Asociación entre los estilos de crianza y el rol de los adolescentes peruanos en el acoso escolar, 2019 / Association between parenting styles and the role of Peruvian adolescents in bullying, 2019 / Associação entre estilos parentais e o papel de adolescentes peruanos no bullying, 2019

Introducción. Los estilos de crianza determinan la conducta infantil; sin embargo, existe escasa información sobre su repercusión en el acoso escolar. Objetivo: Determinar la fuerza de asociación entre las diferentes tipologías de los estilos de crianza y el rol asumido en el acoso escolar, así como identificar perfiles de los adolescentes según su involucramiento en el acoso escolar. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal tipo analítico, realizado en Lima-Perú, en el año 2019. Se aplicó la escala de estilos de crianza de Steinberg y la escala EBIP-Q a 563 escolares de escuelas públicas. Los puntajes fueron obtenidos mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se empleó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, Chi Cuadrado de Pearson y análisis de regresión logística multinomial. Resultados. Existe asociación entre los estilos de crianza y el rol del adolescente en el acoso escolar. El análisis multivariado reportó que ser hombres se asocia con el rol de agresor (OR = 2,73); mientras que acceder a una red social (OR = 2,23), ser hombre (OR = 1,75), los estilos de crianza (negligente [OR = 2,72] y mixto [OR = 0,38] en comparación con autoritario) fueron predictores de asumir el rol de agresor victimizado en el acoso escolar. Discusión. La asociación encontrada en el estudio confirma hallazgos previos; sin embargo, se abre debate sobre la influencia del estilo de crianza negligente en la dinámica del acoso escolar. Conclusión. Tanto el estilo de crianza negligente y autoritario (menor proporción) tienen un efecto positivo y significativo en el rol de agresor victimizado.

Introduction: Parenting styles determine child behavior; however, there is little information on their impact on bullying. Objective: To determine the association between different parenting styles and the role assumed in bullying, as well as to identify adolescents' profiles according to their involvement in bullying. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in Lima, Peru, in 2019. The Steinberg's Parenting Styles Scale and the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIP-Q) were administered to 563 students from public schools. Scores were obtained by confirmatory factor analysis. Spearman's correlation coefficient, Pearson's Chi-square test, and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used. Results: There is an association between parenting styles and adolescents' role in bullying. The multivariate analysis reported that being male was associated with the role of the bully (OR: 2.73; 95% CI 1.59­4.68), while access to social media (OR: 2.23; CI 95% 1.11­4.49), being male (OR: 1.75; CI=1.06­2.88), and parenting styles (neglectful [OR: 2.72; 95% CI 1.32­5.59] and mixed [OR: 0.38; 95% CI 0.16­0.91] compared to authoritarian parenting style) were predictors of the role of the victimized bully. Discussion: The association found in the study confirms previous findings; however, it opens the debate on the influence of neglectful parenting style on bullying dynamics. Conclusions: Both neglectful and authoritarian parenting styles (lower proportion) have a positive and significant effect on the role of victimized bully.

Introdução: Os estilos parentais determinam o comportamento das crianças; no entanto, há pouca informação sobre o seu impacto no bullying. Objetivo: Determinar a força da associação entre os diferentes estilos parentais e o papel assumido no bullying; bem como identificar perfis de adolescentes de acordo com seu envolvimento no bullying. Materiais e métodos: Estudo analítico transversal realizado em Lima-Peru em 2019. A escala de estilos parentais de Steinberg e a escala EBIP-Q foram aplicadas a 563 alunos de escolas públicas. Os escores foram obtidos por meio de uma análise fatorial confirmatória. Foram utilizados o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, o Qui-Quadrado de Pearson e a análise de regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: Existe associação entre os estilos parentais e o papel do adolescente no bullying. A análise multivariada relatou que ser do sexo masculino está associado ao papel de agressor (OR: 2,73; IC 95% 1,59-4,68); ao acessar uma rede social (OR: 2,23; IC 95% 1,11-4,49), ser do sexo masculino (OR: 1,75; IC=1,06-2,88), estilos parentais (negligente [OR: 2,72; IC 95% 1,32-5,59] e misto [OR: 0,38; IC 95% 0,16-0,91] comparado ao autoritário) foram preditores de assumir o papel de agressor vitimizado no bullying. Discussão: A associação encontrada no estudo confirma achados anteriores; no entanto, abre-se um debate sobre a influência do estilo parental negligente na dinâmica do bullying. Conclusão: Tanto o estilo parental negligente quanto o autoritário (menor proporção) têm efeito positivo e significativo no papel do agressor vitimizado.

Does Friend Support Matter? The Association between Gender Role Attitudes and School Bullying among Male Adolescents in China.

This study investigated the association between gender role attitudes, perceived friend support, and school bullying among male adolescents from 11 schools in two cities in China. A total of 3172 Chinese adolescents between 12 and 20 years of age (48.80% girls and 51.20% boys) completed questionnaires that included measures of bullying, gender role attitudes, and perceived social support. In terms of outcome measures, the Chinese version of the Illinois Bully Scale (IBS), Attitudes toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were used to assess bullying perpetration, gender role attitudes, and perceived friend support, respectively. Based on masculinity theories and the stress-buffering theory, the study found that male adolescents held more traditional gender role attitudes (t = 30.78, p < 0.001) and reported higher prevalence of bullying behaviors (36.02%) than girls (31.20%). In addition, boys' bullying behaviors were significantly predicted by gender role attitudes through perceived friend support. That is, male youth with more conservative gender role attitudes reported less perceived friend support (adjusted OR = 1.055; SE = 0.013), which elevated their risks of bullying perpetration (adjusted OR = 2.082; SE = 0.302). These findings have critical implications for bullying intervention and prevention through gender equity education.

Association of bullying behaviour with smoking, alcohol use and drug use among school students in Erbil City, Iraq.

BACKGROUND: Substance use and bullying are prevalent among adolescents and have a wide range of adverse outcomes. The association of bullying with substance use has not been examined in Kurdistan and Iraq, which have suffered from the effects of long-term conflict and economic hardship. AIMS: To examine the association between each form of bullying among adolescents and substance use. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of public schools in Erbil City, Iraq in 2017. The study involved 1070 adolescents selected from 35 schools using a multistage cluster sampling method. A self-reported close-ended questionnaire was used for data collection. Male and female students attending grades 7-12 and aged 13-18 years were included. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of bullying behaviour was 60.0%; 30.8% were victims, 26.2% were bully-victims, and 3.0% were bullies. There was a significant association between different forms and categories of bullying and substance use. The strongest association was with the students involved in sexual bullying, followed by racial and cyber bullying. The strongest association between bullying and substance use was found in the bully-victim category, followed by victims and bullies. CONCLUSIONS: Substance use and bullying behaviour seem to be widespread problems among adolescents in Erbil schools. Substance use is significantly associated with different categories of bullying behaviour. There is a need for effective school-based preventive interventions to tackle these problems. Future research needs to examine the likely direction of the association between bullying and substance use.

Repeated, Intermittent Social Defeat across the Entire Juvenile Period Resulted in Behavioral, Physiological, Hormonal, Immunological, and Neurochemical Alterations in Young Adult Male Golden Hamsters.

The developing brain is vulnerable to social defeat during the juvenile period. As complements of human studies, animal models of social defeat provide a straightforward approach to investigating the functional and neurobiological consequences of social defeats. Taking advantage of agonist behavior and social defeat in male golden hamster, a set of 6 experiments was conducted to investigate the consequences at multiple levels in young adulthood resulting from repeated, intermittent social defeats or "social threats" across the entire juvenile period. Male hamsters at postnatal day 28 (P28) were randomly assigned to either the social defeat, "social threat", or arena control group, and they correspondingly received a series of nine social interaction trials (i.e., either social defeat, "social threat", or arena control conditions) from P33 to P66. At the behavioral level (Experiment 1), we found that repeated social defeats (but not "social threats") significantly impacted locomotor activity in the familiar context and social interaction in the familiar/unfamiliar social contexts. At the physiological and hormonal levels (Experiments 2 and 3), repeated social defeat significantly enhanced the cortisol and norepinephrine concentrations in blood. Enlargement of the spleen was also found in the social defeat and "social threat" groups. At the immunological level (Experiment 4), the social defeat group showed lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus and hippocampus but higher concentration of IL-6 in the striatum compared to the other two groups. At the neurochemical level (Experiment 5), the socially defeated hamsters mainly displayed reductions of dopamine, dopamine metabolites, and 5-HT levels in the striatum and decreased level of 5-HT in the hippocampus. In Experiment 6, an increase in the spine density of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons was specifically observed in the "social threat" group. Collectively, our findings indicate that repeated, intermittent social defeats throughout entire adolescence in hamsters impact their adult responses at multiple levels. Our results also suggest that the "social threat" group may serve as an appropriate control. This study further suggest that the alterations of behavioral responses and neurobiological functions in the body and brain might provide potential markers to measure the negative consequences of chronic social defeats.

Efficacy of the Short Form of Mentalization Improvement Program for Adolescent (MIPAdo) for Enhancement of Mental Health in School Children

OBJECTIVES: We developed the short form of the Mentalization Improvement Program for Adolescent-Community Model (MIPAdo-CM-S), based on the concept of the mentalization. METHODS: The MIPAdo-CM was composed of 6 sessions and was applied to 133 students in the 1st grade of a middle school for six weeks during their regular school hours. After 6 weeks, we compared the endpoint changes of Adolescent Mental Problem Questionnaire-Revised (AMPQ-R), Emotional Empathy Test, Peer Aggression Scale, Peer Bullying Scale, School Adjustment Scale, Test Anxiety Inventory and Visual Analogue Scale between the subject and the control group. RESULTS: On the Visual Analoge Scale, students in the trial classes reported an increased understanding and respect for others, as well as themselves. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of MIPAdo-CM was subjective improvement of understanding and respect for both others and themselves. To prove objective usefulness of this program, further studies should be administered in the form of long-term, regular and structured courses.