Automated Brain Tumor Detection using Ideal Shallow Neural Network with Artificial Jellyfish Optimization.

INTRODUCTION: Brain tumors are predicted from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) scan images. In recent years, image processing-based automated tools are developed to predict tumor areas with less human interference. However, such automated tools are suffering from computational complexity and reduced accuracy in certain critical images. In the proposed work, an Ideal Shallow Neural Network (ISNN) is utilized to improve the prediction accuracy, and the computational complexity is reduced by implementing an Artificial Jellyfish Optimization (AJO) algorithm for minimizing the feature dimensionality. METHOD: The proposed method utilizes MRI images for the verification process as they are more informative than the CT scan image. The BRATS and the Kaggle datasets are used in this work and a Gabor filtering technique is used for noise reduction and a histogram equalization is used for enhancing the tumor boundary regions. The classification results observed from the AJO-ISNN are further forwarded towards the segmentation process and which uses the Centroid Weighted Segmentation (WCS) along with a Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) for improving the segmentation over the boundary regions of the brain tumor. RESULT: The experimental result indicates a classification accuracy of 95.14% on the proposed AJO-ISNN model and AJO-ISNN is comparatively better than the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model accuracy of 85.41% and VGG 19 model accuracy of 93.75% while implemented with the AJO optimization model. Similarly, the Dice Similarity Coefficient of the proposed CWS-GOA also reaches 93.15% when performed with both BRATS and Kaggle datasets. CONCLUSION: Apart from the accuracy attainments the proposed work classifies and segments the tumor region in around 65 seconds on average of 200 image verifications and that is comparatively better than the previous multi-cascaded CNN and the InceptionV3 models.

A case of iatrogenic Cushing syndrome and subsequent adrenal insufficiency from a hidden ingredient in the supplement Artri Ajo King.

Dietary supplement use is common in the United States. Supplements are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under a separate set of guidelines from typical food and drug products. This case report describes a patient who presented to the emergency department (ED) with abdominal pain, vomiting, and generalized weakness. On detailed history, we learned that he had been taking a supplement called Artri Ajo King for 18 months, followed by recent abrupt cessation before his ED presentation. He was subsequently found to have a low serum cortisol level and was diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency by a cosyntropin stimulation test. Ultimately, he was started on hydrocortisone with resolution of his symptoms. This case illustrates the consequence of allowing dietary supplements to be sold before FDA evaluation as well as the importance of physicians eliciting history of supplement use and offering a culturally competent discussion with their patients regarding supplement use.

Trends and predictors of modern contraceptive use among married women: Analysis of 2000-2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys.

Objectives: Accessing family planning is a key investment in reducing the broader costs of health care and can reduce a significant proportion of maternal, infant, and childhood deaths. In Ethiopia, use of modern contraceptive methods is still low but it is steadily increasing. Identifying the contributing factors to the changes in contraceptive use among women helps to improve women's contraceptive use and helps to plan strategies for family planning programs. Thus, the current study aimed to analyze the trends and predictors of changes in modern contraceptive use over time among married women in Ethiopia. Data source and study design: Secondary data analysis of the national representative data of 2000-2016 Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey was employed. Methods: This secondary data analysis was considered using 2000 through 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. The study used data from the four DHSs conducted in Ethiopia (2000-2016). The data from all EDHS was collated so as to follow the trends throughout the period considered for the survey. Married women aged 15-49 years with sample sizes of 36,721 (9,203 in 2000, 8,438 in 2005, 9,478 in 2011, and 9,602 in 2016) were included. The analysis involved three levels, including trend analysis (to see changes from 2000 to 2005, 2005-2011, 2011-2016 and 2000-2016). Bivariate and multivariate analysis were also considered to identify predictors of modern contraceptive use. Data was extracted from the EDHS datasets for which authorization was obtained from the DHS Program/ICF International using a data extraction tool. SPSS 24 was employed for data management and analysis. Results: Among married women of reproductive age, modern contraceptive prevalence increased from 6.2% in 2000 to 35.2% in 2016. This 5-fold increment in modern contraceptive use was due to being in the age group of 25-29 years (AOR = 1.4; 95%CI (1.1, 1.7)), having two children (AOR = 1.3; 95%CI (1.1, 1.6)), the richest wealth category (AOR = 3.0; 95% CI (2.5, 3.5)), currently working (AOR = 1.3; 95%CI (1.2, 1.5)) and attending secondary and above education (AOR = 1.2; 95%CI (1.1, 1.6)) were found to be predictors. Conclusions: Over the past 15 years, an annual average of a 1.9% point increment has been observed in modern contraceptive use, but the country lags behind the SDGs's 2030 target of achieving zero unmet needs for contraception. Program interventions, and continued education of women, are mandatory, as education is one of the major factors contributing to increasing contraceptive use.

General aspects about Allium sativum – a review / Aspectos generales del Allium sativum - una revisión

Introducción: El ajo ha sido utilizado como alimento y planta medicinal a través de los años. Se le atribuyen cualidades antimicrobianas, antivirales e inmunoestimuladoras, razón por la que es ampliamente recomendado en el tratamiento de enfermedades como asma, bronquitis, influenza, entre otras. Método: El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión y análisis de la literatura relacionada con el uso medicinal del ajo, y su potencial como agente terapéutico e inmunoestimulante en diferentes enfermedades y condiciones de salud. La búsqueda de literatura se realizó en las bases de datos de Medline a través del buscador Pubmed, Scielo, Clinical Key y ClinicalTrials.gov, entre otros. Resultados: La información consultada respalda los beneficios para la salud asociados con el consumo del ajo. La trituración de los bulbos de ajo permite la obtención de aliína, que al sufrir oxidación enzimática, se convierte en alicina. Este compuesto tiene un rol fundamental en las propiedades medicinales del ajo y se dice que la actividad de esta planta medicinal radica en su capacidad de producir alicina. Estudios preclínicos han demostrado el mejoramiento del sistema inmune y se han identificado proteínas específicas asociadas a su efecto inmunoestimulante. En estudios clínicos se han administrado suplementos con derivados de ajo y se ha observado una disminución en la incidencia de influenza y enfermedades respiratorias agudas. Conclusiones: El ajo ha demostrado tener un potencial clínico muy importante en el tratamiento de gran cantidad de enfermedades. Se han observado efectos inmunomoduladores y en la prevención de enfermedades respiratorias agudas de origen viral. (AU)

Introduction: Garlic has been used as a food and medicinal plant through the years. Antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunostimulatory effects are attributed to garlic, so it is widely recommended to treat diseases like asthma, bron-chitis, influenza, and some others. Method: This work’s objective was to conduct a literature review and analysis related to garlic medicinal-use, and it’s potential as a therapeutic agent and immunostimulant in different diseases and health conditions. The literature review was carried out in the databases Scielo, Clinical Key, Medline and ClinicalTrials.gov, among others. Results: The information consulted supports the health benefits associated with garlic consumption. The crushing of garlic bulbs allows obtaining alliin, which turns into allicin due to enzymatic oxidation. This compound has a fundamental role in the garlic’s medicinal properties, and the garlic plant’s activity depends on its ability to produce allicin. Preclinical studies have shown the improvement of the immune system, and specific proteins associated with its immunostimulating effect have been identified. In clinical studies, supplements with garlic derivatives have been administered to patients, and a decrease in the incidence of influenza and acute respiratory diseases has been observed. Conclusions: Garlic has been shown to have a significant clinical potential to treat many diseases, and immuno-modulatory effects and viral acute respiratory disease prevention have been observed. (AU)

Eficacia de la tintura de ajo al 20% en pacientes asmáticos. Policlínico 13 de Marzo. 2018 -2019 / Efficacy of 20% garlic tincture in asthmatic patients. Polyclinic March 13. 2018 -2019 / Eficácia da tintura de alho a 20% em pacientes asmáticos. Policlínica, 13 de março. 2018-2019

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, con modelo cuasi experimental en los pacientes asmáticos pertenecientes del Policlínico 13 de Marzo, con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia de la tintura de ajo al 20% en el tratamiento intercrisis del Asma Bronquial, en el período comprendido de enero de 2018 a mayo de 2019. El Universo estuvo representado por 88 pacientes asmáticos entre 20-59 años de edad dispensarizados en el consultorio 25. La muestra quedó constituida por 84 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y de exclusión. Los pacientes fueron distribuidos de forma aleatoria, en dos grupos control y experimental, utilizando la tabla de números aleatorios computarizados, en una proporción pareada de 1:1. Se empleó la prueba de diferencia de proporciones para muestras independientes y se trabajó con un nivel de significación p=0,05. Con este proyecto se contribuyó al desarrollo de la medicina natural y tradicional en nuestro país. Se demostró la eficacia de la tintura de ajo en el 97.6 % de los pacientes. Los hombres fueron los más afectados por las crisis y se reportaron 3 efectos adversos de forma leve.

ABSTRACT A prospective study was carried out, with a quasi-experimental model in asthmatic patients belonging to the 13 de Marzo Polyclinic, with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of the 20% garlic tincture in the inter-crisis treatment of Bronchial Asthma, in the period from January from 2018 to May 2019. El universo was represented by 88 asthmatic patients between 20-59 years of age dispensed in the office 25. The sample consisted of 84 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patients were randomized into two control and experimental groups, using the table of computerized random numbers, in a paired ratio of 1: 1. The difference of proportions test was used for independent samples and the level of significance was p = 0.05. This project contributed to the development of natural and traditional medicine in our country. The efficacy of garlic tincture was demonstrated in 97.6% of patients. Men were the most affected by the seizures and 3 mild adverse effects were reported.

RESUMO Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, com modelo quase experimental em pacientes asmáticos pertencentes à Policlínica 13 de Marzo, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia da tintura de alho a 20% no tratamento intercrises da Asma Brônquica, no período de janeiro de 2018 a maio de 2019. O El Universo foi representado por 88 pacientes asmáticos entre 20 e 59 anos dispensados ​​em consultório 25. A amostra foi composta por 84 pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos controle e experimental, utilizando a tabela de números aleatórios computadorizados, na proporção pareada de 1: 1. O teste de diferença de proporções foi utilizado para amostras independentes e o nível de significância adotado foi p = 0,05. Este projeto contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da medicina natural e tradicional em nosso país. A eficácia da tintura de alho foi demonstrada em 97,6% dos pacientes. Os homens foram os mais afetados pelas convulsões e três efeitos adversos leves foram relatados.

Isolation and Genomic Characterization of an Acinetobacter johnsonii Bacteriophage AJO2 From Bulking Activated Sludge.

A novel Podoviridae lytic phage AJO2, specifically infecting Acinetobacter johnsonii, was isolated from bulking activated sludge. The one-step growth experiment showed that the latent period and burst size of AJO2 were estimated to be 30 min and 78.1 phages per infected cell, respectively. The viability test indicated that neutral conditions (pH 6-8) were table for AJO2 survival, while it was sensitive to high temperature (≥60°C) and ultraviolet treatment (254 nm). Genomic sequencing revealed that the AJO2 had a linearly permuted, double-stranded (ds) DNA consisting of 38,124 bp, with the G+C content of 41 mol%. A total of 58 putative open reading frames (ORFs), 11 pairs of repeats and 11 promoters were identified. The AJO2 genome had a modular gene structure which shared some similarities to those of A. baumanii phages. However, genomic comparative analysis revealed many differences among them, and novel genes were identified in the AJO2 genome. These results contribute to subsequent researches on the interaction between bacteriophages and hosts in wastewater treatment, especially during the bulking period. Additionally, the newly isolated phage could be a good candidate as a therapeutic agent to control nosocomial infections caused by A. johnsonii.

The essential oil of Allium sativum as an alternative agent against Candida isolated from dental prostheses.

BACKGROUND: The colonization of the surfaces of dental prostheses by Candida albicans is associated with the development of denture stomatitis. In this context, the use of fluconazole has been proposed, but its disadvantage is microbial resistance. Meanwhile, the oil of Allium sativum has shown an effect in controlling biofilm formation by C. albicans. AIMS: The objective of this study was to determine the antifungal activities of the essential oil of A. sativum and fluconazole against clinical isolates of Candida species obtained from rigid, acrylic-based partial or total dentures and to compare these agents' effects on both biofilm and planktonic cells. METHODS: A total of 48 clinical isolates obtained from the acrylic surface of partial or complete dentures were examined, and the following species were identified: C. albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. For each isolate, the antifungal activities of the essential oil of A. sativum and fluconazole against both biofilm and planktonic cells were evaluated using the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A3 method. The isolates were also evaluated by semiquantitative XTT reduction. RESULTS: All planktonic Candida isolates were susceptible to the essential oil of A. sativum, whereas 4.2% were resistant to fluconazole. Regarding susceptibilities in biofilms, 43.8% of biofilms were resistant to A. sativum oil, and 91.7% were resistant to fluconazole. CONCLUSIONS: All planktonic cells of the different Candida species tested are susceptible to <1mg/ml A. sativum oil, and the majority are susceptible to fluconazole. Susceptibility decreases in biofilm cells, with increased resistance to fluconazole compared with A. sativum oil. The essential oil of A. sativum is thus active against clinical isolates of Candida species obtained from dentures, with effects on both biofilm and planktonic cells in vitro.

Ingesta de productos naturales o macrobióticos una llamada de atención a la salud pública / Intake of natural or macrobiotic products a call for attention to public health

Este trabajo aborda la importancia de prevenir el uso indiscriminado de productos naturales o macrobióticos, sus posibles efectos perjudiciales en la salud, así concienciar a profesionales en el área de la salud sobre la importancia de incluir este tema durante la historia médica. Se analiza el incremento en el uso de productos naturales o macrobióticos, las ventajas de la etnomedicina como un resurgimiento de la industria farmacéutica y las desventajas que acarrea este tipo de productos. Las hierbas ofrecen una alternativa terapéutica como la creación de nuevos fármacos, aunque poseen efectos secundarios que podrían arriesgar la salud de los pacientes.

[Fusarium species associated with basal rot of garlic in North Central Mexico and its pathogenicity]. / Patogenicidad de especies de Fusarium asociadas a la pudrición basal del ajo en el centro norte de México.

Garlic in Mexico is one of the most profitable vegetable crops, grown in almost 5,451ha; out of which more than 83% are located in Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Sonora, Puebla, Baja California and Aguascalientes. Blossom-end rot caused by Fusarium spp is widely distributed worldwide and has been a limiting factor in onion and garlic production regions, not only in Mexico but also in other countries. The presence of Fusarium oxysporum has been reported in Guanajuato and Aguascalientes. Fusarium culmorum has been reported in onion cultivars of Morelos; and Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium solani and Fusarium acuminatum have been previously reported in Aguascalientes. The goal of this work was identifying the Fusarium species found in Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes, to assess their pathogenicity. Plants with disease symptoms were collected from hereinabove mentioned States. The samples resulted in the identification of: F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. solani and F. acuminatum species; out of which Aguascalientes AGS1A (F. oxysporum), AGS1B (F. oxysporum) and AGSY-10 (F. acuminatum) strains showed higher severity under greenhouse conditions.

Patogenicidad de especies de Fusarium asociadas a la pudrición basal del ajo en el centro norte de México / Fusarium species associated with basal rot of garlic in North Central Mexico and its pathogenicity

El ajo en México es uno de los cultivos de hortalizas más rentables, más del 83% de esta superficie es aportada por los estados de Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Sonora, Puebla, Baja California y Aguascalientes. La pudrición basal ocasionada por Fusarium spp. se encuentra ampliamente distribuida a nivel mundial; esta enfermedad se ha convertido en una limitante en zonas productoras de cebolla y ajo, no solo en México, sino también en otros países, En México, se ha informado la presencia de Fusarium oxysporum en plantas en Guanajuato y en semillas de ajo en Aguascalientes. En el estado de Morelos se ha reportado la presencia de Fusarium culmorum en cultivares de cebolla. Asimismo, en Aguascalientes se tienen antecedentes de otras especies como Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium solani y Fusarium acuminatum. Para este trabajo se planteó como objetivo identificar las especies de Fusarium encontradas en los estados de Zacatecas, Guanajuato y Aguascalientes, y evaluar su patogenicidad. Se realizaron recolectas de plantas con síntomas de la enfermedad en los estados antes mencionados. De los muestreos realizados se identificaron las especies F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. solani y F. acuminatum; las cepas de Aguascalientes identificadas como AGS1A (F. oxysporum), AGS1B (F. oxysporum) y AGSY-10 (F. acuminatum) fueron las que presentaron bajo condiciones de invernadero un mayor índice de severidad.

Garlic in Mexico is one of the most profitable vegetable crops, grown in almost 5,451 ha; out of which more than 83% are located in Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Sonora, Puebla, Baja California and Aguascalientes. Blossom-end rot caused by Fusarium spp is widely distributed worldwide and has been a limiting factor in onion and garlic production regions, not only in Mexico but also in other countries. The presence of Fusarium oxysporum has been reported in Guanajuato and Aguascalientes. Fusarium culmorum has been reported in onion cultivars of Morelos; and Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium solani and Fusarium acuminatum have been previously reported in Aguascalientes. The goal of this work was identifying the Fusarium species found in Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes, to assess their pathogenicity. Plants with disease symptoms were collected from hereinabove mentioned States. The samples resulted in the identification of: F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. solani and F. acuminatum species; out of which Aguascalientes AGS1A (F. oxysporum), AGS1B (F. oxysporum) and AGSY-10 (F. acuminatum) strains showed higher severity under greenhouse conditions.

Efectos del Allium sativum, ajo, en pacientes con dislipidemia en la ciudad de Huancayo. Estudio preliminar / Effects of Allium sativum, garlic, in patients with dyslipidemia in the city of Huancayo. Preliminary Study

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del consumo de cápsulas de Allium sativum en una dosis diaria de 1 g por 12 semanas en pacientes con dislipidemia residentes en la ciudad de Huancayo (3200 msnm). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio experimental de un solo grupo de intervención con comparación pre-post. Se evaluaron a 33 sujetos (hombres y mujeres) con diagnóstico de dislipidemia de acuerdo a los criterios ATP III; quienes recibieron cápsulas con dosis de 1g diario por doce semanas. Se analizaron los valores de colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c y triglicéridos antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: Después de doce semanas, se encontraron reducciones estadísticamente significativas (p<0.001) de los valores de colesterol total (Δ 62.4 mg/dl; IC 95%: 59.1-65.7), LDL-c (Δ 63.7 mg/dl; IC 95%: 60.3-67.1) y Triglicéridos (Δ 21.5 mg/dl; IC 95%: 14.3-28.7) y aumento del HDL-c (Δ 4.1 mg/dl; IC 95%: 2.9-5.3). Conclusión: La intervención por doce semanas con cápsulas de Allium savitum en pacientes con dislipidemia mostró efectos estadísticamente significativos en los niveles de colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c y triglicéridos. Se recomienda realizar estudios clínicos aleatorizados para poder evaluar en real magnitud las tendencias observadas en estos resultados preliminares.

Efecto de la tintura de ajo en odontalgias / Effect of garlic tincture in odontology

Se realiza un estudio para determinar los efectos de la tintura de ajo al 20 por ciento en el tratamiento de odontalgia en el Policlínico Universitario Francisco Castro Ceruto de la ciudad de El Salvador, Guantánamo, en el periodo comprendido enero–diciembre de 2012, donde se empleó en todos los pacientes que acudieron a el servicio de urgencias con pulpitis reversibles que estuvieron de acuerdo en participar en dicha investigación, a la muestra se le aplicó un cuestionario donde se recogieron las variables: sexo, edad, alivio, tiempo de desaparición y reacción adversa medicamentosa (RAM). Obtuvimos que de los 121 pacientes atendidos solo en tres pacientes persistió el dolor, es decir que no desapareció; por otra parte los otros 118 se le alivió el dolor en un período de tiempo de 1-10 minutos. Se comprobó los efectos positivos del mismo, no se encontró ninguna reacción adversa en los pacientes tratados(AU)

A study was erformed to determine the effects of garlic tincture to 20 in the treatment of toothache at the teaching Policlinic Francisco Castro Ceruto in El Salvador, from January to December 2012, used in all patients presenting to the emergency department with reversible pulpitis who agreed to participate in this research, in the sample was applied a questionnaire and variables were collected: sex, age, relief, clearance time and adverse drug reaction (ADR). It was obtained that out of the 121 studied patients only in three patients the pain persisted, not disappeared; moreover the other 118 was reduced pain over a period of time from 1-10 minutes. The positive effects of was found, no adverse reactions in patients treated were found(AU)

Efecto hipotensor del extracto de ajo (Allium sativum) macerado por 18 semanas en un modelo experimental in vivo / Hypotensive effect of extract of macerated garlic (Allium sativum) for 18 weeks in an in vivo experimental model

Objetivos. Determinar si el extracto de ajo (Allium sativum) macerado por 18 semanas tiene igual o mejor efecto hipotensor que el captopril en ratas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio experimental in vivo con ratas machos Holtzman, clasificados en cinco grupos: 100, 500 y 1000 mg/kg de extracto de ajo, Captopril de 100 mg/kg y un grupo vehículo. El L-NAME (N-G-nitro L-arginina-metil-éster) administrado vía intraperitoneal 50 mg/kg desde el inicio del experimento, elevó la presión arterial desde el tercer día. El análisis estadístico consistió en las pruebas T de Student para medias pareadas, ANOVA y comparación múltiple de Scheffe. Resultados. El ajo macerado extraído por un proceso hidroalcohólico durante 18 semanas provocó una disminución de la presión arterial en animales de experimentación. El análisis de los tratamientos sobre la presión arterial media (PAM), obtuvieron diferencias significativas desde el tercer día. La comparación sobre la PAM final versus PAM basal (medias no diferentes) y el efecto hipotensor (%) fueron: ajo-100 (p=0,008), 59,8%; ajo-500 (p=0,021), 80,6%; ajo-1000 (p=0,034), 88,5%, Captopril (p=0,437), 99,9% y vehículo (p=0,001), 0%. Conclusiones. El ajo macerado a un periodo de 18 semanas resultó eficaz para producir un efecto hipotensor en ratas, inducidas a hipertensión arterial por L-NAME...

Objectives. Determine whether macerated extract of garlic (Allium sativum) for 18 weeks is equal to or better than Captopril in its hypotensive effect in rats. Materials and methods. We performed an experimental in vivo study with Holtzman male rats divided into five groups using 100, 500 and 1,000 mg kg of garlic extract, Captopril 100 mg/kg and a vehicle group. 50 mg/kg L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) was administered intraperitoneally which elevated blood pressure after the third day. Statistical analysis consisted of StudentÆs t-test for paired means, ANOVA and Scheffe multiple comparison. Results. The macerated garlic extracted by a hydroalcoholic process administered for 18 weeks resulted in a decrease in blood pressure in experimental animals. In the analysis of treatments on mean arterial pressure (MAP), significant differences were obtained after the third day. The comparison of the MAP final versus MAP basal (no difference in averages) and the hypotensive effect (%) were: garlic-100 (p=0.008), 59.8%; ajo-500 (p=0.021), 80.6%; garlic-1000 (p=0.034), 88.5%; captopril (p=0.437), 99.9%; and vehicle-only (p=0.001), 0%. Conclusions. The macerated garlic given for an 18-week period effectively produced a hypotensive effect in rats with hypertension induced by L-NAME...

Función Antimicrobiana de la Alicina de Ajo en cultivos de Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Escherichia coli / Antimicrobial function of Garlic Allicin in cultures of Staphylococcus Aureus, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Escherichia Coli

El ajo posee varias virtudes tanto culinarias como farmacéuticas, que despierta gran interés en la medicina natural sobre todo por su actividad antimicrobiana. Por lo que éste estudio pretende evaluar la capacidad antimicrobiana del ajo en cepas bacterianas como: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Escherichia coli. El presente estudio es de tipo experimental. Se obtuvo la alicina del ajo mediante un proceso de trituración para luego exponer a la tres cepas en tres diferentes concentraciones (0.5, 1,5 y 3 ml)y a partir de ello de determinar su capacidad antimicrobiana. Los resultados evidenciaron que: Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa se inhibían totalmente a una concentración de 3 mililitros, mientras que Escherichia coli no se inhibió ante ninguna concentración. Concluimos que el campo del estudio de la función antimicrobiana del ajo es amplio y debe profundizarse más su estudio.

Garlic has several culinary virtues both as pharmaceutical, whicharoused great interest in natural medicine especially for its antimicrobial activity. So this study aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of garlic on bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The present study is experimental. Allicin garlic was obtained through a process of grinding and then exposed to three strains in three different concentrations (0.5, 1.5 and 3 ml) and from this determine their antimicrobial activity. The results showed that: Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are completely inhibited at a concentration of 3 milliliters, while Escherichia coli was not inhibited at any concentration. It was concluded that the field of study of the antimicrobial function of garlic is more comprehensive and should be further study.

Estudio cualitativo del efecto del consumo de tintura madre de Allium sativum L. en la concentración de lisozima y proteínas totales en niños menores de 6 años con infecciones respiratorias agudas (I.R.A.) en el consultorio de Hualqui, VIII Región, Chile / Qualitative study of the effect on consumption of the mother tincture of Allium sativum (garlic) in the lysozyme concentration and total protein in children under 6 years old with acute respiratory infection in the Hualqui Medic´s office, VIII Region of Chile

Sampled population was children under 6 years with acute respiratory infection and the sample were obtained from sputum. The aim was to determine the changes in the concentrations ob both, lisozyme and total protein, before and after the intervention with the garlic mother tincture. It was a pilot study quantitative and through a system of nonrandomness simple of the probabilistic a sample of 25 individuals for determining if you belong to the treatment group (mother tincture) or control (placebo). The results indicate a decrease in the concentration of lysozyme and total proteins in the treatment group between 3 to 5 days after initiated treatment, on the other hand the control group showed an increase in the measurements. Only the treatment group showed positive changes in type symptomatical of the disease. Mother Tincture of garlic is a phytotherapeutic alternative excellent for effectively combat acute respiratory infections in children.

La población muestreada fueron niños menores de 6 años con I.R.A y la muestra fue obtenida de la expectoración. El objetivo fue determinar los cambios en la concentraciones de lisozima y proteínas totales, antes y después de la intervención con la tintura madre de ajo. Fue un estudio cuantitativo experimental y a través de un sistema de aleatoriedad simple del tipo probabilístico se toma una muestra de 25 individuos para determinar si pertenecerán al grupo tratamiento (tintura madre) o control (placebo). Los resultados obtenidos indican una disminución en la concentración de lisozima y proteínas totales del grupo tratamiento entre los 3 a 5 días después de iniciado el tratamiento, en cambio el grupo control reveló un aumento en las mediciones. Solamente el grupo tratamiento evidenció cambios positivos de tipo sintomatológico de la enfermedad. La tintura madre de ajo es una excelente alternativa fitoterapeútica para el combate eficaz contra las infecciones respiratorias agudas en niños.

Effects of dietary garlic (Allium sativum Linn) supplementation on body weight and gut morphometry of commercial broilers / Efectos de la suplementación dietética de ajo (Allium sativum Linn) sobre el peso corporal y la morfometría intestinal de los pollos de engorde comercial

The effect of garlic on the absorptive surface of the small intestine of broilers was investigated towards elucidating its mechanism of growth promotion. One hundred day-old Arbor acre broilers were reared in 4 separate groups of twenty-five each. Broiler diet was supplemented with graded doses of garlic meal viz: 0 percent - group A; 0.125 percent - group B; 0.25 percent - group C; 0.5 percent - group D. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was determined at 6 week-old. At 8 week-old, five broilers/group were selected randomly, euthanized and sections of the jejunum were harvested for histological examination. Villi lengths, widths and cryptal depths were determined. Mean body weight at 8 weeks old was highest in group B (1930 +/- 41g) and least in group A (1850 +/- 92g). FCR was highest in group D (4.34) and least in group B (3.8). Mean villi length, villi width and cryptal depth were highest (p<0.05) in group B i.e. 39.3 +/- 2.3 mm, 7.64 +/- 1.6 mm and 23.0 +/- 1.6 mm, respectively, indicating increased absorptive surface area. It was concluded that garlic meal supplementation at 0.125 percent in the diet of commercial broilers improved body weight gain and FCR by increasing villi length, villi width and cryptal depth.

Fue investigado el efecto del ajo sobre la superficie de absorción del intestino delgado de pollos de engorde para dilucidar su mecanismo de promoción del crecimiento. Cien pollos pollos de engorde Arbor acres de cien días de edad fueron criados en 4 grupos. La dieta de los pollos se complementó con dosis graduales de ajo en: 0 por ciento - el grupo A; 0,125 por ciento - el grupo B, 0,25 por ciento - el grupo C y 0,5 por ciento - el grupo de alimentación D. El índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA) se determinó a las 6 semanas de edad. A las 8 semanas de edad, 5 pollos de cada grupo fueron seleccionados al azar, se eutanizaron y secciones del yeyuno fueron preparadas para el examen histológico. Fueron determinadas la longitud y el ancho de las vellosidades, junto a la profundidad de las criptas. La media de peso corporal a las 8 semanas fue mayor en el grupo B (1930 +/- 41 g) y menor en el grupo A (1850 +/- 92 g). El ICA fue mayor en el grupo D (4,34) y menor en el grupo B (3,8). La media de longitud de las vellosidades, ancho de las vellosidades y profundidad de las criptas fueron mayores (p <0,05) en el grupo B es decir, 39,3 +/- 2,3 mm, 7,64 +/- 1,6 mm y 23,0 +/- 1,6 mm, respectivamente, indicando mayor área de superficie de absorción. Se concluyó que los suplementos de ajo en concentración del 0,125 por ciento en la dieta de los pollos de engorde comerciales mejoró la ganancia de peso corporal y el ICA mediante el aumento de longitud y ancho de las vellosidades, junto a la profundidad de las criptas.

Efectividad de la tintura de ajo en el tratamiento de pacientes hipertensos no controlados / Effectiveness of tincture of garlic in the treatment of uncontrolled hypertensive patients

Se realiza un estudio de intervención educativo-terapéutico encaminado a tratar la hipertensión arterial con Tintura de Ajo. El universo de estudio está conformado por los hipertensos no controlados del Consultorio Médico de la Familia No. 1 de La Yaya, municipio Niceto Pérez, Guantánamo, en el período enero - diciembre de 2007, de los cuales se selecciona una muestra de 94 pacientes. Las variables estudiadas fueron: sexo, edad, factores de riesgo, grupo de edades y sexo de hipertensos no controlados después de la intervención, estadio, respuesta y costo del tratamiento. La enfermedad fue más frecuente en el sexo masculino y en el grupo de 45 - 59 años. Se logró reducción de las cifras tensionales en el 97.9 por ciento después de la intervención. Se demostró la efectividad de la Tintura de Ajo con la que se logró controlar al mayor número de enfermos (AU)

A study of educational and therapeutic intervention was done with the aim of treating hypertension with tincture of garlic. The universe is made up of hypertensive patients uncontrolled in the Family Medical Clinic No. 1 from La Yaya municipality Niceto Pérez, Guantánamo, during January to December 2007, 94 patients were selected as example. The variables studied were sex, age, risk factors, age group and sex of hypertensive patients not controlled after surgery, stage, response and cost of treatment. The disease was more common in males in the group of 45 - 59. It was possible to reduce blood pressure in 97.9por ciento after the intervention. Demonstrated the effectiveness of tincture of garlic with was controlled to the greatest number of patients

Morphological and biochemical changes of salmonella hadar exposed to aqueous garlic extract / Cambios morfológicos y bioquímicos de salmonella hadar expuestas a extracto acuoso de ajo

The effect on Salmonella hadar growth was investigated using fresh sterile liquid medium (Pronadisa, Hispanlab) containing aqueous garlic extract (AGE) at different concentration (0, 11, 12, and 13 mg/ml). The garlic extract added at these final concentrations had a bacteriostatic effect on Salmonella hadar. The effect of these bacteriostatic concentration of AGE on the growth of the tested serovar, revealed a pattern of inhibition characterized by: (i) a transitory inhibition phase whose duration was proportional to AGE concentration (ii) a resumed growth phase which showed a lower rate of growth than in uninhibited controls, and (iii) an entry into stationary phase at a lower culture density. The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentrations were very close, garlic MIC was 12 mg/ml and the MBC was 14 mg/ml. Among enzymatic activities followed with the API-ZYM system, significant changes during the inhibition phase were detected. These biochemical changes represent an adaptative response towards the garlic stress. Some cellular enzymatic activities disappeared, whereas others were induced or maintained after AGE addition. TEM images of the samples treated with the bacteriostatic concentration of AGE (12 mg/ml) revealed the rupture of cell walls and nonhomogeneous disposition of cytoplasmic materials within treated bacteria.

El efecto sobre el crecimiento de Salmonella hadar fue investigado utilizando un medio líquido estéril fresco (Pronadisa, Hispanlab) conteniendo el extracto acuoso de ajo (EAA) en diferentes concentraciones (0, 11, 12 y 13 mg/ml). El extracto de ajo añadido con estas concentraciones tuvo un efecto bacteriostático sobre Salmonella hadar. La prueba serovar reveló un patrón de inhibición caracterizado por: (i) una fase de inhibición transitoria cuya duración fue proporcional a la concentración de EAA, (ii) una reanudación de la fase de crecimiento, la cual mostró una tasa más baja de crecimiento que controles sin inhibición, y (iii) una ingreso en fase estacionaria con una menor densidad de cultivo. La concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) y la concentración mínima bactericida (CMB) fueron muy cercanas, la CMI de ajo fue de 12 mg/ml y la CMB fue de 14 mg/ml. Las actividades enzimáticas seguidas con el sistema API-ZYM, mostraron cambios significativos durante la fase de inhibición. Estos cambios bioquímicos representan una respuesta adaptativa al estrés del ajo. Algunas actividades enzimáticas celulares desaparecieron, mientras que otras fueron inducidas o mantenidas después de la adición de EAA. Las imágenes de MET de las muestras tratadas con la concentración del bacteriostático EAA (12 mg/ml) revelaron la ruptura de las paredes celulares y la disposición no homogénea de materiales citoplasmáticos dentro de las bacterias tratadas.

Ação farmacológica do alho (Allium sativum L. ) e da cebola (Allium cepa L. ) sobre o sistema cardiovascular: revisão / Pharmacological effect of garlic (Allium sativum L. ) and onion (Allium cepa L. )on the cardiovascular system: review

Cardiovascular diseases affect millions of people and have high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. Studies about the consumption of garlic and onion showed that these species have considerable beneficial effects against diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and thrombosis, and are classifed, therefore, as functional foods. Their properties have been attributed to organosulfur compounds, particularly allicin, which are abundantly found in their tissues. This study reviewed the literature about the effects of garlic and onion on the cardiovascular system.

Enfermedades del sistema cardiovascular afectan millones de personas y son causadoras de elevados índices de mortalidad y morbilidad en el mundo. Estudios sobre el consumo de ajo y cebolla mostraron considerables beneficios en relación a enfermedades como hipertensión, trombosis y arterioesclerosis siendo considerados alimentos funcionales. Esas ventajas han sido atribuidas a la presencia en abundancia de compuestos orgánicos sulfurados en el tejido de esas plantas, destacándose entre ellos la aliicina. En este trabajo relatamos un estudio bibliográfico sobre la acción del ajo y la cebolla en el sistema cardiovascular.

As doenças do sistema cardiovascular atingem milhões de pessoas e são causadoras de elevado índice de mortalidade e morbidade mundial. Estudos realizados sobre o consumo do alho e cebola relataram que estas espécies apresentaram considerável efeito benéfico sobre enfermidades como hipertensão, aterosclerose e trombose, sendo desta forma, considerados como alimentos funcionais. Essas atividades têm sido atribuídas aos compostos orgânicos sulfurados, abundantes nos tecidos dessas plantas, destacando-se a aliicina. Desta forma, o presente estudo visa realizar um levantamento bibliográfico sobre o alho e a cebola quanto à sua ação sobre o sistema cardiovascular.

Estudio microbiológico de ajo(Allium sativum L.) y cebolla (Allium cepa L.) deshidratados / Microbiological study of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and onion (Allium cepaL.) dehydrated

En este trabajo se efectuó un estudio microbiológico durante la deshidratación y el almacenamiento de ajo (Allium sativum L.) y de cebolla (Allium cepa L.). Al ajo se le efectuó un proceso de escaldado y a la cebolla un salmuereado previo a la deshidratación. En las materias primas los recuentos promedio expresados en UFC/g fueron: bacterias aerobias mesófilas entre 1,2 x 102y 1,6 x 103, mohos y levaduras entre 60 y 1,6 x 103, Lactobacillus spp. y Leuconostocmesenteroidessubesp. mesenteroides entre 10 y 50.Se identificaron: Penicillium spp., Monilia spp. Lactobacillus brevis,Leuconostoc mesenteroides subesp. mesenteroides y levaduras en ajo; Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis y levaduras en dos tipos de cebolla. Leuconostoc mesenteroides subesp. mesenteroides sólo se detectó en un tipo de cebolla. En ajos deshidratados y durante el almacenamiento se hallaron Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis y levaduras mientras que los mismos con escaldado no presentaron desarrollo. Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Monilia spp. y Lactobacillus brevis se identificaron en los dos tipos de cebolla deshidratadas. Con la incorporación del salmuereado la microflora se redujo significativamente hallándose solamente Penicillium spp. La utilización de barreras adicionales de control microbiano tales como escaldado y salmuereado produce un aporte importante a la estabilidad microbiológica de los productos.

A microbiological study during the process and the storage of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) dehydrated, with the additional barriers of blanching or brine immersion, was made. In all raw materials the average counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria expressed in CFU/g ranged from 1.2 x 102to 1.6 x 103, molds and yeasts from 60 to 1.6 x 103, Lactobacillus spp. and Leuconostocmesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides between 10 and 50. Microorganisms identified were Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and yeasts in garlic; Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis and yeasts in both types of onions. Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides was detected in only kind of onion. In dehydrated garlic storage, Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis and yeasts were detected. In garlic, when a blanching step was carried out no microflora was detected. Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Monilia spp. and Lactobacillus brevis were identified in both types of dehydrated onions. When brine immersion was included the microflora detected was significantly lower and only Penicillium spp. were found. The use of additional barriers such as blanching or brine immersion produces an important effect on the microbiological stability in these products.