Técnicas Instrumentales en Kinesiología Respiratoria: Principios y Orientación para la Práctica Clínica / Instrumental respiratory physiotherapy: principles and guidance for clinical practice

Introducción. La kinesiología respiratoria cuenta con una amplia variedad de estrategias terapéuticas para el tratamiento de pacientes con disfunción respiratoria, entre las cuales se pueden mencionar las técnicas instrumentales. En la actualidad, existe una amplia variedad de ellas, la gran mayoría frecuentemente utilizadas en la práctica clínica. No obstante, la literatura que respalda su uso es heterogénea al igual que sus protocolos de aplicación. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir las técnicas kinesiológicas instrumentales más utilizadas en la práctica clínica teniendo como base una propuesta de clasificación. Se incluyen los siguientes dispositivos: Threshold PEP, Mascarilla PiPEP, TheraPEP, Flutter, Acapella, RC-Cornet, chaleco oscilatorio/compresivo torácico de alta frecuencia, ventilación percusiva intrapulmonar e incentivador volumétrico y flujométrico. Estas se describen de acuerdo a sus características principales, principios fisiológicos, protocolos de aplicación y evidencia disponible en la literatura.

Background. Respiratory physiotherapy has various therapeutic strategies for treating patients with respiratory dysfunction, including mechanical devices. Currently, a wide variety of these devices exist, and many are frequently used in clinical practice. However, the literature supporting their use is heterogeneous, as well as their application protocols. This paper aims to provide an overview of the most used devices in respiratory physiotherapy at clinical practice based on a proposed classification. The following devices were included: Threshold PEP, PiPEP mask, TheraPEP, Flutter, Acapella, RC-Cornet, High frequency chest wall compression/oscillation, Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation, flow and volume spirometer. They were described according to their main characteristics, physiological mechanisms, application protocols and evidence from literature.

Selecting the best ventilator hyperinflation technique based on physiologic markers: A randomized controlled crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator hyperinflation (VHI) is effective in improving respiratory mechanics, secretion removal, and gas exchange in mechanically ventilated subjects; however, there are no recommendations for the best ventilator settings to perform the technique. OBJECTIVE: To compare six modes of VHI, concerning physiological markers of efficacy and safety criteria to support the selection of optimal settings. METHODS: Thirty mechanically ventilated patients underwent six modes of VHI in a randomized order. The delivered volume, expiratory flow bias criteria, overdistension, patient-ventilator asynchronies and hemodynamic variables were assessed during the interventions. RESULTS: Volume-controlled ventilation with inspiratory flow of 20 lpm (VC-CMV20) and pressure support ventilation (PSV) achieved the best effectiveness scores (P < 0.05). The target peak pressure of 40 cmH2O was associated with a high incidence of overdistension. PSV showed a lower incidence of patient-ventilator asynchronies. CONCLUSIONS: The modes VC-CMV20 and PSV are the most effective for VHI. Alveolar overdistension and patient-ventilator asynchronies must be considered when applying VHI.

Comparing airways clearance techniques in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis: positive expiratory pressure or temporary positive expiratory pressure? A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Airway clearance techniques include positive expiratory pressure, commonly used in our clinical practice, and a recently introduced temporary positive expiratory pressure device called UNIKO®. It is unclear which one provides the best benefit to patients. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this observational 4-year study was to retrospectively compare the efficacy of and specific indications for temporary positive expiratory pressure compared to positive expiratory pressure in a standard rehabilitation program. METHOD: We retrospectively collected data from 162 subjects (107 males, mean age 70±9 years, 97 with primary diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 65 with bronchiectasis), 51 treated with temporary positive expiratory pressure and 111 with positive expiratory pressure. RESULTS: Subjects showed significant improvement in ratio of partial pressure arterial oxygen and fraction of inspired oxygen (p<0.001), forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow, arterial oxygen saturation, and partial pressure arterial oxygen with no significant difference between positive expiratory pressure and temporary positive expiratory pressure groups apart from forced expiratory flow, which increased only in the positive expiratory pressure group. Evaluating specific subgroups, temporary positive expiratory pressure was more effective than positive expiratory pressure in improving gas transfer in subjects with emphysema and in those on oxygen therapy, as the effective supplement oxygen flow decreased significantly (p=0.034 and 0.046 respectively for temporary positive expiratory pressure vs. positive expiratory pressure). In subjects on mechanical ventilation, positive expiratory pressure was superior to temporary positive expiratory pressure in increasing forced expiratory flow (p=0.018). CONCLUSION: The physiological parameters of both groups improved significantly and similarly. Subgroup analysis suggests that temporary positive expiratory pressure could provide some advantage to subjects with emphysema and those on oxygen therapy, while positive expiratory pressure would benefit patients on mechanical ventilation. Randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm our preliminary results indicating that different subgroups/phenotypes can benefit more from one type of treatment.

Kinesioterapia respiratoria en pediatría / Respiratory physiotherapy

La kinesiterapia respiratoria, es una especialidad terapéutica que tiene el rol principal de prevenir y tratar las complicaciones pulmonares de forma sencilla, sin incorporar recursos sofisticados en su ejecución. Su objetivo es optimizar la función respiratoria para lograr un adecuado intercambio de gases y mejorar la relación ventilación perfusión. Para esto se efectuan maniobras de permeabilización bronquiales, que cobran especial valor en la infancia, dado que este grupo etáreo, presenta mayor producción de secreciones y una VA de conducción muy estrecha, ambos elementos predisponen a obstrucciones que deben ser manejadas cuando se amerite. La kinesiterapia, también incluye otras técnicas como ejercicios respiratorios, movilización, posicionamientos, maniobras de reexpansión pulmonar asociados con dispositivos especialmente adaptados para este objetivo. En este escrito, se dan las bases de esta terapia física, con énfasis en la edad pediátrica, junto a la descripción global y específica de las principales técnicas, que el pediatra debiese conocer.

Chest physioterapy is a therapeutic specialty that aims to prevent and treat lung complications without adding sophisticated resources for his execution as its main role. Its goal is to optimize the pulmonary function to achieve appropriate gaseous exchange and to improve ventilation/perfusion ratio. To this end airway clearance techniques are performed, these techniques are of special value during childhood, since this age group present higher quantities of secretions and very narrow conducting airways, both elements predispose to obstructions that must be handle if the case merits. Chest physioterapy also include others techniques as deep breathing, early movilizations, lung recruitment maneuvers with specially adapted devices. This paper set the stage of this pshysical therapy with emphasis in pediatric age, adding a global and specific description of the main techniques that the pediatritian should know.