Current concepts on hemodynamic support and therapy in septic shock / Conceitos atuais sobre suporte hemodinâmico e terapia em choque séptico

ABSTRACTSevere sepsis and septic shock represent a major healthcare challenge. Much of the improvement in mortality associated with septic shock is related to early recognition combined with timely fluid resuscitation and adequate antibiotics administration. The main goals of septic shock resuscitation include intravascular replenishment, maintenance of adequate perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery to tissues. To achieve those goals, fluid responsiveness evaluation and complementary interventions - i.e. vasopressors, inotropes and blood transfusion - may be necessary. This article is a literature review of the available evidence on the initial hemodynamic support of the septic shock patients presenting to the emergency room or to the intensive care unit and the main interventions available to reach those targets, focusing on fluid and vasopressor therapy, blood transfusion and inotrope administration.

RESUMOA sepse grave e o choque séptico são um grande desafio para a assistência médica. Grande parte da melhoria na taxa de mortalidade associada ao choque séptico está relacionada ao reconhecimento precoce em combinação com a reposição volêmica oportuna e a administração adequada de antibióticos. Os principais objetivos da reanimação do choque séptico incluem reposição intravascular, manutenção adequada da pressão de perfusão e fornecimento de oxigênio para os tecidos. Para atingir esses objetivos, a avaliação da responsividade do volume e das intervenções complementares (vasopressores, inotrópicos e transfusão de sangue) pode ser necessária. Este artigo é uma revisão da literatura para identificar as evidências disponíveis do suporte hemodinâmico inicial aos pacientes com choque séptico admitidos em sala de emergência ou unidade de terapia intensiva e as principais intervenções disponíveis para atingir essas metas, com foco em terapia com reposição de líquidos e vasopressores, transfusão de sangue e administração de inotrópicos.

Current concepts on hemodynamic support and therapy in septic shock.

Severe sepsis and septic shock represent a major healthcare challenge. Much of the improvement in mortality associated with septic shock is related to early recognition combined with timely fluid resuscitation and adequate antibiotics administration. The main goals of septic shock resuscitation include intravascular replenishment, maintenance of adequate perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery to tissues. To achieve those goals, fluid responsiveness evaluation and complementary interventions - i.e. vasopressors, inotropes and blood transfusion - may be necessary. This article is a literature review of the available evidence on the initial hemodynamic support of the septic shock patients presenting to the emergency room or to the intensive care unit and the main interventions available to reach those targets, focusing on fluid and vasopressor therapy, blood transfusion and inotrope administration.

[Current concepts on hemodynamic support and therapy in septic shock]. / Conceitos atuais sobre suporte hemodinâmico e terapia em choque séptico.

Severe sepsis and septic shock represent a major healthcare challenge. Much of the improvement in mortality associated with septic shock is related to early recognition combined with timely fluid resuscitation and adequate antibiotics administration. The main goals of septic shock resuscitation include intravascular replenishment, maintenance of adequate perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery to tissues. To achieve those goals, fluid responsiveness evaluation and complementary interventions - i.e. vasopressors, inotropes and blood transfusion - may be necessary. This article is a literature review of the available evidence on the initial hemodynamic support of the septic shock patients presenting to the emergency room or to the intensive care unit and the main interventions available to reach those targets, focusing on fluid and vasopressor therapy, blood transfusion and inotrope administration.

Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia / Avaliação comparativa entre metaraminol, fenilefrina e efedrina na profilaxia e no tratamento da hipotensão em cesarianas sob raquianestesia / Evaluación comparativa entre el metaraminol, la fenilefrina y la efedrina en la profilaxis y en el tratamiento de la hipotensión en cesáreas bajo anestesia espinal

Maternal hypotension is a common complication after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section, with deleterious effects on the fetus and mother. Among the strategies aimed at minimizing the effects of hypotension, vasopressor administration is the most efficient. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of phenylephrine, metaraminol, and ephedrine in the prevention and treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Ninety pregnant women, not in labor, undergoing cesarean section were randomized into three groups to receive a bolus followed by continuous infusion of vasopressor as follows: phenylephrine group (50 μg + 50 μg/min); metaraminol group (0.25 mg + 0.25 mg/min); ephedrine group (4 mg + 4 mg/min). Infusion dose was doubled when systolic blood pressure decreased to 80% of baseline and a bolus was given when systolic blood pressure decreased below 80%. The infusion dose was divided in half when systolic blood pressure increased to 120% and was stopped when it became higher. The incidence of hypotension, nausea and vomiting, reactive hypertension, bradycardia, tachycardia, Apgar scores, and arterial cord blood gases were assessed at the 1st and 5th minutes. There was no difference in the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, reactive hypertension, infusion discontinuation, atropine administration or Apgar scores. Rescue boluses were higher only in the ephedrine group compared to metaraminol group. The incidence of nausea and vomiting and fetal acidosis were greater in the ephedrine group. The three drugs were effective in preventing hypotension; however, fetal effects were more frequent in the ephedrine group, although transient.

Hipotensão materna é uma complicação comum após raquianestesia em cirurgia cesariana, trazendo efeitos deletérios para o feto e a mãe. Entre as estratégias com o objetivo de minimizar os efeitos da hipotensão, a administração de vasopressores é a mais eficiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia da fenilefrina, metaraminol e efedrina na prevenção e tratamento de hipotensão após raquianestesia em cirurgia cesariana. Noventa gestantes que não estavam em trabalho de parto submetidas à cesariana eletiva foram randomizadas em três grupos para receber um bolus, seguido de infusão contínua de vasopressor da seguinte forma: Grupo Fenilefrina (50 μg + 50 μg/min); Grupo Metaraminol (0,25 mg + 0,25 mg/min); Grupo Efedrina (4 mg + 4 mg/min). A dose da infusão foi dobrada quando a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) decresceu até 80% dos valores basais e um bolus foi dado quando a PAS decresceu para valores abaixo de 80%. A dose da infusão foi dividida ao meio quando a PAS aumentou até 120% e foi interrompida quando mais elevada. Foram analisadas as incidências de hipotensão, náuseas e vômitos, hipertensão reativa, bradicardia, taquicardia e escores de Apgar no primeiro e quinto minutos e gases de sangue arterial do cordão umbilical. Não houve diferenças nas incidências de hipotensão, bradicardia, hipertensão reativa, interrupção da infusão, administração de atropina ou escores de Apgar. A administração de bolus de resgate foram superiores apenas no Grupo Efedrina em comparação com Metaraminol. A incidência de náuseas e vômitos e acidose fetal foram superiores no Grupo Efedrina. Os três fármacos foram eficazes na prevenção de hipotensão, mas repercussões fetais foram mais frequentes no Grupo Efedrina, embora transitórias.

La hipotensión materna es una complicación común posterior a la anestesia espinal en cirugía de cesárea, lo que trae efectos perjudiciales para el feto y la madre. Entre las estrategias cuyo objetivo es minimizar los efectos de la hipotensión, la administración de vasopresores es la más eficaz. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la eficacia de la fenilefrina, del metaraminol y de la efedrina en la prevención y el tratamiento de la hipotensión posterior a la aplicación de la anestesia espinal en cirugía de cesárea. Noventa gestantes que no estaban de parto y sometidas a la cesárea electiva, fueron aleatorizadas en 3 grupos para recibir un bolo, seguido de infusión continua de vasopresor de la siguiente forma: grupo fenilefrina (50 μg + 50 μg/min); grupo metaraminol (0,25 mg + 0,25 mg/min); grupo efedrina (4 mg + 4 mg/min). La dosis de la infusión se duplicó cuando la presión arterial sistólica cayó al 80% de los valores basales y un bolo se administró cuando la presión arterial sistólica cayó a valores por debajo del 80%. La dosis de la infusión se dividió en 2 cuando la presión arterial sistólica aumentó alcanzando los 120% y fue interrumpida cuando se elevó. Se analizaron las incidencias de hipotensión, náuseas y vómitos, hipertensión reactiva, bradicardia, taquicardia y puntuaciones de Apgar en el primer y en el quinto minutos, y gases de sangre arterial del cordón umbilical. No hubo diferencias en las incidencias de hipotensión, bradicardia, hipertensión reactiva, interrupción de la infusión, administración de atropina o puntuaciones de Apgar. La administración de bolos de rescate fue superior solo en el grupo efedrina en comparación con el metaraminol. La incidencia de náuseas y vómitos y la acidosis fetal fueron superiores en el grupo efedrina. Los 3 fármacos fueron eficaces en la prevención de la hipotensión y las repercusiones fetales fueron más frecuentes en el grupo efedrina, aunque hayan sido transitorias.

[Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia]. / Avaliação comparativa entre metaraminol, fenilefrina e efedrina na profilaxia e no tratamento da hipotensão em cesarianas sob raquianestesia.

Maternal hypotension is a common complication after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section, with deleterious effects on the fetus and mother. Among the strategies aimed at minimizing the effects of hypotension, vasopressor administration is the most efficient. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of phenylephrine, metaraminol, and ephedrine in the prevention and treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Ninety pregnant women, not in labor, undergoing cesarean section were randomized into three groups to receive a bolus followed by continuous infusion of vasopressor as follows: phenylephrine group (50µg+50µg/min); metaraminol group (0.25mg+0.25mg/min); ephedrine group (4mg+4mg/min). Infusion dose was doubled when systolic blood pressure decreased to 80% of baseline and a bolus was given when systolic blood pressure decreased below 80%. The infusion dose was divided in half when systolic blood pressure increased to 120% and was stopped when it became higher. The incidence of hypotension, nausea and vomiting, reactive hypertension, bradycardia, tachycardia, Apgar scores, and arterial cord blood gases were assessed at the 1st and 5th minutes. There was no difference in the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, reactive hypertension, infusion discontinuation, atropine administration or Apgar scores. Rescue boluses were higher only in the ephedrine group compared to metaraminol group. The incidence of nausea and vomiting and fetal acidosis were greater in the ephedrine group. The three drugs were effective in preventing hypotension; however, fetal effects were more frequent in the ephedrine group, although transient.