Strabismus is more than a misalignment; a cross-sectional pilot study of HRQOL in Finnish strabismic adults referred to a university hospital.

PURPOSE: To evaluate associations between the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and demographic, self-reported strabismus-related and orthoptic status variables in Finnish strabismic adults. METHODS: Participants (n = 137) of this study were adult patients who previously participated in the pilot study to translate and validate Adult Strabismus Questionnaire (AS-20) into Finnish. For this study, the participants' orthoptic status were collected among the previously obtained self-reported demographic and strabismus-related data. The refined AS-20 structure of 18 items and four subscales of self-perception, interaction, reading function and general function was used. Low scores on AS-20 indicate low HRQOL. The associations were evaluated with cross-tabulation and nonparametric methods of Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Interaction subscale scores were the highest of all subscale scores among the participants. Age had an association with HRQOL in self-perception and the youngest participants had the lowest scores. Importantly, participants who did not experience diplopia suffered from lower self-perception and interaction but reported higher scores on reading function and general function subscales compared to the participants who experienced diplopia. Exotropia with or without vertical strabismus were most common types among the participants. The education background was not associated with HRQOL. CONCLUSION: Impacts of strabismus are similar in Finnish strabismic adults compared to international studies. Healthcare professionals and decision-makers should always consider the psychosocial impact of strabismus on patients without diplopia when making decisions on strabismus treatment and care processes.

Health-Related Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Strabismus-Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Adult Strabismus Questionnaire (AS-20) into Finnish.

(1) Strabismus has an impact on individuals' health-related quality of life. The impact should be assessed with valid patient-reported outcome measures such as the Adult Strabismus Questionnaire (AS-20). The AS-20 was further refined using a Rasch analysis for the American population. The aims of the study were to translate and culturally adapt the AS-20 into Finnish and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Finnish AS-20. (2) The guidelines of the Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research steered the process and four items were added from the original data as Finnish additions. The construct and convergent validity and internal consistency were evaluated via psychometric testing for three potential Finnish AS-20 structures. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist was applied. (3) The participants (n = 137) reported that the translation was clear and understandable. All structures showed high reliability and internal consistency as measured using Cronbach alpha values. The convergent validity assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients between the structures and one item of Satisfaction with Life Scale indicated very low to moderate positive correlations. The construct validity evaluated using a confirmatory factor analysis revealed the refined AS-20 structure to be satisfactory. (4) The refined AS-20 can be used in clinical practice and research, but further validation is recommended.

Acquired Diplopia in Adults: Heavy Eye Syndrome.

Heavy eye syndrome is a condition that results in an acquired, progressive strabismus that is due to extreme myopia and long axial length. The underlying pathogenesis of the condition is due to prolapse of the supero-temporal aspect of the myopic globe causing displacement of the lateral and superior rectus muscles inferiorly and nasally, respectively. Treatments for heavy eye syndrome often target this anatomical defect and seek to re-place the globe within the extraocular muscle cone. This review will discuss current theories of pathogenesis and treatment of heavy eye syndrome.

Outcomes of a simplified, fixed surgical dosage calculation for uncomplicated, horizontal, concomitant strabismus in adults.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of a simplified, fixed surgical dosage calculation for uncomplicated, horizontal, concomitant strabismus in adults. Methods: Outcomes analysis of a fixed-dose calculation method for uncomplicated, horizontal, concomitant strabismus in adults (≥18 years) wherein 1-mm recession/resection equals 2 PD for lateral rectus and 3 PD for medial rectus. This was a retrospective case series. Results: The mean age of the patients was 28.50 ± 8.43 years, the mean amount of preoperative deviation was 35.16 ± 9.97 PD, the mean expected correction was 36.26 ± 9.49 PD, and the mean correction achieved was 35.92 ± 10.74 PD. There were 22 monocular exotropias, six monocular esotropias, eight alternate divergent squints, and two alternate convergent squints. There were 20 cases of sensory strabismus (54.28%). There was no statistically significant difference between the expected correction and correction achieved (P = 0.519), meaning that our fixed-dose calculation method was effective. Thirty-five out of 38 patients had successful outcomes as per our criteria of less than 10-PD deviations from straight in primary position. Therefore, the success rate achieved by this procedure was 92.10%. There was no statistically significant correlation between age and the amount of deviation (P = 0.611). Conclusion: Our case series had a high postoperative success rate in terms of motor alignment. It is hoped that this simplified, fixed-dosage calculation method would help the numerous novice strabismus surgeons, make their starting steps easier and give them the confidence to do strabismus surgeries. They can modify the dosages later as per their own experiences.

Psychometric properties of the Dutch version Adult Strabismus-20 Questionnaire (AS-20).

PURPOSE: Strabismus often has an impact on a patient's quality of life (QoL). The Adult Strabismus-20 questionnaire (AS-20) is an instrument developed to assess the strabismus-specific QoL. The aim was to investigate several psychometric properties of the Dutch-AS-20 among adult patients with strabismus. METHODS: Patients with any type of strabismus completed the Dutch-AS-20, the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) and the Amblyopia and Strabismus Questionnaire (A&SQ) (N = 286). Psychometric properties were evaluated with the use of item response theory (IRT) analysis (graded response model) and by determining the internal consistency, test-retest reliability after two weeks, targeting and measurement precision. Construct validity of the AS-20 was tested against the EQ-5D-5L and the A&SQ. RESULTS: Principal component analysis indicated a psychosocial and function subscale. After collapsing underutilised response options for 10 items, subsequent fit analysis showed that the function subscale benefitted from removal of two items. Differential item functioning (DIF) was detected on four items for age and gender subgroups, but with minimal impact on the total score. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.93 psychosocial and 0.87 function subscale) and test-retest reliability (ICC 0.91 psychosocial and 0.88 function subscale) were sufficient. Targeting and measurement precision of both subscales was appropriate for patients with low to moderate levels of visual and psychosocial functioning but suboptimal for patients with high levels of visual and psychosocial functioning. Correlations were between 0.4 and 0.7 for (subscales of) the Dutch-AS-20 and the A&SQ or EQ-5D-5L, confirming expected construct validity. CONCLUSIONS: The 18-item Dutch-AS-20 has sound psychometric properties to assess the strabismus-specific QoL among Dutch adult patients with low to moderate levels of visual and psychosocial functioning. Care must be taken when interpreting the results due to lower measurement precision at the higher end of both subscales. In future longitudinal studies, properties to assess treatment effects should be evaluated.

Shared decision making and patients satisfaction with strabismus care-a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Strabismus is a complex disease that has various treatment approaches each with its own advantages and drawbacks. In this context, shared decisions making (SDM) is a communication process with the provider sharing all the relevant treatment alternatives, all the benefits, and risks of each procedure, while the patient shares all the preferences and values regarding his/her choices. In that way, SDM is a bidirectional process that goes beyond the typical informed consent. Therefore, it is known a little of the extent to which SDM influences the satisfaction with the treatment outcome along with strabismus patients. To study this correlation, an SDM-Q-9 questionnaire was provided within surgical consultations where treatment decisions were made; the SDM-Q-9 aims to assess the relationship between the post-operative patient's satisfaction and their SMD score. METHODS: The study is considered a prospective observational pilot study. Eligible patients were adult patients diagnosed with strabismus, who had multiple treatment options, were given at the right of choice without being driven into a physician's preference. Ninety-three strabismus patients were asked to fill out the SDM-Q-9 questionnaire related to their perception of SDM during the entire period of strabismus treatment. After the treatment, patients were asked to rate their satisfaction level with the surgical outcome as excellent, good, fair, and poor. Descriptive statistics and the linear regression statistical tests (Spearman, Mann Whitney U, and Kriskal-Wallis) were used as analysis tools. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 24, where 50.6% were women. The mean SDM-Q-9 score among patients was 32 (IQR = 3). The postoperative patient satisfaction was rated as being excellent by 16 (17.2%) patients, good by 38 (40.9%), fair by 32 (34.4%), and poor by 7 patients (7.5%). Data analysis by linear regression statistical tests showed a positive correlation between the SDM-Q-9 score and the patient satisfaction related to the surgery outcome (B = 0.005, p < 0.001). Criteria in assessing patients' satisfaction were age, gender, and strabismus type. A positive correlation between SDM and real satisfaction (r = 0.834, p < 0.01) was found with age, and no significant relationship was found while taking into consideration the responder's gender and the strabismus type. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing patient satisfaction after choosing a treatment for strabismus method helped us evaluate the gaps in constructive dialogue that would lead to a positive outcome for both patient and clinician. The correlation between the SDM process and the patients' satisfaction with surgery outcome, adjusted by age, has been established. These findings can serve as a springboard to further communicative improvements related to the SDM process and between patients and physicians, thereby consequently leading to patients' satisfaction raise in strabismus care. The study underlines the importance of further analysis and validation of on-ground interactions among the adolescent and adult patients and the clinicians across the strabismus management trajectory. A multicentral study and its validation will follow.

Evaluation of single stage adjustable strabismus surgery (SSASS) under topical anesthesia in patients with symptomatic diplopia.

We wish to assess effectiveness of using topical anesthesia without sedation in single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery (SSASS). Sixteen consecutive adults with diplopia and those willing to undergo SSASS, participated in a prospective study between September 2018-August 2019. They underwent detailed ophthalmic evaluation, ocular alignment measurement by prism cover test (PCT), and sensory evaluation. Subsequently they underwent SSASS under topical anesthesia (2% lidocaine gel). Surgery was performed using conventional technique; ocular alignment was then reassessed in sitting position by alternate cover test using prisms, for which with Snellen's chart was used as distance target and Lang's fixation stick as near target. Absence of diplopia was considered the end point of measurement. Any adjustment, if required, was performed intraoperatively, after recleaning the operative area with povidone iodine and redraping the eye. Participants were reassessed 1 day, 1 month, and 3-month after procedure, ocular deviation, and presence or absence of diplopia was documented. Fifteen males and one female patient participated in the study. Mean age of the study population was 31.29 years (range 19-65 years). Of these, 62.5% of patients required intraoperative modification of planned surgical dose. Patients with esotropia, vertical deviations, and combined deviations obtained surgical success, which remained stable till 3-month review. Patients with exotropia had initial surgical success rates of 100% immediately following surgery (day 1 postoperative evaluation), but it decreased to 83.33% and 66.67% during one and 3-months follow-up visits. In this study all patients tolerated the procedure well, without systemic adverse occurrence, including vasovagal reflex and without the need for additional anesthesia. SSASS is a good option in patients with diplopia and variable ocular deviations. Topical anesthesia allows intraoperative adjustment of surgical dosing, with aim of orthophoria or relief from diplopia, leading to satisfactory results. Postoperative drift may occur in exotropia. Case selection and preoperative counseling are necessary for cooperation during surgery, under topical anesthesia.

Late Surgical Correction of Longstanding Constant Strabismus in Adults: Is Fusion Possible in All Successfully Aligned Patients?

PURPOSE: To determine whether late surgical correction provides fusion in adults who have constant strabismus beginning in early childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study that included 34 consecutive adults with a history of early onset strabismus who had not previously undergone surgery. They were tested with the Bagolini striated glasses (BSG), Worth four-dot (W4D) test, cover test, and four-prism diopter (4-PD) test, preoperatively, and 6 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: The mean age was 23.8 years, 17 patients had esotropia and 17 patients had exotropia. Preoperatively, all patients demonstrated a manifest horizontal deviation ranging from 30∆ to 60∆ and had suppression. At 6 weeks postoperatively, 33 patients had a horizontal manifest deviation of <15∆ (range, 2∆-14∆; median, 6∆), and none were orthotropic as determined by the cover test together with the 4-PD test. All of these 33 patients achieved anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC) with the BSG at near, and 25 (75%) had ARC with the W4D test at near. CONCLUSIONS: Although our study has limited number of patients its findings suggest it is possible to develop ARC after surgery in almost all adult patients with childhood-onset strabismus associated with suppression, and who have not previously been operated upon, if satisfactory alignment is achieved in adulthood.

One-Month Postoperative Horizontal Strabismus Surgery Outcomes Using Adjustable and Nonadjustable Sutures.

INTRODUCTION: Previous series suggest adjustable sutures (AS) in adult strabismus surgery yield improved ocular alignment and better success rates compared to nonadjustable sutures (NAS). We questioned whether these differences are clinically significant and whether they justify the added time and discomfort required for AS. METHODS: We reviewed all available records of adults undergoing horizontal strabismus surgery by the last two authors between 2000 and 2014. Independently, the two surgeons developed a preference for NAS midway through the study period, permitting comparisons between two treatment groups. Results were assessed at one to two months postoperatively. The primary outcome was alignment in primary position at one to two months postoperatively. The secondary outcome was success rate, defined as <10PD residual or consecutive deviation. RESULTS: We included 184 patients, 68 with AS and 116 with NAS. No significant difference in primary position alignment at 1-2 months was noted between AS and NAS for esotropia (P = .26) or for exotropia (P = .10). Success rates were similar (P = .58 for esotropia and P = .34 for exotropia). DISCUSSION: Although we acknowledge limitations in this retrospective study, our results suggest that AS overall was not associated with improved alignment or success rates, compared to NAS, at 1- to 2- months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Although adjustable sutures represent a valuable surgical option at the discretion of individual surgeons and their patients, we no longer routinely use AS in all adult cases. A prospective study to evaluate long-term outcomes would be helpful.

Current trends of strabismus surgery in a tertiary hospital. / Tendencias actuales de la cirugía de estrabismo en un hospital terciario.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the strabismus surgeries and the outcomes during a year and a half in a tertiary hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of patients who underwent strabismus surgery. The mean age, sex, diagnosis, diplopia, surgery, anesthesia, adjustable sutures, results, reoperations and follow up time from surgery were analyzed. A good outcome was considered when the final horizontal deviation was less than 10prism diopters (pd) and the vertical deviation less than 5pd without diplopia. RESULTS: A total of 153 cases were operated on, mean age: 43.14 ±25.58years (61.4%: women). 74.5% of patients were ≥18years (33.33% ≥60). Diplopia was present in 51% of patients. The most frequent deviation was horizontal: 83.6%. The most frequent diagnosis was cranial nerve palsies: 32% (VI nerve: 12.4%), restrictive strabismus: 7.2%, and the aged related distance esotropia: 6.5%. Adjustable sutures were used in 19.7% of cases and topical anesthesia in 65.4%. Good outcomes was present in 79.2% of cases at the end of follow-up. Reoperations were needed in 25.5%. Follow-up evolution time was 11.87 months ±6.5. The sex female (P=.012) and the oblique superior surgery (P=.017) were associated with bad outcome. CONCLUSION: The adult strabismus surgery was three times more frequent than the children strabismus surgery. The third of the adults that were operated on were ≥60 years. The cranial nerve palsies were the most frequent diagnosis. Adjustable sutures were rarely used. Good outcomes were obtained in most of the patients at the end of follow-up.

Zygomatic dental implant induced orbital fracture and inferior oblique trauma.

A 51-year-old female underwent four upper zygomatic dental implants (ZI) and one upper and four lower conventional implants. Immediately postoperatively, the patient had pain and diplopia upon manual elevation of the edematous eyelid. Panoramic x-ray showed a malpositioned right upper ZI, requiring removal of the right upper ZI the following day. The patient had delayed referral to ophthalmology one month later for persistent diplopia. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a right inferolateral fracture with fibrosis surrounding the inferior oblique muscle. Clinical exam showed right lower eyelid retraction, right hypotropia, and inability to elevate in adduction, consistent with a right inferior oblique paresis. Surgical exploration revealed incarceration of lid and orbital tissue into the fracture. After repositioning of the prolapsed tissue, a high-density porous polyethylene implant was placed for fracture repair. The inferior fornix was reconstructed with amniotic membrane and 5-fluorouracil was injected into the scar tissue. Six months later, the patient underwent strabismus surgery with resolution of symptoms.

The Impact of Strabismus Surgery on Irish Adults.

AIMS: Our primary objective was to evaluate our adult strabismus service and the impact strabismus surgery has on quality of life (QOL) in patients from an Irish cohort. Our secondary objective was to compare QOL outcomes across different subgroups. METHODS: A service evaluation was prospectively performed over an 18-month period. We prospectively audited the preoperative and postoperative QOL scores from 35 adult strabismus procedures using the adult strabismus score (AS-20) (0-100). RESULTS: Postoperative patients achieved an average 14.22 score increase in QOL (p = 0.0018). Females showed lower preoperative scores (46.78 vs. 60.89; p = 0.047) and a trend towards larger increases compared to males (21.05 vs. 51.12; p = 0.1). No significant difference was detected between primary and recurrent strabismus repairs (18.10 vs. 16.55; p = 0.4). Lower preoperative scores (0-33) were associated with higher increases compared with moderate (34-66) and high (67-100) preoperative scores (33.47, 12.03, -4.57 respectively). Patients reporting QOL score decreases after surgery were more likely to come from the high preoperative score group than the moderate or low groups (50%, 19% and 22% respectively). CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that strabismus surgery has a significant positive impact on QOL scores in Irish adults. We show that patients with high preoperative QOL scores may have a greater chance of QOL score decreases postoperatively, despite good clinical alignment. We believe greater preoperative discussion around patient expectations in these cases, may improve subjective postoperative results.

Differences in quality-of-life dimensions of Adult Strabismus Quality of Life and Amblyopia & Strabismus Questionnaires.

PURPOSE: The Adult Strabismus Quality of Life Questionnaire (AS-20) and the Amblyopia & Strabismus Questionnaire (A&SQ) both measure health-related quality of life in strabismus patients. We evaluated to what extent these instruments cover similar domains by identifying the underlying quality-of-life factors of the combined questionnaires. METHODS: Participants were adults from a historic cohort with available orthoptic childhood data documenting strabismus and/or amblyopia. They had previously completed the A&SQ and were now asked to complete the AS-20. Factor analysis was performed on the correlation-matrix of the combined AS-20 and A&SQ data to identify common underlying factors. The identified factors were correlated with the clinical variables of angle of strabismus, degree of binocular vision, and visual acuity of the worse eye. RESULTS: One hundred ten patients completed both questionnaires (mean age, 44 years; range, 38-51 years). Six factors were found that together explained 78% of the total variance. The factor structure was dominated by the first four factors. One factor contained psychosocial and social-contact items, and another factor depth-perception items from both questionnaires. A third factor contained seven items-only from the AS-20-on eye strain, stress, and difficulties with reading and with concentrating. A fourth factor contained seven items-only from the A&SQ-on fear of losing the better eye and visual disorientation, specific for amblyopia. Current visual acuity of the worse eye correlated with depth-perception items and vision-related items, whereas current binocular vision correlated with psychosocial and social-contact items, in 93 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Factor analysis suggests that the AS-20 and A&SQ measure a similar psychosocial quality-of-life domain. However, functional problems like avoidance of reading, difficulty in concentrating, eye stress, reading problems, inability to enjoy hobbies, and need for frequent breaks when reading are represented only in the AS-20. During the development of the A&SQ, asthenopia items were considered insufficiently specific for strabismus and were excluded a priori. The patients who generated the items for the AS-20 had, in majority, adulthood-onset strabismus and diplopia and were, hence, more likely to develop such complaints than our adult patients with childhood-onset strabismus and/or amblyopia.

Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Young Adults with Strabismus in India.

INTRODUCTION: Strabismus has negative psycho-social and functional effects in adults. The impact can be minimised with surgery. However, in a low-income setting, it is important to evaluate the level of impact and prioritise the target population for intervention. The Adult Strabismus (AS-20) questionnaire is a reliable tool for assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in strabismic adults. AIM: To assess the HRQoL in young adults with manifest strabismus through psychosocial and functional scores according to gender and direction of deviation using the AS-20 questionnaire. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional cohort study, 132 young adults who manifest horizontal strabismus were recruited and the AS-20 questionnaire was administered. Patient's demographic profile and type of strabismus were noted and compared with the overall mean scores of psycho-social and functional subscales. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21 and p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The participants comprised of 70 (53.03%) males and 62 (46.97%) females with a mean age of 24.5±3.57 years (range 18 to 38 years). The overall mean AS-20 score of young adults with strabismus was 61.62±12.61. The overall mean score for male and female were 65.54±13.53 and 57.68±13.46, respectively. Similarly, the mean scores for esotropes was 57.03±11.66 and 66.19±15.30 for exotropes. The overall mean scores were statistically significantly reduced (decreased QoL) in females as compared to males (CI 95%; p=0.002) and in esotropes as compared to exotropes (CI 95%; p=0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the psychosocial and functional score for all types of strabismus and genders (for all, p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The Quality of Life (QoL) is affected through psychosocial and functional factors in adults with strabismus. Females and adults with esotropia faced greater difficulties in the QoL. We recommend clinicians to consider the impact on QoL while managing adult with strabismus.

Clinical Features of Patients over the Age of 60 Years Who Have Undergone Strabismus Surgery

PURPOSE: In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of strabismus operations performed on patients aged 60 years and over. This study aims to establish the characteristics and outcomes of old age strabismus. METHODS: Patients aged 60 years and over who underwent strabismus surgery between January 2011 and December 2015 were included in this study. The purpose of surgery, type of strabismus, etiology, postoperative recurrence, prevalence of general and ocular complications, and postoperative diplopia rate were reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients aged 60 years or older were identified, and 58.2% of patients had strabismus surgery to improve diplopia, while 41.8% chose surgery for cosmetic purposes. Esotropia was the most common type of strabismus found in 40.8% of the patients, and horizontal-vertical combined type was the second highest at 29.6%. The etiology of strabismus was similarly high in both the restrictive pattern (31.6%) and neuro-paralytic pattern (30.6%). The recurrence rate after strabismus surgery was 4.1%, and the reoperation rate was 3.1%. The remnant diplopia rate after surgery in patients with diplopia was 15.8%, and the diplopia occurring rate in patients who underwent surgery for cosmetic purposes was 4.9%. No severe ocular complications such as anterior segment syndrome or eyeball rupture occurred. Anesthesia related problems did not occur in any of the patients who underwent general anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus in patients aged 60 years and over is an effective and safe way to improve diplopia and cosmetic status by restoring ocular alignment.

Cirugía de estrabismo en adultos: resultados motores y sensoriales / Strabismus surgery in adults: sensory and motor results

Objetivo: determinar los resultados quirúrgicos y la obtención de fusión y estereopsis en adultos operados de estrabismo adquirido y si el tiempo transcurrido entre la aparición de la desviación y la cirugía influyó en la obtención de fusión y estereopsis. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, de corte longitudinal y prospectivo, en adultos operados de estrabismo adquirido, quienes acudieron a la consulta de Oftalmología Pediátrica y Estrabismo del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer de enero a diciembre del año 2013. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, edad de inicio del estrabismo, tiempo de evolución, diagnóstico, sentido de la desviación, agudeza visual, síntomas y signos, alineamiento ocular, fusión y estereopsis posoperatoria. Resultados: las causas más frecuentes fueron la parálisis o paresias de músculos extraoculares y la exotropía, ambas con 37,7 por ciento. El 34 por ciento de los casos sobrepasaban los tres años de evolución. Se logró el alineamiento ocular y la fusión en el 73,6 por ciento, y se recuperó la estereopsis en el 52,8 por cientot. El 90,9 por ciento de los pacientes que estuvieron desviados menos de un año alcanzaron fusión y estereopsis. Conclusiones: la cirugía de estrabismo de adulto permite recuperar el alineamiento ocular, la fusión y la estereopsis, con más posibilidades de recuperación funcional cuando se realiza con menor tiempo de evolución(AU)

Objective: to describe the surgical results and the fusion and stereopsis achieved in adults operated on for acquired strabismus, and to determine whether the time elapsed from the emergence of deviation to the time of surgery had an effect on fusion and stereopsis. Methods: prospective, longitudinal and descriptive research conducted in adults operated on for acquired strabismus, who had been seen at the Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from January to December 2013. The analyzed variables were age, sex, the age at the onset of strabismus, time of progression, diagnosis, deviation angle, visual acuity, symptoms and signs, eye alignment and postoperative fusion and stereopsis. Results: the most frequent causes were extra ocular muscle palsy or paresis and exotropia, both accounting for 37.7 percent of cases. Over three years of progression was observed in 34 percent of patients. Eye alignment and fusion occurred in 73.6 percent whereas stereopsis was recovered in 52.8 percent of patients. In the study group, 90.9 percent of patients with deviation angle for less than one year reached fusion and stereopsis. Conclusions: strabismus surgery in adults allows recovering eye alignment, fusion and stereopsis, and the possibilities of functional recovery increase when the time of progression of disease is shorter(AU)

Cirugía de estrabismo en adultos: resultados motores y sensoriales / Strabismus surgery in adults: sensory and motor results

Objetivo: determinar los resultados quirúrgicos y la obtención de fusión y estereopsis en adultos operados de estrabismo adquirido y si el tiempo transcurrido entre la aparición de la desviación y la cirugía influyó en la obtención de fusión y estereopsis.Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, de corte longitudinal y prospectivo, en adultos operados de estrabismo adquirido, quienes acudieron a la consulta de Oftalmología Pediátrica y Estrabismo del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer de enero a diciembre del año 2013. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, edad de inicio del estrabismo, tiempo de evolución, diagnóstico, sentido de la desviación, agudeza visual, síntomas y signos, alineamiento ocular, fusión y estereopsis posoperatoria. Resultados: las causas más frecuentes fueron la parálisis o paresias de músculos extraoculares y la exotropía, ambas con 37,7 por ciento. El 34 por ciento de los casos sobrepasaban los tres años de evolución. Se logró el alineamiento ocular y la fusión en el 73,6 por ciento, y se recuperó la estereopsis en el 52,8 por ciento. El 90,9 por ciento de los pacientes que estuvieron desviados menos de un año alcanzaron fusión y estereopsis. Conclusiones: la cirugía de estrabismo de adulto permite recuperar el alineamiento ocular, la fusión y la estereopsis, con más posibilidades de recuperación funcional cuando se realiza con menor tiempo de evolución(AU)

Objective: to describe the surgical results and the fusion and stereopsis achieved in adults operated on for acquired strabismus, and to determine whether the time elapsed from the emergence of deviation to the time of surgery had an effect on fusion and stereopsis. Methods: prospective, longitudinal and descriptive research conducted in adults operated on for acquired strabismus, who had been seen at the Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from January to December 2013. The analyzed variables were age, sex, the age at the onset of strabismus, time of progression, diagnosis, deviation angle, visual acuity, symptoms and signs, eye alignment and postoperative fusion and stereopsis.Results: the most frequent causes were extra ocular muscle palsy or paresis and exotropia, both accounting for 37.7 percent of cases. Over three years of progression was observed in 34 percent of patients. Eye alignment and fusion occurred in 73.6 percent whereas stereopsis was recovered in 52.8 percent of patients. In the study group, 90.9 percent of patients with deviation angle for less than one year reached fusion and stereopsis. Conclusions: strabismus surgery in adults allows recovering eye alignment, fusion and stereopsis, and the possibilities of functional recovery increase when the time of progression of disease is shorter(AU)

Vertical Muscle Transposition with Augmentation for Treatment of Exotropia Caused by Iatrogenic Lost Medial Rectus Muscle.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of vertical muscle transposition with augmentation in cases of exotropia caused by iatrogenic lost medial rectus muscle. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 5 cases of lost medial rectus with exotropia and marked limitation of adduction that underwent surgery. All cases had a history of strabismus surgery on the medial rectus and failed attempt at retrieval of the lost muscle. RESULTS: Five patients fulfilled the criteria. Full tendon vertical muscle transposition with augmentation sutures was done for all cases. Surgery led to a significant reduction of the angle of exotropia 25.8±13.6 ?D (P=0.027) and improvement in adduction of 7.5±3.8 degrees (P=0.034). There were no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated vertical muscle transposition with augmentation is a useful option to improve the exotropia and adduction deficit in patients with iatrogenic lost medial rectus muscle.

Development of a Persian Version of the Adult Strabismus Questionnaire and Evaluating the Effect of Strabismus Surgery on Health-Related Quality of Life.

PURPOSE: To develop a Persian version of the Adult Strabismus Questionnaire (AS-20) and use the new questionnaire to evaluate the effect of strabismus surgery on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS: The Persian version of the AS-20 was developed with the help of Beaton and colleagues' guidelines. The reliability of the final version was tested with the test-retest and internal consistency methods. The construct and criterion (concurrent) validity were also tested for the questionnaire. Then, 112 patients with strabismus completed the questionnaire 1 week before and 3 months after strabismus surgery. RESULTS: The Persian version showed high reliability and validity. The patients with preoperative diplopia had significantly poorer median preoperative total and functional scores than the patients without preoperative diplopia (p=0.04 and 0.009, respectively). In the cases with and without diplopia, the median total, psychosocial, and functional postoperative scores were significantly better than preoperative scores (p=0.01, 0.01, and 0.028, respectively, in diplopic cases, and p<0.0001 for all scores in non-diplopic cases). The females had significantly poorer median preoperative total, psychosocial, and functional scores (p=0.001, 0.02, and 0.0001, respectively) and more postoperative total, psychosocial, and functional score improvement than males (p=0.004, 0.003, and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our version might be appropriate for evaluating HRQOL of the patients with strabismus. The significant increase in the total and subscale scores after strabismus surgery showed the importance of strabismus surgery in improving HRQOL of the patients, especially in psychosocial aspects. The strabismus surgery might have a greater benefit in improving HRQOL of the female patients.

Traumatic transection of the lateral rectus muscle with chorioretinitis sclopetaria.

A man, aged 67 years, sustained monocular trauma to the left eye while gardening, presenting with light perception, complete absence of abduction, and chorioretinitis sclopetaria. At surgery, the lateral rectus was found to be transected at the equator of the globe, with an area of locally abraded sclera. A few posterior muscle fibers were identified and sutured to the residual anterior fibers. With a partial improvement of the esodeviation, after a further 6 months he proceeded to lateral transposition of the superior and inferior recti to healthy sclera 4 mm from the limbus, with adjunctive medial rectus botulinum toxin. Six months later, the angle of primary deviation remained stable at 4 prism diopters base out with improved abduction. Vision in the eye remained reduced at 20/200 (with eccentric fixation) due to macular changes secondary to the sclopetaria. In conclusion, this case describes a rare example of complete traumatic transection of the lateral rectus with chorioretinitis sclopetaria, due to orbital injury. With appropriate surgery, the angle of deviation can be considerably improved despite complete muscle transection and scleral injury.