[Pulmonary embolism and diffuse alveolar bleeding: combination options and therapy features].

The analysis of the mechanisms of the formation of a rare clinical combination of pulmonary embolism (PE) and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), which are complications of systemic vasculitis associated with antibodies to the cytoplasm of neutrophils (primarily granulomatosis with polyangiitis), systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary antiphlogistic syndrome primary antiphospholipid syndrome and Goodpastures syndrome. Taking into account the chronological sequence of the occurrence of PE and DAH, 3 variants of the onset of these potentially fatal additions to the underlying disease were considered: the anticipatory DAH development of PE, delayed from DAH PE and joint (within 24 hours) formation of PE and DAH. A review of single descriptions of such a combination of complications of granulomatosis with polyangiitis is carried out, criteria are indicated, a working classification of severity is given and, taking this into account, a modern program of therapy for DAH as an independent event and in combination with PE.

Haemoptysis as the first presentation of COVID-19: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic that profoundly challenges healthcare systems all over the world. Fever, cough and fatigue are the most commonly reported clinical symptoms. CASE PRESENTATION: A 58-year-old man presented at the emergency department with acute onset haemoptysis. On the fifth day after admission, he developed massive haemoptysis. Computed tomography (CT) angiography of the chest revealed alveolar haemorrhage, more prominent in the left lung. Flexible bronchoscopy confirmed bleeding from the left upper lobe, confirmed by a bronchial arteriography, which was successfully embolized. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) tested for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) repeatedly returned negative. Surprisingly, SARS-CoV-2 was eventually detected in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. CONCLUSIONS: Life-threatening haemoptysis is an unusual presentation of COVID-19, reflecting alveolar bleeding as a rare but possible complication. This case emphasises the added value of bronchoscopy with BAL in the diagnostic work-up in case of high clinical suspicion and negative serial NPS in patients presenting with severe symptoms.

[A rare and severe complication related to acenocoumarol therapy: intra-alveolar bleeding]. / Une complication rare et grave du traitement par l'acénocoumarol: l'hémorragie intra-alvéolaire.

Intra-alveolar bleeding is a rare and severe medical emergency due to numerous causes. We report the clinical case of a patient who could contribute to extend the literature on this subject. The study included a 62-year old man, with a history of a trial fibrillation, under anti-vitamins K antagonist admitted with dyspnoea of sudden onset associated with haemoptysis and practising self-medication using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. X-rays and chest scan showed diffuse bilateral alveolar opacities. Haemostatic screening tests on admission showed non-coagulable INR. The diagnosis of intra-alveolar bleeding was clinically and radiologically suspected and then confirmed by bronchial endoscopy with broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) which detected uniformly hemorrhagic liquid. Previous studies of similar complications occurring after anti-vitamins K antagonists assumption are rare. In conclusion, it seems very important to emphasize the interest of strict and optimal clinico-biological monitoring of patients treated in anti-vitamins K antagonists to avoid an overdose which could contribute to a life-threatening severe haemorrhagic event.

Successful management of a patient with radiological presentation of choriocarcinoma syndrome before induction chemotherapy.

Choriocarcinoma syndrome is a life-threatening lysis syndrome caused by blood vessel rupture and subsequent tumor bleeding. We describe a case of pretreatment choriocarcinoma syndrome that developed in a 27-year-old man. He underwent a high orchiectomy at a local hospital and was diagnosed with metastatic testicular tumor given the high serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels (943,601 mIU/mL). Thus, he was referred to our institution. Although he had bulky lung metastases and alveolar bleeding, we were able to administer full-dose chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin. On day 3 of chemotherapy, he presented with severe hypoxia and worsening of alveolar bleeding. Thus, he underwent tracheal intubation at the Intensive Care Unit. Full-dose chemotherapy was continued, and the patient was extubated upon improvement. He is currently alive and continuing treatment at another hospital.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Complicated with Severe Thrombocytopenia with Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhaging during Anti-tuberculosis Chemotherapy: An Autopsy Report.

Tuberculosis may be accompanied by various hematological abnormalities during treatment, and occasionally thrombocytopenia is also noted. Most cases of thrombocytopenia in tuberculosis are moderate, and there are few reports about thrombocytopenia with diffuse alveolar hemorrhaging (DAH) in pulmonary tuberculosis. We describe the case of an 82-year-old man with pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous pleurisy. He underwent anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy; during tuberculosis treatment, he experienced DAH due to fulminant thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia is a common finding in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, but the laboratory findings should be carefully evaluated. Thrombocytopenia during anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy can cause life-threatening DAH.

A patient who made an impact on how I practice: Severe leptospirosis presenting as ARDS in the ICU.

Severe leptospirosis can be a rare cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan failure. A patient who made an impact on how I practice was a case of severe leptospirosis (Weil's disease) that presented as ARDS in the ICU. Leptospirosis is an under-reported infectious disease worldwide and should be considered as a cause of ARDS especially in patients with exposure history complicated with diffuse alveolar bleeding (DAH), icteric hepatitis and renal deterioration. Empiric treatment should be recommended before confirmation of laboratory tests as serological diagnosis is time consuming.

Síndrome de Goodpasture atípico como reto diagnóstico / Atypical Goodpasture syndrome as diagnostic challenge

Resumen La enfermedad de Goodpasture es una entidad clínica con una base fisiopatológica inmunológica como punto de partida, en la que la unión al dominio terminal NC1 afecta principalmente en la zona glomerular y pulmonar, con lo que su diagnóstico está orientado hacia estas insuficiencias orgánicas; su incidencia varía de 0.5 a 1 casos por millón de habitantes, por lo que se considera una enfermedad poco frecuente y de mortalidad elevada debido a las complicaciones derivadas del mecanismo inmunológico. La manifestación pulmonar de manera aislada representa un porcentaje aún menor; la hemoptisis es, incluso en 66% de los casos, la forma más frecuente de expresión clínica. El pronóstico de estos pacientes se asocia con la forma de manifestación de la enfermedad y la calidad en la atención recibida. El diagnóstico definitivo se realiza mediante toma de biopsia; sin embargo, la existencia de anticuerpos anti-MBG (antimembrana basal glomerular) mediante la prueba ELISA puede manejarse en el diagnóstico con buena sensibilidad.

Abstract Goodpasture's disease is a clinical entity with an immunological pathophysiological basis, where the union to terminal NC1 domain mainly affects glomerular and lungs; thus, its diagnosis is oriented to such organ failure; its incidence varies from 0.5 to 1 cases per million population, for this reason it is considered a rare disease with high mortality due to complications from immune mechanism. Isolated lung presentation accounts for an even fewer percentage; in two thirds of cases hemoptysis is the most common clinical expression of the disease. Prognosis of these patients is associated to the presentation of the disease and the quality of care provided during the same. The definitive diagnosis is made by biopsy; however, the presence of antiGBM antibodies (glomerular basement membrane) by ELISA can be handled in the diagnosis with good sensitivity.