Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Treatment: Is Surgery Better than Non-Surgical Treatments in Afro-Descendant Populations?

(1) Background: Limited data are available on lumbar spine stenosis management in sub-Saharan African populations and Afro-descendant patients are underrepresented in European and US clinical trials. We aimed to compare the clinical response between decompressive surgery and conservative treatments in a population of self-reported Afro-Caribbean patients with lumbar spine stenosis over a 2-year follow-up period. (2) Methods: Prospective cohort of 137 self-reported Afro Caribbeans with lumbar spine stenosis based on clinical and radiological criteria. Patients were assigned to decompression surgery or to conservative treatments according to their outcome after a first course of steroid epidural injection and their preferences. The primary outcome was evolution of the Oswestry disability index at 3 months (3 M), 12 M, 18 M and 24 M follow-up. (3) Results: Decrease of ODI was significantly more important in the "decompression surgery" arm compared to "conservative treatment" arm at 3 M, 12 M and 18 M: −17.36 vs. 1.03 p < 10−4; −16.38 vs. −1.53 p = 0.0059 and −19.00 vs. −4.52 p = 0.021, respectively. No difference was reported at 24 M. (4) Conclusions: In this first comparative study between surgery and conservative treatments in an exclusively afro-descendant lumbar spine stenosis cohort, we report long term superiority of decompression surgery versus conservative treatments over an 18-month period.

Dialéctica del estallido social en Colombia 2021: ecosistema de la contienda política-económica inherente Al capitalismo- imperialismo (Tercera parte: actores 2) / Dialectics of the Social Outburst in Colombia in 2021: Ecosystem of the Political-Economic Contest Inherent to Capitalism-Imperialism. (Third part: actors 2)

Resumen El estallido social 2021 devenido del paro del 28 de abril, el gran paro de la historia reciente de este país fue una lucha predominantemente espontánea, organizada en el día y a día, pero sin un plan, una estrategia, una vanguardia científica-política y unas metas plenamente articuladas. Es decir, si se busca transformar desde sus raíces una sociedad, un país, que opera con arreglo a la opresión y la explotación, la capacidad combativa de su pueblo es condición ne cesaria pero insuficiente. La fuerza combativa de las masas como lo que se mani festó durante el estallido social, debe orientarse más allá de las reivindicaciones puntuales, algunas de las cuales se resuelven con reformas de tipo liberal.

Abstract The social outburst in 2021, resulting from the strike of April 28, the great strike in the recent history of this country, was a predominantly spontaneous struggle, organized on a day-to-day basis, but without a plan, a strategy, a scientific-po litical vanguard, and fully articulated goals. That is to say, if one seeks to trans form a society from its roots, a country, which operates under oppression and exploitation, the combative capacity of its people is a necessary, but insufficient condition. The combative force of the masses, such as that which was manifes ted during the social outburst, must be oriented beyond the specific demands, some of which are resolved with liberal reforms.

De traducciones y desplazamientos: el proceso de aprobación de la Política Pública para la población afrodescendiente en Cali / Of Translations and Displacements: The Process of Approval of the Public Policy for the Afro-Descendant Population in Cali

Resumen Con base en los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de la Teoría del Actor Red, el artículo analiza el proceso de traducción que hizo posible la aprobación de la política pública para los afrodescendientes que residen en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. A partir del precepto metodológico de "seguir a los actores", se reconstruye el conjunto de negociaciones, alianzas y consensos desplegados por los mediadores de la política para lograr la adhesión de otros agentes a la misma. Aunque el resultado final de estas acciones fue el esperado, el carácter siempre cambiante de las identidades e intereses de los actores y agrupamientos sociales implicados en estos procesos pone en evidencia la fragilidad de las alianzas y lealtades que se construyen entre ellos.

Abstract: Based on the theoretical and methodological contributions of the Network Actor Theory, this article analyzes the translation process that made the approval of the public policy for Afro­descendants residing in the city of Cali, Colombia possible. Based on the methodological precept of "following the actors," it reconstructs the set of negotiations, alliances, and consensuses deployed by the mediators of the policy to achieve the adhesion of other agents to it. Although the final outcome of these actions was as expected, the ever­changing nature of the identities and interests of the actors and social groupings involved in these processes highlights the fragility of the alliances and loyalties built among them.

Impacts of violence on the mental health of Afro-descendant survivors in Colombia.

The Colombian armed conflict has disproportionately affected minorities, especially afro-Colombian communities. However, there is a lack of evidence about mental health of victims. This study aims to describe the prevalence of mental illness and its associated factors in Afro-descendant violence survivors in Buenaventura and Quibdó, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was carried out using data from a previous trial which aimed to reduce mental health symptoms (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01856673). Data of 710 adults identified through a snowball sampling technique was analysed. Diagnoses of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and dysfunction were established using adapted versions of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, plus variables identified in a qualitative study. Multivariate regressions were used to identify associated factors with these diagnoses. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and PTSD in both cities was 26.62% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 20.30;23.89), 36.53% (95%CI: 30.63;42.36), and 39.15% (95%CI: 33.36;44.83), respectively. Being married and having registered with the government as victim of the conflict were found to be protective factors for depression and PTSD, respectively. Psychological trauma, unemployment, and traumatic experiences, amongst others, were found as risk factors. The Colombian armed conflict, plus disparities and social exclusion, may be associated with mental health morbidity.

Factors associated with childhood anaemia in Afro-descendant communities in Alagoas, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with anaemia in preschool children. DESIGN: A home survey was conducted in 2018. Anaemia in children (capillary blood Hb level < 110 g/l) was the outcome, and socio-economic, demographic and health factors of the mother and child were the independent variables. The measure of association was the prevalence ratio, and its 95 % CI was calculated using Poisson's regression with robust variance and hierarchical selection of independent variables. SETTING: Afro-descendants communities living in the state of Alagoas, northeast Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 6-59 months and their mothers (n 428 pairs). RESULTS: The prevalence of child anaemia was 38·1 % (95 % CI 33·5, 42·7). The associated factors with child anaemia were male sex, age < 24 months, larger number of residents at home (> 4), relatively taller mothers (highest tertile) and higher z-score of BMI for age, after further adjustment for wealth index, vitamin A supplementation in the past 6 months and clinical visit in the last 30 d. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of anaemia observed reveals a relevant public health problem amongst children under five from the quilombola communities of Alagoas. Considering the damage caused to health and multiplicity of risk factors associated with anaemia, the adoption of intersectoral strategies that act on modifiable risk factors and increase vigilance concerning those that are not modifiable becomes urgent.

Bioética en los procesos de investigación y bioprospección: relaciones con pueblos indígenas y comunidades locales en Colombia

Propósito/Contexto. En este artículo se exploran los principios bioéticos de autonomía y justicia, a la luz de tres casos de uso de la biodiversidad, tanto para fines investigativos como de aprovechamiento comercial, que involucran territorios colectivos de comunidades indígenas, afrodescendientes y predios de población campesina. Metodología/Enfoque. En cada caso se examinaron sus características, los actores, las relaciones entre los actores y los beneficios contemplados para las partes. El estudio comprendió la recopilación y análisis de documentación y la realización de 10 entrevistas semiestructuradas con investigadores, representantes de instituciones, empresas y organizaciones indígenas y afrocolombianas. La investigación se realizó entre 2015 y 2017 e incluyó comunidades del Amazonas, Risaralda, Chocó y Antioquia. Resultados/Hallazgos. Se encontró que las instituciones de investigación y los investigadores tramitan y obtienen las autorizaciones reglamentarias, mientras que las entidades del Estado registran una progresiva omisión de responsabilidades que afecta los derechos de las comunidades, por ejemplo, a través de la inobservancia del derecho a la consulta previa. Adicionalmente, en los casos de estudio, las relaciones que los actores establecen con las comunidades INAPRR-CL (sigla de indígenas, negros, afrodescendientes, palenqueros, raizales, Rrom, campesinas y locales) varían en la observancia de principios bioéticos. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones. Debido a que el régimen jurídico tiene un alcance limitado para el uso de la biodiversidad en investigación o innovación tecnológica, se evalúa y se discute si la bioética podría servir de guía para el respeto de la autonomía y la participación de beneficios de las comunidades en proyectos de investigación y bioprospección.

Purpose/Context. This article explores the bioethical principles of autonomy and justice in the light of three cases of use of biodiversity, both for research purposes and for commercial use, involving collective territories of indigenous communities, afro-descendants, and proper-ties of the peasant population. Methods/Approach. In each case, we examined the characteristics, agents, relationships be-tween agents, and benefits contemplated for the parties. The study included document compilation and analysis and ten semi-structured interviews with researchers, representatives of indigenous and Afro-Colombian institutions, companies, and organizations. The research was carried out between 2015 and 2017 and involved Amazon, Risaralda, Chocó, and Antioquia communities. Results/Findings. Research institutions and researchers process and obtain regulatory authorizations, while State entities report a progressive omission of responsibilities that adversely affects communities' rights, for example, through non-observance of the right to prior con-sultation. Besides, in the study cases, the agents' relationships with the INAPRRCL (acronym in Spanish for indigenous, black people, Afro-descendants, palenqueros, raizales, Rrom, peasants, and locals) vary regarding the application of bioethical principles. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions. Because the legal system has a limited scope on the use of biodiversity in research or technological innovation, we assessed and discussed whether bioethics could serve as a guide for respecting communities' autonomy and benefit share in research and bioprospecting projects.

Objetivo/Contexto. Neste artigo exploram-se os princípios bioéticos de autonomia e justiça, à luz de três casos de uso da biodiversidade, tanto para fins investigativos como de aproveitamento comercial, que envolvem territórios coletivos de comunidades indígenas, afrodescendentes e prédios de população camponesa. Metodologia/Abordagem. Em cada caso, foram examinadas as suas características, os intervenientes, as relações entre os intervenientes e os benefícios previstos para as partes. O estudo incluiu a coleta e análise de documentação e a realização de 10 entrevistas semiestruturadas com pesquisadores, representantes de instituições, empresas e organizações indígenas e afro-colombianas. A pesquisa foi realizada entre 2015 e 2017 e incluiu comunidades do Amazonas, Risaralda, Chocó e Antioquia. Resultados/Descobertas. Verificou-se que as instituições de investigação e os investigadores processam e obtêm as autorizações regulamentares, no entanto que as entidades do Estado registram uma progressiva omissão de responsabilidades que afeta os direitos das comunidades, por exemplo, através da inobservância do direito à consulta prévia. Adicionalmente, nos casos de estudo, as relações que os atores estabelecem com as INAPRRCL (sigla de indígenas, negros, afrodescendentes, palenqueros, raizais, Rrom, camponesas e locais) variam na observância de princípios bioéticos. Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições. Dado que o regime jurídico tem um âmbito limitado para a utilização da biodiversidade na investigação ou inovação tecnológica, se avalia e se discute se a bioética poderia servir de guia para o respeito da autonomia e a participação de benefícios das comunidades em projetos de pesquisa e bioprospeção.

Los colores de los negros: una mirada a la clasificación social entre estudiantes de Tumaco, Colombia / The Colors of Blacks: A Look at the Social Classification among Students from Tumaco, Colombia

Resumen Para analizar la clasificación social que de sí mismos expresan los estudiantes de una institución educativa en Tumaco, se realizó un acercamiento etnográfico acompañado de una reflexión a partir de la colectividad de argumentación de la inflexión decolonial. Se sugiere que existe una tendencia al blanqueamiento étnico-racial, en correspondencia, los estudiantes suelen categorizarse de acuerdo con una gradación de los colores de la piel, así entonces, una persona es mejor valorada dentro del endo-grupo cuanto más se acerca a la piel percibida como blanca. Tal situación no es nueva ni casual y atañe a las dinámicas de dominación cultural como efecto de la colonialidad.

Abstract In order to analyze the social classification expressed by students of an educational institution in Tumaco, an ethnographic approach was carried out, accompanied by a reflection based on the collectivity of argumentation of the decolonial inflection. It is suggested that there is a tendency to ethnic-racial whitening, in correspondence, students are usually categorized according to a gradation of skin colors, so a person is better valued within the endo-group the closer he comes to skin perceived as white. Such a situation is neither new nor casual and concerns the dynamics of cultural domination as an effect of coloniality.

A high prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV 1/2) infection among Afro-descendants, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador - need for the implementation of surveys and control programs.

Background: Infection with the Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 1 and 2 is endemic in South America. Although there are reports of the presence of these retroviruses in Ecuador, the infection is usually neglected in healthcare settings and by public health authorities, and no actualized prevalence data are available. Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate, using for the first time to our knowledge in Ecuador immunological and molecular biology methodologies, the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection in asymptomatic individuals from a potentially high-risk population of Afro-Ecuadorians in the Province of Esmeraldas. Study design: Two hundred and twenty-seven plasma samples from asymptomatic individuals were analyzed for the detection of the HTLV-1/2 virus with three methods: a commercial ELISA, an indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay, and a nested-PCR. Results: The overall prevalence of HTLV-1/2 antibodies in this population, as determined with an ELISA, was 11.0%. Both the IF assay and the nested-PCR confirmed a prevalence of 3.5%. Conclusion: The high prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among the Afro-Ecuadorian population of Esmeraldas Province shows the need of the implementation of control and prevention interventions to overcome the further dissemination of the infection. To define the real problem of HTLV-1/2 infection in Ecuador, more prevalence studies have to be undertaken in other Afro-Ecuadorian populations and high-risk populations like the indigenous population of the Andes Mountains and the tropical Amazon region.

Perdón y reconciliación desde los alabaos en las comunidades afros del Pacífico colombiano / Forgiveness and reconciliation from the Alabaos in the Afro communities of the Colombian Pacifics

Resumen La investigación emerge con el interés de analizar el perdón y la reconciliación desde los canticos tradicionales (Alabaos) sobre la muerte, en el marco de violencia derivada del conflicto armado, en situaciones vividas en las comunidades en el municipio de Andagoya -departamento del Chocó (Colombia). Se analizan las vivencias de las personas en torno a la expresión sentimientos a través de los "alabaos", gualies y levantamientos de tumbas, propios de esta región del Pacífico para despedir el alma de las personas cuando estas han fallecido y cómo estas prácticas operan, a la hora de tramitar el perdón y la reconciliación de manera individual y colectiva.

Abstract This research emerges from the interest of analyzing forgiveness and reconciliation from the Traditional chants (Alabaos) on death, within the frame of violence arising from the armed conflict, in situations lived in communities in the municipality of Andagoya, State of Chocó, Colombia. It analyzes people's experiences around the expression of feelings through chants of Alabaos, Gualíes, and Levantamientos de Tumbas, which are typical of this region of the Pacific in order to farewell the souls of the deceased and how these practices operate, when it comes to processing forgiveness and reconciliation, individually and collectively.

Association between renal damage markers and carotid atherosclerosis in Afro-descendants with hypertension belonging to a minority ethnic group from Brazil.

Ethnicity appears to play an important role in the prevalence and severity of hypertension, renal disease, and atherosclerosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 206 Afro-descendants with hypertension, living in the remaining quilombo communities. These subjects underwent a carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) assessment. The presence of renal injury was assessed by: (1) The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated by the formula CKD-EPI using creatinine and cystatin C and (2) Albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/g). The Poisson distribution model was set with robust variance to identify factors associated with carotid atherosclerosis. The statistical analysis was performed using the Stata 12.0 software, adopting a significance level of 5%. Most subjects were women (61.65%); the average age was 61.32 (±12.44) years. Subjects (12.62%) were identified with GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 22.8% with albuminuria. Patients (59.22%) presented with a high CIMT. In the adjusted regression model, age ≥60 years (PR: 1.232 [CI 95%:1.091-1.390], p value = .001), ACR ≥30 mg/g (PR: 1.176 [CI 95%: 1.007-1.373], p = .040), and GFR/CKD-EPI using cystatin C (PR: 1.250 [CI 95%: 1.004-1.557], p = .045) were independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis. The occurrence of atherosclerotic lesions was high in the studied group. Age, albuminuria, and GFR (estimated by the formula CKD-EPI using cystatin C) influenced the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis.

Mangrove Economy: etho-politics and social change / Economía del manglar: etho política y cambio social / Economia de manguezais: etho-política e mudança social

ABSTRACT An advance of the research project «Bio-entrepreneurship: productive configuration of agroecosystems¼ is presented. The interpretative framework is based on political concepts, economy and social change, also on relations between capitalism, modernity and the nation-state. At the same time, there are observed alternative cultural practices from Afro-descendant women in their territories, their banishments and their ancestral legacy in the colombian pacific coast. It was found that meanings emerge through the stories told by them, which talk about an economy that runs on a space-time in/from the re-existence of human groups. The human groups that inhabit the ancestral territory and the ones that were banished from the mangrove and that recreate it and make it come alive in different contexts (including the urban popular). JEL CLASSIFICATION A19, B49, B59, H89, 119

RESUMEN Se presenta un avance del proyecto de investigación «Bioemprendimiento: configuración productiva de los agroecosistemas¼. El marco interpretativo se basa en conceptos de política, economía y cambio social, también en las relaciones entre el capitalismo, la modernidad y el estado-nación. Al mismo tiempo, se observan prácticas culturales alternativas de mujeres afrodescendientes en sus territorios, sus destierros y su legado ancestral en la costa pacífica colombiana. Se descubrió que los significados surgen a través de las historias contadas por ellos, que hablan sobre una economía que se ejecuta en un espacio-tiempo en / desde la reexistencia de grupos humanos. Los grupos humanos que habitan el territorio ancestral y los que fueron desterrados del manglar y que lo recrean y lo hacen cobrar vida en diferentes contextos (incluido el urbano popular). CÓDIGOS JEL A19, B49, B59, H89, 119

RESUMO Um avanço do projeto de pesquisa «Bio-empreendedorismo: configuração produtiva dos agroecossistemas¼ é apresentado. A estrutura interpretativa é baseada em conceitos políticos, economia e mudança social, também nas relações entre capitalismo, modernidade e estado-nação. Ao mesmo tempo, práticas culturais alternativas de mulheres afrodescendentes são observadas em seus territórios, seu exilio e seu legado ancestral na costa do Pacífico colombiano. Descobriu-se que os significados surgem através das histórias contadas por eles, que falam de uma economia que corre num espaço-tempo na / da reexistência de grupos humanos. Os grupos humanos que habitam o território ancestral e aqueles que foram exilados do manguezal e que o recriam e o tornam vivo em diferentes contextos (incluindo o popular urbano). CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL A19, B49, B59, H89, 119

Ni libre ni asalariado: una experiencia de investigación colaborativa para fomentar la antropología visual / Neither free nor wage earner. A collaborative research experience to promote visual anthropology

Resumen La antropología visual, como metodología de investigación, es válida en las ciencias sociales. Se destaca así, en este método, el proceso participativo y colaborativo devenido de la experiencia de trabajo etnográfico colectivo y audiovisual. Se desarrolla esta propuesta metodológica en el estudio de un caso concreto: los "pileros" afrodescendientes; obreros que trabajan en la construcción de pilas de cimentación, un oficio racia lizado, realizado por afrodescendientes de la ciudad de Medellín.

Abstract Visual anthropology, as a research methodology, is valid in the social sciences. In this method, which became the experience of the collective and audiovisual ethnographic work, the participatory and collaborative process is highlighted. This methodological proposal is developed in a concrete case study: the Afro-descendant "pileros;" who are workers who work in the construction of caissons. It is a racialized trade, carried out by people of African descent in the city of Medellín.

Caracterización morfológica de la dentición permanente de un grupo de afrodescendientes de Istmina (Chocó, Colombia) / Morphological characterization of permanent dentition of a group of Afrodescendants at Istmina (Chocó, Colombia)

Objetivo: Caracterizar la morfología de la dentición permanente de un grupo de afrodescendientes de Istmina (Chocó, Colombia) Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal cuantitativo que determinó la frecuencia y variabilidad de 35 rasgos morfológicos dentales coronales (RMDC) de incisivos, caninos, premolares y molares mediante la metodología de la Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System en 100 individuos autoreconocidos como afrodescendientes (50 femeninos y 50 masculinos), con edades comprendidas entre los 5 y los 18 años. Resultados: Se identificaron frecuencias significativas de winging (99%), forma de doble pala de los incisivos centrales (86%), convexidad labial (41%), cresta msial (35%), cresta distal (entre 39% y 45%) surco vestibular (entre 95% y 98%), la cresta central (82% y 80%), surco mesolingual (79%), surco distolingual (81%), reducción del hipocono (86%), cúspide de Carabelli (33%) y cúspide 7 (64%). No se encontró dimorfismo sexual y asimetría bilateral en los RMDC estudiados. Conclusiones: La frecuencia y variabilidad de los RMDC incluidos en el dendograma, demostraron que el grupo de Istmina presentó una morfología dental típica de las poblaciones afrodescendientes que se distribuyen en el litoral pacífico colombiano, las cuales derivaron de grupos de la costa occidental africana incluidos en el complejo dental de África Sahariana. De igual forma, fue posible detectar la influencia de poblaciones mestizas e indígenas que ocupan el mismo espacio geopolítico.

Aim: Characterize the permanent dentition morphology of a group of Afrodescendants of Istmina (Chocó, Colombia) Materials y methods: This quantitative cross-sectional study determined the frequency and variability of 35 incisor, canine, premolar and molar morphological features of the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System in 100 self-described individuals as Afrodescendants (50 Female and 50 male), aged between 5 and 18 years. Results: Significant frequencies of winging (99%), double blade of the central incisors (86%), convexity of the lips (41%), crest of the shoulder (35%), and distal crest (39% to 45%) were identified (95% to 98%), central ridge (82% and 80%), mesolingual groove (79%), distolingual groove (81%), hippocampus reduction (86%), Carabelli cusp ) And cusp 7 (64%). No sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry were found in the MCDS studied. Conclusions: The frequency and variability of the MCDD included in the dendrogram showed that the Isthmian group had a typical dental morphology of the Afrodescendant populations distributed on the Colombian Pacific coast, which were derived from groups of the West African coast included in The dental complex of Saharan Africa. Likewise, it was possible to detect the influence of mestizo and indigenous populations occupying the same geopolitical space.

Subjetividad política: intersectacionesafrodescendientes / Political subjectivities: afro-descendent Intersections / Subjetividade política: intersecções afrodescendentes

En el presente artículo recogemos algunos hallazgos sobre la subjetividad política tomados de una investigación doctoral que se encuentra en curso y que explora la narración de una mujer joven afrodescendiente que, en su acción en un colectivo de la ciudad de Medellín, interroga las prácticas cotidianas de exclusión y precisa los intereses que en su lugar de ubicación ha venido desarrollando. En un primer momento, avanzamos sobre la subjetividad política mediante la reflexión que algunos investigadores e investigadoras han realizado al respecto en relación con lo expresado por esta mujer joven en su acción política, articulado posteriormente con una profundización sobre las implicaciones de la expansión de la subjetividad política de las mujeres jóvenes afrodescendientes, para finalizar con unas líneas conclusivas.

This article presents findings on political subjectivities that are takenfrom ongoing doctoral research based on the narration of a young afro-descendent women. Throughher action in a collective in the city of Medellin, interrogates the daily practices of exclusion andhighlights the interests that are developed in these situations. This research develops the idea ofpoliticalsubjectivity based on the reflection ofsome researchersin relation to what has been expressedby this young woman through her political actions. This is later articulated with an in-depth analysisof the implications of the expansion of political subjective among afro-descendent female youth,ending with conclusions taken from this research.

O presente artigo apresenta algumas conclusões sobre subjetividade política retomadas de uma pesquisa de doutorado ainda em curso, a partir da narração de uma jovem mulher afrodescendente que desde sua participação em um coletivo da cidade de Medellín questiona as diversas práticas diárias de exclusão e identifica com precisão interesses que desde sua localização vêm se desenvolvendo. A primeira parte da pesquisa, avança sobre a subjetividade política a partir da reflexão que alguns pesquisadores têm feito em relação ao que foi expressado por esta jovem desde sua participação política. Em seguida, articula-se com um aprofundamento sobre as implicações da expansão da subjetividade política de mulheres jovens de ascendência africana finalizando com algumas linhas conclusivas.

Entre metamorfoses e sentidos: a trajetória de um professor universitário afro-descendente a partir dos pressupostos teóricos da psicologia social / Between metamorphosis and senses: trajectory of a university professor of an african descent from the theoretical assumptions of social psychology / Entre metamorfosis y los sentidos: la trayectoria de un profesor universitario afrodescendiente a través de los supuestos teóricos de la psicología social

A proposta de estudo de caso, buscou analisar, a partir de uma pesquisa em Psicologia Social amparada pelo método de história oral temática, as configurações e contradições dos sentidos do processo identitário do sujeito selecionado: um professor universitário afro-descendente brasileiro. Como muitos afro-descendentes, Hemetério vivencia uma condição de conflito constitutiva em seu processo identitário: ora é alienado pela ideologia do embranquecimento; ora se vê impedido de manifestar-se sobre sua condição racial. Mas quando chamado a se posicionar, ele defende-se diante das discriminações, configurando uma estratégia de resistência ativa e uma atitude racial afirmativa. Esta só se torna possível, quando a ação comunicativa emerge como condição autêntica. Outra questão é a relação estabelecida entre ocultação e revelação dos aspectos raciais de sua identidade e a centralidade do personagem professor, que atua como alicerce de suas elaborações e significações pessoais...

This case study proposal aimed to analyze, from a research perspective in social psychology supported by the method of thematic oral history, the settings and contradictions of the senses while recruiting subjects. The study was conducted a Brazilian university professor of an African descent. As observed in a large number of people of an African descent, Hemetério experiences conflict in his identity process; at times, he is alienated by the ideology of whitening, and at other times, he finds himself restricted from expressing his racial condition. However, when he is asked to make a stand, he defends himself against discrimination with a strategy of active resistance and an affirmative racial attitude that only becomes possible when the communicative action emerges as an authentic condition. Another issue is the association between concealment and revelation of the racial aspects of identity and centrality of the teach character, which acts as the foundation of his thoughts and personal meanings...

La propuesta de estudio de casoa buscó analizar, a través de una investigación en psicología social apoyada en el método de la historia oral temática, las configuraciones y contradicciones de los sentidos del proceso de identificación del sujeto seleccionado: un profesor universitario afrodescendiente brasileño. Así como muchos afrodescendientes, Hemetério vive una condición de conflicto constitutiva en su proceso de identidad: a veces alienado por la ideología del blanqueamiento, otras veces se encuentra impedido de expresarse acerca de su condición racial. Sin embargo, cuando se le solicita una posición, él se defiende frente a las discriminaciones, configurando una estrategia de resistencia activa y una actitud racial afirmativa. Esto es posible sólo cuando la acción comunicativa surge como condición autentica. Otro aspecto es la relación que se establece entre el ocultamiento y la revelación de los aspectos raciales de su identidad y la centralidad del carácter docente que actúa como la base de sus significados personales y elaboraciones...

Entre metamorfoses e sentidos: a trajetória de um professor universitário afro-descendente a partir dos pressupostos teóricos da psicologia social / Between metamorphosis and senses: trajectory of a university professor of an african descent from the theoretical assumptions of social psychology / Entre metamorfosis y los sentidos: la trayectoria de un profesor universitario afrodescendiente a través de los supuestos teóricos de la psicología social

A proposta de estudo de caso, buscou analisar, a partir de uma pesquisa em Psicologia Social amparada pelo método de história oral temática, as configurações e contradições dos sentidos do processo identitário do sujeito selecionado: um professor universitário afro-descendente brasileiro. Como muitos afro-descendentes, Hemetério vivencia uma condição de conflito constitutiva em seu processo identitário: ora é alienado pela ideologia do embranquecimento; ora se vê impedido de manifestar-se sobre sua condição racial. Mas quando chamado a se posicionar, ele defende-se diante das discriminações, configurando uma estratégia de resistência ativa e uma atitude racial afirmativa. Esta só se torna possível, quando a ação comunicativa emerge como condição autêntica. Outra questão é a relação estabelecida entre ocultação e revelação dos aspectos raciais de sua identidade e a centralidade do personagem professor, que atua como alicerce de suas elaborações e significações pessoais.(AU)

This case study proposal aimed to analyze, from a research perspective in social psychology supported by the method of thematic oral history, the settings and contradictions of the senses while recruiting subjects. The study was conducted a Brazilian university professor of an African descent. As observed in a large number of people of an African descent, Hemetério experiences conflict in his identity process; at times, he is alienated by the ideology of whitening, and at other times, he finds himself restricted from expressing his racial condition. However, when he is asked to make a stand, he defends himself against discrimination with a strategy of active resistance and an affirmative racial attitude that only becomes possible when the communicative action emerges as an authentic condition. Another issue is the association between concealment and revelation of the racial aspects of identity and centrality of the teach character, which acts as the foundation of his thoughts and personal meanings.(AU)

La propuesta de estudio de casoa buscó analizar, a través de una investigación en psicología social apoyada en el método de la historia oral temática, las configuraciones y contradicciones de los sentidos del proceso de identificación del sujeto seleccionado: un profesor universitario afrodescendiente brasileño. Así como muchos afrodescendientes, Hemetério vive una condición de conflicto constitutiva en su proceso de identidad: a veces alienado por la ideología del blanqueamiento, otras veces se encuentra impedido de expresarse acerca de su condición racial. Sin embargo, cuando se le solicita una posición, él se defiende frente a las discriminaciones, configurando una estrategia de resistencia activa y una actitud racial afirmativa. Esto es posible sólo cuando la acción comunicativa surge como condición autentica. Otro aspecto es la relación que se establece entre el ocultamiento y la revelación de los aspectos raciales de su identidad y la centralidad del carácter docente que actúa como la base de sus significados personales y elaboraciones.(AU)

Raça e o uso dos serviços de saúde bucal por idosos / Race and the use of dental health services by the elderly

Analisamos se a raça pode ser considerada um fator limitante na utilização dos serviços odontológicos por idosos. O presente estudo é de caráter analítico, com a utilização de dados secundários coletados pela Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal em 2003. Foram incluídos os examinados que se declararam como brancos, pardos ou pretos, na faixa etária de 65 a 74 anos. O número amostral foi composto por 5.108 idosos sendo 2.575 brancos e 2.533 negros. Dos brancos 3,8% afirmaram nunca terem ido ao dentista enquanto que para os negros esse valor é de 7,8%. Mesmo após o ajuste com interceptação de necessidade de prótese e dor, a chance do idoso negro não ter utilizado o serviço odontológico pelo menos uma vez na vida é 0.62 OR menor que para um idoso branco. Dos que utilizaram os serviços, 21,2% dos idosos brancos visitaram o dentista no último ano, enquanto para os negros o valor foi de 14,2%, no modelo ajustado interceptado pela necessidade de prótese e dor o OR foi de 0.60. Todas as relações foram estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,001). A raça é um fator limitante na utilização dos serviços odontológicos por idosos e, mesmo após ajustes, os idosos negros permanecem com maior dificuldade na utilização dos serviços de saúde bucal.

We analyze if race can be considered a limiting factor in the use of dental services by the elderly. This study is of an analytical nature, with the use of secondary data collected by the National Survey of Oral Health in 2003. Those examined who declared themselves as being white, brown or black in the 65 to 74-year-old age bracket were included. The sample was composed of 5,108 elderly people: 2,575 whites and 2,533 blacks. Of the whites, 3.8% stated that they had never been to the dentist, while this figure was 7.8% for the blacks. Even after the adjustment for interception for prosthetics and dental pain, the chance of elderly blacks not having used dental services at least once in their life is 0.62 OR less than for elderly whites. Of those who used the services, 21.2% of the elderly whites visited the dentist in the last year, while for elderly blacks the figure was 14.2%, in the adjusted model for interception for prosthetics and dental pain the OR was 0.60. All the relations were statistically significant (p<0,001). Race is a limiting factor in the use of dental services by the elderly and even after the adjustments the elderly blacks continue to manifest greater resistance to the use of oral health services.