicanálise, a partir da noção de narrativas, e o da sociologia, a partir da trajetória. Por fim, realizamos uma breve consideração acerca do desafio epistemológico de se construir tais conceitos em uma abordagem transdisciplinar.

This work aims to explore some of the concepts that establish the theoretical foundation for the research "Life course and criminal trajectory: an exploratory study of events and narratives of socially vulnerable adolescents" (IEAT/UFMG). We start from a short description of our research objects, namely, adolescence, violence and criminality so as to reach the chosen approaching methods (narrative and trajectory) having as reference the field of psychoanalysis, based on the idea of narratives and sociology, based on the idea of trajectory. At last, we state brief comments on the epistemological challenge of developing these concepts through a transdisciplinary perspective.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo mapear algunos de los conceptos que sirven de fundamentación teórica para la investigación "Curso de vida y trayectoria delincuencial: un estudio exploratorio de los eventos y narrativas de jóvenes en situación de vulnerabilidad" (IEAT/UFMG). Partimos de la breve conceptualización de los objetos de la investigación, a saber, adolescencias, violencia y criminalidad, para entonces llegar a las respectivas formas de aprehensión escogidas, teniendo como referencia los campos del psicoanálisis, a partir de la noción de narrativas, y el de la sociología a partir de la trayectoria. Por último, realizamos una breve consideración acerca del desafío epistemológico de construir tales conceptos en un enfoque transdisciplinario.

Disease burden on falls among 0-19 years old population in China, in 1990 and 2017 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To analyze and compare the disease burden of falls in Chinese population aged 0-19, in 1990 and 2017.@*Methods@#Indicators including number of deaths, mortality rates, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted of life years (DALY), on falls, were gathered from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 and used to describe the disease burden and corresponding parameters on falls, between 1990 and 2017, in China.@*Results@#In 2017, number of death, YLLs, YLDs, DALYs caused by falls were 5 321, 0.43 million person years, 0.14 million person years and 0.57 million person years respectively, among aged 0-19 group. Rates on standardized mortality, YLLs, YLDs and DALYs on falls were 1.76/100 000, 141.49/100 000, 46.99/100 000, and 188.48/100 000, respectively. The burden of falls decreased with the increase of age. Compared with 1990, disease burden of falls decreased in all age groups, both in male and female, with more seen in the lower age groups. Compared with 1990, the number of deaths, rates on YLLs, YLDs and DALYs caused by falls decreased by 65.08%, 46.63%, 47.38% and 36.33% respectively, in 2017. However, the YLDs rate increased by 73.31% between 1990 and 2017. The ratio of YLLs to DALYs decreased from 90.84% in 1990 to 75.07% in 2017, with a proportion as 17.36%.@*Conclusion@#Compared with 1990, although the disease burden of falls among aged 0-19 group showed a decreasing trend, falls still caused serious disease burden for the aged 0-19 group. Research that targeting prevention on falls, should be continued.

Effect of childhood BMI on asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a multifactorial syndrome that threatens the health of children. Body mass index (BMI) might be one of the potential factors but the evidence is controversial. The aim of this study is to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis to investigate the association between asthma and BMI. METHODS: Electronic databases including, Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, up to April 2017, were searched by two researchers independently. The keywords "asthma, body mass index, obesity, overweight, childhood and adolescence" were used. Random and fixed effects models were applied to obtain the overall odds ratios (ORs) and standardized mean difference (SMD). Heterogeneity between the studies was examined using I2 and Cochrane Q statistics. RESULTS: After reviewing 2511 articles, 16 studies were eligible for meta-analysis according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. A meta-analysis from 11 case-control studies revealed OR of asthma and overweight as OR = 1.64; (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.13-2.38) and from 14 case-control studies, OR for asthma and obesity was OR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.39-2.65), which indicated that risk of asthma in overweight and obese children and adolescence was significantly higher (1.64 and 1.92 times) than that of individuals with (p-value < 0.01 for underweight/normal weight in both cases). Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between asthma and BMI > 85 percentile according to SMD SMD = 0.21; (95%CI: 0.03-0.38; p-value = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed a significant relationship between BMI (obesity/overweight) and asthma among children and adolescents. It is important to study the confounding factors that affect the relationship between asthma and BMI in future epidemiological researches.

Serviço de Acolhimento Institucional para Crianças e Adolescentes: feedback effects, inflexões e desafios atuais / Servicio de Acogimiento Institucional para Niños y Adolescentes: efectos de retroalimentación, inflexiones y retos actuales / Home services for children and adolescents: feedback effects, reflections, and current challenges

Resumo O objetivo do estudo é investigar, da perspectiva do institucionalismo histórico, a evolução histórica e a configuração atual do Serviço de Acolhimento Institucional para Crianças e Adolescentes em situação de risco. Argumenta-se que decisões prévias, por favorecerem o desenvolvimento de certas capacidades estatais em detrimento de outras, influenciam decisões correntes, explicando a dificuldade de mudança no curso das políticas. A análise mostra que escolhas feitas na Era Vargas prejudicaram a implementação de inovações do Código de Menores de 1979 e do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), de 1990, até meados da década de 2000, quando a burocracia estatal na área da assistência foi fortalecida. A empiria utilizada são os dados do Censo Suas 2014 e as normativas que têm estruturado, desde o início do século XX, as políticas de assistência social e de atenção à criança e ao adolescente.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio es investigar, de la perspectiva del institucionalismo histórico, el desarrollo histórico y la configuración actual del Servicio de Acogimiento Institucional para los Niños y Adolescentes en situación de riesgo. Se argumenta que, al favorecer el desarrollo de ciertas habilidades a expensas de la otra, las decisiones anteriores influyen en las decisiones actuales, lo que explica la dificultad de cambio en el curso de la política. El análisis muestra que las decisiones tomadas en el estado Vargas minaron la aplicación de las innovaciones establecidas por el Código de Menores de 1979 y el Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), de 1990, hasta mediados de 2000, cuando se fortalece la burocracia estatal de asistencia social. El empírica utilizada son los registros del Censo Suas 2014 y las normas que se estructuran a partir de principios del siglo XX, las políticas de asistencia social y la atención a los niños y adolescentes.

Abstract The objective of the study is to investigate, through a historical and institutional perspective, the historical development and current configuration of the Institutional Care Service for Children and Adolescents at risk. It is argued that, by favoring the development of certain skills at the expense of others, previous decisions have influenced current decisions, explaining the difficulty of changing the course of policy. The analysis shows that choices made in the Vargas Era undermined the implementation of innovations established by the Código de 1979 and the Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) (1990) up until the mid-2000s when the bureaucracy of state social assistance was strengthened. The empirical data used are found in the Censo Suas 2014 and the regulations that, from the early twentieth century, have been structured in child and adolescent social assistance policies.

Associations among sugar sweetened beverage intake, visceral fat, and cortisol awakening response in minority youth.

CONTEXT: Abdominal adiposity has long been associated with excess caloric intake possibly resulting from increased psychosocial stress and associated cortisol dysfunction. However, the relationship of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake specifically with cortisol variability and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships between SSB intake, VAT, and cortisol response in minority youth. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: The University of Southern California. PARTICIPANTS: 60 overweight/obese Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adolescents ages 14-18years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: VAT via Magnet Resonance Imaging (MRI), cortisol awakening response (CAR) via multiple salivary samples, and SSB intake via multiple 24-hour diet recalls. SSB intake was divided into the following: low SSB consumers (<1 servings per day), medium SSB consumers (≥1-<2 servings per day), high SSB consumers (≥2 servings per day). Analysis of covariance were run with VAT and CAR as dependent variables and SSB intake categories (independent variable) with the following a priori covariates: sex, Tanner stage, ethnicity, caloric intake, and body mass index. RESULTS: The high SSB intake group exhibited a 7% higher VAT compared to the low SSB intake group (ß=0.25, CI:(0.03, 0.33), p=0.02). CAR was associated with VAT (ß=0.31, CI:(0.01,0.23), p=0.02). The high SSB intake group exhibited 22% higher CAR compared to the low SSB intake group (ß=0.30, CI:(0.02,0.48), p=0.04). CONCLUSION: This is the first study exploring the relationship between SSB, VAT, and CAR. SSB consumption appears to be independently associated greater abdominal adiposity and higher morning cortisol variability in overweight and obese minority youth. This study highlights potential targets for interventions specifically to reduce SSB intake in a minority youth population.

Como se define a autonomia? O perfil discriminante em adolescentes gaúchos / How you define autonomy? A discriminant profile in gaucho (brazilian) teenagers / ¿Como se define la autonomía? El perfil discriminante en adolescentes gaúchos

A autonomia é uma habilidade relacional que se desenvolve durante toda a vida. Mas é na adolescência que essa capacidade é vista como uma tarefa desenvolvimental e socialmente esperada para a transição para vida adulta. Estudos demonstram que a autonomia adolescente é influenciada por variáveis individuais, contextuais e familiares. Mas como essas variáveis diferenciam maiores e menores níveis de autonomia em jovens? Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi o de construiu um perfil discriminante para compreender Altos e Baixos níveis de autonomia em 375 adolescentes gaúchos. Foram incluídas variáveis contextuais, valores parentais, estilos educativos e a legitimidade da autoridade parental. A amostra era composta, em sua maioria, de meninas (66%), alunas de escolas públicas (51%), de 14 a 18 anos, moradoras da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (78%), vindas de famílias intactas (73%). Obteve-se uma função discriminante entre altos e baixos níveis de autonomia, agrupando significativamente a idade, variáveis indicadoras de um bom relacionamento parental, o valor "autonomia" e o selfrelacional na família a favor do grupo de maior autonomia. Maior obediência e o valor "família" foram agrupados em favor do grupo de menor autonomia. Os resultados corroboram a multifluência desse construto e a relevância do relacionamento parental para seu desenvolvimento. Reflexões sobre o papel da família no desenvolvimento saudável da autonomia foram discutidas...

Autonomy is a relational skill that is developed throughout life. But it's during adolescence that this ability is seen as a developmental task as well as socially expected as part of the transition to adulthood. Studies show that adolescent's autonomy is influenced by individual, contextual and family variables. But how these variables differ higher and lower levels of autonomy in youth? The objective of this study was to build a discriminant profile to understand High and Low levels of autonomy in 375 teenagers from Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. Contextual variables, parental values, parenting styles and the legitimacy of parental authority were included. The sample was mostly composed by girls (66%), students from public schools (51%), from 14 to 18 years old, residents of Porto Alegre's metropolitan region (78%), and from intact families (73%). A discriminant function was obtained between higher and lower levels of autonomy, significantly grouping age, variables indicating a good parental relationship, the value "autonomy" and the relational self in the family in favor of the group with higher levels of autonomy. Higher levels of obedience and the value "family" were grouped to distinguish the group with lower levels of autonomy. The results corroborate the multinfluence of this construct and the relevance of the parental relationship for its development. Reflections on the role of the family on the healthy development of autonomy were discussed...

La autonomía es una habilidad relacional que se desarrolla durante toda la vida. Sin embargo, es durante la adolescencia que esta capacidad se ve como una tarea de desarrollo y socialmente esperado para la transición a la edad adulta. Los estudios demuestran que la autonomía de los adolescentes está influenciada por características individuales, además de las variables familiares y contextuales. Pero, ¿el cuánto tales variables son responsables por diferenciar los niveles más altos y más bajos de la autonomía en los jóvenes? El objetivo de este estudio fue describir perfiles que discriminan altos y bajos niveles de autonomía de 375 adolescentes gauchos. Se incluyeron las variables contextuales, los valores paternos, estilos educativos y la legitimidad de la autoridad parental. La muestra se compone sobre todo de las niñas (66%), estudiantes de escuelas públicas (51%), entre 14 e 18 años, que viven en la región metropolitana de Porto Alegre (78%), de familias intactas (73%). Se obtuvo una función discriminante entre los niveles altos y bajos de la autonomía. El perfil de más alto nivel de autonomía se ha discriminado significativamente a partir de las variables edad, las que indicaban buena relación con los padres, el valor familiar de "autonomía" y el self relacional. Valores de "obediencia" y "familia" se agruparon en favor del grupo de menos autonomía. Los resultados corroboran la multinfluencia del constructo y la importancia de la relación con los padres para su desarrollo. Se discutieron reflexiones sobre el papel de la familia en el desarrollo de la autonomía...

Como se define a autonomia? O perfil discriminante em adolescentes gaúchos / How you define autonomy? A discriminant profile in gaucho (brazilian) teenagers / ¿Como se define la autonomía? El perfil discriminante en adolescentes gaúchos

A autonomia é uma habilidade relacional que se desenvolve durante toda a vida. Mas é na adolescência que essa capacidade é vista como uma tarefa desenvolvimental e socialmente esperada para a transição para vida adulta. Estudos demonstram que a autonomia adolescente é influenciada por variáveis individuais, contextuais e familiares. Mas como essas variáveis diferenciam maiores e menores níveis de autonomia em jovens? Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi o de construiu um perfil discriminante para compreender Altos e Baixos níveis de autonomia em 375 adolescentes gaúchos. Foram incluídas variáveis contextuais, valores parentais, estilos educativos e a legitimidade da autoridade parental. A amostra era composta, em sua maioria, de meninas (66%), alunas de escolas públicas (51%), de 14 a 18 anos, moradoras da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (78%), vindas de famílias intactas (73%). Obteve-se uma função discriminante entre altos e baixos níveis de autonomia, agrupando significativamente a idade, variáveis indicadoras de um bom relacionamento parental, o valor "autonomia" e o selfrelacional na família a favor do grupo de maior autonomia. Maior obediência e o valor "família" foram agrupados em favor do grupo de menor autonomia. Os resultados corroboram a multifluência desse construto e a relevância do relacionamento parental para seu desenvolvimento. Reflexões sobre o papel da família no desenvolvimento saudável da autonomia foram discutidas.(AU).

Autonomy is a relational skill that is developed throughout life. But it's during adolescence that this ability is seen as a developmental task as well as socially expected as part of the transition to adulthood. Studies show that adolescent's autonomy is influenced by individual, contextual and family variables. But how these variables differ higher and lower levels of autonomy in youth? The objective of this study was to build a discriminant profile to understand High and Low levels of autonomy in 375 teenagers from Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. Contextual variables, parental values, parenting styles and the legitimacy of parental authority were included. The sample was mostly composed by girls (66%), students from public schools (51%), from 14 to 18 years old, residents of Porto Alegre's metropolitan region (78%), and from intact families (73%). A discriminant function was obtained between higher and lower levels of autonomy, significantly grouping age, variables indicating a good parental relationship, the value "autonomy" and the relational self in the family in favor of the group with higher levels of autonomy. Higher levels of obedience and the value "family" were grouped to distinguish the group with lower levels of autonomy. The results corroborate the multinfluence of this construct and the relevance of the parental relationship for its development. Reflections on the role of the family on the healthy development of autonomy were discussed.(AU).

La autonomía es una habilidad relacional que se desarrolla durante toda la vida. Sin embargo, es durante la adolescencia que esta capacidad se ve como una tarea de desarrollo y socialmente esperado para la transición a la edad adulta. Los estudios demuestran que la autonomía de los adolescentes está influenciada por características individuales, además de las variables familiares y contextuales. Pero, ¿el cuánto tales variables son responsables por diferenciar los niveles más altos y más bajos de la autonomía en los jóvenes? El objetivo de este estudio fue describir perfiles que discriminan altos y bajos niveles de autonomía de 375 adolescentes gauchos. Se incluyeron las variables contextuales, los valores paternos, estilos educativos y la legitimidad de la autoridad parental. La muestra se compone sobre todo de las niñas (66%), estudiantes de escuelas públicas (51%), entre 14 e 18 años, que viven en la región metropolitana de Porto Alegre (78%), de familias intactas (73%). Se obtuvo una función discriminante entre los niveles altos y bajos de la autonomía. El perfil de más alto nivel de autonomía se ha discriminado significativamente a partir de las variables edad, las que indicaban buena relación con los padres, el valor familiar de "autonomía" y el self relacional. Valores de "obediencia" y "familia" se agruparon en favor del grupo de menos autonomía. Los resultados corroboran la multinfluencia del constructo y la importancia de la relación con los padres para su desarrollo. Se discutieron reflexiones sobre el papel de la familia en el desarrollo de la autonomía.(AU).

Short and long term neuro-behavioral alterations in type 1 diabetes mellitus pediatric population.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions affecting individuals under the age of 18 years, with increasing incidence worldwide, especially among very young age groups, younger than 5. There is still no cure for the disease, and therapeutic goals and guidelines are a challenge. Currently, despite T1DM intensive management and technological interventions in therapy, the majority of pediatric patients do not achieve glycemic control goals. This leads to a potential prognosis of long term diabetic complications, nephrological, cardiac, ophthalmological and neurological. Unfortunately, the neurological manifestations, including neurocognitive and behavioral complications, may present soon after disease onset, during childhood and adolescence. These manifestations may be prominent, but at times subtle, thus they are often not reported by patients or physicians as related to the diabetes. Furthermore, the metabolic mechanism for such manifestations has been inconsistent and difficult to interpret in practical clinical care, as reported in several reviews on the topic of brain and T1DM. However, new technological methods for brain assessment, as well as the introduction of continuous glucose monitoring, provide new insights and information regarding brain related manifestations and glycemic variability and control parameters, which may impact the clinical care of children and youth with T1DM. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the most recently reported behavioral, cognitive domains, sleep related, electrophysiological, and structural alterations in children and adolescences from a novel point of view. The review focuses on reported impairments based on duration of T1DM, its timeline, and modifiable disease related risk parameters. These findings are not without controversy, and limitations of data are presented in addition to recommendations for future research direction.