Operational implementation and lessons learned from Haiti's first helicopter air ambulance.

Critical-care helicopter transport has demonstrated improvements in morbidity and mortality to those patients who utilise the service, but this has largely excluded developing country populations due to set up costs. Haiti Air Ambulance is the first completely publicly-available helicopter ambulance service in a developing country. US standards were adopted for both aviation and aeromedical care in Haiti due to proximity and relationships. In order to implement properly, standards for aviation, critical care, and insurance reimbursement had to be put in place with local authorities. Haiti Air Ambulance worked with the Ministry of Health to author standards for medical procedures, medication usage, and staff training for aeromedical programs in the country. Utilisation criteria for the helicopter were drafted, edited, and constantly updated to ensure the program adapted to the clinical situation while maintaining US standard of care. During the first year, 76 patients were transferred; 13 of whom were children and 3 pregnant women. Three patients were intubated and two required bi-level mask ventilation. Traumatic injury and non-emergency interfacility transfers were the two most common indications for service. More than half of the transfers (54%) originated at one of six hospitals, mostly as a result of highly-involved staff. The program was limited by weather and the lack of weather reporting, radar, visual flight recognition, thus also causing an inability to fly at night. In partnership with the government and other non-governmental organisations, we seek to implement a more robust pre-hospital system in Haiti over the next 12-24 months, including more scene call capabilities.

Traslado aéreo civil de pacientes / Patients being transported by civil airline companies

Objetivo Las operaciones aéreas iniciaron en Colombia en 1919 pero no hay conocimiento sobre el traslado aéreo de pacientes en el país. El estudio fue realizado con empresas en Bogotá que realizaron traslados aéreos de pacientes durante los años 2005 a 2007. El objetivo es mejorar el conocimiento sobre las operaciones de traslado aéreo de pacientes en Colombia. Método Estudio descriptivo de los traslados aéreos de pacientes realizados por tres empresas durante los tres años seleccionados. La escala de valoración del riesgo para el transporte de pacientes fue usada en cada uno de los registros. Resultados Solo tres empresas autorizaron el acceso a los registros médicos, encontrando 98 en total, 24 en 2005, 28 en 2006, y 46 en 2007, pero solo se realizaron 96 traslados, debido a que dos fueron cancelados por malas condiciones médicas del paciente. Todos fueron traslados secundarios (entre hospitales) realizados en ala fija, es decir en avión, 61 % hombres, 38 % mujeres, 51 % adultos y 49 % fueron menores de 18 años (57 % neonatos). De acuerdo con la escala 27 % de los pacientes estaban inestables, 48 % moderadamente inestables y 25 % estables. El 90 % de los traslados fueron realizados por personal médico, 14 casos tuvieron complicaciones durante el vuelo pero la mortalidad fue solo del 4 %. Conclusiones El traslado aéreo de pacientes requiere una valoración y un registro completos de todas las variables relacionadas con el traslado y de personal entrenado en la atención de pacientes críticos de todas las edades.

Objective Colombian aviation operations began in 1919; however, no knowledge is currently available concerning medical air transport in the country. This study involved local companies in Bogota which provided air medical transfer for patients from 2005 to 2007; it was aimed at improving knowledge regarding air transport for patients in Colombia. Method This was a descriptive study of patient air transfer by three companies during the aforementioned three-year period. The Risk Score for Transport Patients' (RSTP) scale was used in each report. Results Only three companies authorized access to their medical reports; 98 reports were found, 24 in 2005, 28 in 2006 and 46 in 2007 but only 96 patients were transferred because two flights were cancelled because of the patients' poor medical condition. All the records dealt with secondary air transfer (between facilities) in fixed-wing aircraft. 61 % of the patients so transferred were male and 38 % female; 51 % were adults and 49 % were less than 18 years old (57 % of the latter being newborn). According to the RSTP scale, 27 % of the patients were unstable, 48 % moderately unstable and 25 % were stable. 90 % of the transfers were accompanied by medical staff, 14 cases had complications during their flights but mortality was just 4 %. Conclusion Patients' air transfer requires complete assessment and a complete record of all the variables related to transporting patients by air and personnel trained in dealing with critically-ill patients of all ages.

Aerotransporte: aspectos básicos y clínicos / Air transport: basic and clinical aspects

El transporte aéreo de pacientes es una realidad cada vez más frecuente. Las condiciones y el ambiente presentado durante un vuelo, así como los cambios fisiológicos que ahí ocurren en los pacientes y en la tripulación son parámetros que el equipo médico debe conocer antes de enfrentarse a esta actividad. En este artículo se revisarán elementos propios de la aviación y de cómo estos influyen en el organismo humano; también se analizarán algunas recomendaciones a considerar.

Air transport of patients is an increasingly common reality. The conditions and the environment presented during a flight, as well as the physiological changes that occur in patients there and the crew are parameters that the medical team should know before taking on this activity. This article will review elements of aviation and how they affect the human organism also discusses some recommendations to consider.

Avaliação inicial do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência na Cidade de Porto Alegre / Initial evaluation of the Mobile Emergency Medical Services in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil / Evaluación inicial del servicio de atención móvil de urgencia en la ciudad de Porto Alegre

FUNDAMENTO: Os Serviços de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) no Brasil têm resultados imediatos pouco conhecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os preditores clínicos de sobrevida dos pacientes em parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) no ambiente não hospitalar atendidos pelo SAMU de Porto Alegre. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional e prospectivo. Os desfechos avaliados foram sobrevida em 30 dias e até a alta hospitalar, além de escore do Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) I-II. RESULTADOS: De janeiro a outubro de 2008, foram atendidos 593 pacientes em PCR não traumática e foram realizadas 260 tentativas de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP). Houve sucesso inicial em 52 (20,0 por cento) casos, estando 16 pacientes vivos no 30º (6,0 por cento) dia, 10 tendo recebido alta hospitalar (3,9 por cento), sendo que 6 (2,3 por cento) com escore CPC I-II. A PCR no domicílio associou-se inversamente com a sobrevida no 30º dia (p = 0,001) e na alta hospitalar (p = 0,02). Um ritmo inicial "chocável" (p = 0,008) associou-se à sobrevida aos 30 dias. O intervalo tempo-resposta e tempo colapso até início da RCP foram significativamente menores em sobreviventes aos 30 dias. Em análise multivariada, foram preditores independentes de mortalidade aos 30 dias um ritmo inicial chocável (razão de chance [RC] = 0,28 e intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95,0 por cento = 0,10 - 0,81; p = 0,02) e PCR no domicílio (RC = 3,0 e IC 95,0 por cento = 1,04 - 8,7; p = 0,04). CONCLUSÃO: O atendimento pré-hospitalar da PCR em Porto Alegre tem resultados limitados, porém equiparáveis a outras localidades internacionais. É necessário o reforço de cada elo da corrente da sobrevivência para aperfeiçoar o atendimento pré-hospitalar, visando melhora de resultados clinicamente relevantes.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the immediate outcomes of the Mobile Emergency Medical Services (SAMU) in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical predictors of survival of patients in cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) in the nonhospital environment treated by the SAMU in the city of Porto Alegre. METHODS: The present study has a prospective and observational design. The evaluated outcomes were 30-day survival and hospital discharge, in addition to the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score I-II. RESULTS: From January to October 2008, a total of 593 patients in nontraumatic CRA were treated and 260 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) attempts were made. There was an initial successful outcome in 52 (20.0 percent) cases, with 16 patients (6.0 percent) alive on the 30th day and 10 being discharged from the hospital (3.9 percent), of which 6 (2.3 percent) presented CPC I-II score. The CPR at home was inversely associated with 30-day survival (p = 0.001) and hospital discharge survival (p = 0.02). An initial "shockable" rhythm (p = 0.008) was associated with 30-day survival. The response-time and collapse-time intervals until CPR start were significantly shorter in 30-day survivors. At multivariate analysis, independent 30-day mortality predictors were an initial shockable rhythm (odds ratio [OR] = 0.28 and 95 percent confidence interval [95 percentCI] = 0.10 - 0.81; p = 0.02) and CPR at home (OR = 3.0 and 95CI percent = 1.04 - 8.7; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The pre-hospital care of CRA in the city of Porto Alegre has limited results; however, they are comparable to the results from other international locations. It is necessary to reinforce each link of the survival chain to improve pre-hospital care, aiming at improving clinically relevant outcomes.

FUNDAMENTO: Los Servicios de Atención Móvil de Urgencia (SAMU) en el Brasil han resultados inmediatos poco conocidos. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los predictores clínicos de sobrevida de los pacientes en parada cardiorrespiratoria (PCR) en el ambiente no hospitalario atendidos por el SAMU de Porto Alegre. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional y prospectivo. Los desenlaces evaluados fueron sobrevida en 30 días y hasta el alta hospitalaria, además de escore del Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) I-II. RESULTADOS: De enero a octubre de 2008, fueron atendidos 593 pacientes en PCR no traumática y fueron realizadas 260 tentativas de resucitación cardiopulmonar (RCP). Hubo éxito inicial en 52 (20,0 por ciento) casos, estando 16 pacientes vivos en el 30º (6,0 por ciento) día, 10 teniendo recibido alta hospitalaria (3,9 por ciento), siendo que 6 (2,3 por ciento) con escore CPC I-II. La PCR en el domicilio se asoció inversamente con la sobrevida en el 30º día (p = 0,001) y en el alta hospitalaria (p = 0,02). Un ritmo inicial pasible de "shockeable" (p = 0,008) se asoció a la sobrevida a los 30 días. El intervalo tiempo-respuesta y tiempo colapso hasta comienzo de la RCP fueron significativamente menores en supervivientes a los 30 días. En análisis multivariado, fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad a los 30 días un ritmo inicial "shockeable" (razón de posibilidad [RC] = 0,28 y intervalo de confianza [IC] de 95,0 por ciento = 0,10 - 0,81; p = 0,02) y PCR en el domicilio (RC = 3,0 y IC 95,0 por ciento = 1,04 - 8,7; p = 0,04). CONCLUSIÓN: La atención prehospitalaria de la PCR en Porto Alegre tiene resultados limitados, sin embargo equiparables a otras localidades internacionales. Es necesario el refuerzo de cada eslabón de la cadena de supervivencia para perfeccionar la atención prehospitalaria, buscando mejora de resultados clínicamente relevantes.