American Academy of Pediatrics Recommended Cardiac Screening Questions in Preparticipation Physical Evaluation Forms.

To evaluate the utilization of the American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP) cardiovascular screening questions within preparticipation physical evaluation forms from the 50 state high school athletic associations. We found that fewer than one-half of state forms incorporated all 10 AAP questions; moreover, a subset failed to adhere to criteria recommended by either the AAP or American Heart Association.

Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire to assess cardiovascular health-related food intake among Mexican adolescents.

There is a lack of region-adapted tools to evaluate diet as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adolescents. The study aim was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a paper-based and region-adapted food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed to assess CVD-related food and nutrient intakes of adolescents from Northwest México. The study design was cross-sectional. The FFQ was developed in a two-step process: prototype designing and a pilot test, with re-tested in a 3-month period, along with two administrations of 24 h-recall (24 hR). Pearson's and intra-class correlation coefficients (PCC and ICC) were assessed. Bland-Altman plots, limits of agreement and quintile classifications were carried out. Participants (n 221) were 53·8 % male, 18·5 ± 0·4 years old. Reproducibility had a median PCC = 0·66 for processed meats, ranging from 0·40 (saturated fat) to 0·74 (fish & shellfish), P = 0·001. ICC ranged from 0·53 (saturated fat) to 0·80 (sodium; and nuts, seeds and legumes), P = 0·001. Validity comparing FFQ1 v. 24 hR mean, PCCs ranged from 0·12 (P = 0·06) to 0·95 (P = 0·001), and ICC from 0·20 (P = 0·048) to 0·88 (P = 0·001); comparing FFQ2 v. 24 hR mean, PCCs ranged from 0·07 (P = 0·25) to 0·46 (P = 0·001), and ICC from 0·15 (P = 0·106) to 0·58 (P = 0·001). The FFQ overestimated the intake of all food groups and nutrients (P < 0·05), while Cohen's κ showed coefficients lower than 0·20. The proposed FFQ represents a moderately validated tool to estimate CVD-related food and nutrient intakes as a risk factor, which can be used in combination with multiple administrations of 24 hRs, as a critical mean in future interventions intended to reduce cardiometabolic risk in adolescents.

Follow-Up Duration of Echocardiography in Patients with Kawasaki Disease with No Initial Coronary Aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the optimal duration of echocardiographic follow-up in patients with Kawasaki disease without an initial coronary aneurysm. STUDY DESIGN: In this single-center, retrospective, observational study, we reviewed the results of follow-up echocardiography in children with Kawasaki disease enrolled in the Prospective Observational Study on Stratified Treatment with Immunoglobulin Plus Steroid Efficacy for Kawasaki Disease from a children's hospital. The main enrollment criterion was the absence of coronary aneurysms, defined as a maximum z-score (Zmax) ≥2.5, in the proximal right coronary artery and the proximal left anterior descending artery within 9 days from treatment initiation. The primary outcome was Zmax on follow-up echocardiography at up to 5 years. RESULTS: Among 386 patients, 106 (27.5%) received prednisolone with intravenous immunoglobulin for first-line therapy, and 57 (14.8%) showed a poor response. Echocardiography at 1 month detected 9 patients with a Zmax ≥2, including 3 (0.8%) with coronary aneurysms requiring additional antithrombotic treatment and observation. Of 7 patients (1.8%) with normal echocardiographic findings at 1 month but a Zmax ≥2 later, 2 were lost to follow-up and 5 experienced spontaneous resolution, but none of the 7 patients required any change in management. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal duration of echocardiographic follow-up may be 1 month in patients with no initial coronary aneurysms and a Zmax <2 at 1 month. Coronary artery abnormalities observed after 1 month are rare and mostly benign in this category of patients.

Atención de Enfermería en el paciente adulto con Paro Cardiorrespiratorio en el Hospital General San Francisco / Nursing care in the adult patient with Cardiorespiratory Arrest at the San Francisco General Hospital

1. INTRODUCCIÓNSegún la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se registran cada año más de 17 200 000 fallecimientos a nivel del mundo por causas cardiovasculares1-3.La enfermedad coronaria causa habitual de Paro Cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) en adultos4. Los pacientes de mayor riesgo corresponden a 50 y 70 años de edad, en un 70% hombres vs 30% mujeres, el 80% de estos se dan por Fibrilación Ventricular (FV) o Taquicardia Ventricular Sin Pulso (TVSP), datos registrados en 20175-7.En el Ecuador, acorde al Instituto Na-cional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC) en el año 2019 se registraron 8 779 muertes a causa de isquemias del corazón, convir-tiéndose en la principal causa de morta-lidad general con un 11,80%8.En esta ruta se describe cuál es el papel de la enfermera como parte del equipo de respuesta ante un PCR, con base a las Guías de la American Heart Association (AHA).El procedimiento a seguir está expre-sado en el contexto de la Taxonomía de la North American Nursing Diagnosis Asso-ciation (NANDA), Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), el nombre y siglas en inglés de la clasificación estandarizada y codificada de las intervenciones de en-fermería y Nursing Outcomes Classifica-tion (NOC), la clasificación de resultados obtenidos luego de los cuidados.

1. INTRODUCTIONAccording to the World Health Organiza-tion (WHO), more than 17 200 000 deaths worldwide are registered each year from cardiovascular causes1-3.Coronary heart disease is a common cause of Cardiorespiratory Arrest (CRP) in adults4 The highest risk patients co-rrespond to 50 and 70 years of age, 70% men vs 30% women, 80% of these are due to Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) or Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia (PVT), data recorded in 20175-7. In Ecuador, according to the National Ins-titute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC) in 2019, 8 779 deaths were recorded due to ischemia of the heart, becoming the main cause of general mortality with 11.80%8.This route describes the role of the nurse as part of the response team to a CRA, based on the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines.The procedure to be followed is expressed in the context of the Taxonomy of the North American Nursing Diagnosis As-sociation (NANDA), Nursing Interven-tions Classification (NIC), the name and acronym in English of the standardized and coded classification of nursing inter-ventions and Nursing Outcomes Classifi-cation (NOC), the classification of results obtained after care.

2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Clinical Guideline-based Prevalence of Hypertension in a semi-urban community in Nigeria: Public Health Perspective / Guía clínica de 2017 sobre prevalencia de hipertensión del American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association en una comunidad semi-urbana de Nigeria: Perspectiva de Salud Pública

Abstract Background: Evidence from previous studies has consistently revealed that patients develop target organ damage even with seemingly normal blood pressure thus informing the development of a new treatment guideline in 2017. The prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria ranges from 8-45%, however this is expected to change due to the new guideline. Thus, this study sought to estimate the prevalence of hypertension based on 2017 ACC/AHA clinical guidelines, and determine its associated factors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study a total of 296 participants were recruited with a simple random technique using a table of random numbers. Blood pressure, weight and height were measured and data was analysed with SPSS version 22. The primary outcome measures included proportion of respondents with hypertension based on AHA guideline and JNC 7 classifications, as well as the association between hypertension and BMI, age, sex and marital status. Results: The mean age of study participants was 38.71years, and male to female ratio was 2:3. Overall prevalence of hypertension was 63.5% and 22.6% based on the new guideline and JNC 7 classification respectively; higher risk of hypertension was significantly associated with the AHA guideline (p< 0.001). Association between body mass index, marital status (currently married/not married), sex, age group (≥40 vs. < 40years) and systolic as well as diastolic hypertension was significant (p< 0.001). Females were more than twice as likely to be hypertensive as males [OR: 2.51 (1.54 - 4.10)]. Age and weight were the only significant predictors of abnormal blood pressure, diastolic and systolic hypertension. Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension based on the new guideline is staggeringly high and portends a huge public health problem. This conundrum requires immediate intervention in order to forestall the damaging effects of hypertension on vital body organs and for participants to lead a healthy life.

Resumen Antecedentes: La evidencia de los estudios previos ha revelado, consistentemente, que los pacientes desarrollan daños en los órganos diana aun cuando su presión arterial es aparentemente normal, lo cual ha impulsado el desarrollo de una nueva guía de tratamiento en 2017. La prevalencia de la hipertensión en Nigeria oscila del 8 al 45%, aunque está previsto que cambie, debido a esta nueva guía. En nuestro estudio calculamos la prevalencia de la hipertensión, basada en la guía clínica de ACC/AHA de 2017, y determinamos sus factores asociados. Métodos: En este estudio transversal reunimos a un total de 296 participantes mediante una técnica aleatoria simple, utilizando una tabla de números aleatorios. Medimos la presión arterial, el peso y la altura, y analizamos los datos con SPSS versión 22. Las medidas del resultado primario incluyeron la proporción de respondedores hipertensos, basándonos en la guía AHA y en la clasificación JNC 7, así como en la asociación entre hipertensión e IMC, edad, sexo y estado civil. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes del estudio fue de 38,71 años, siendo el ratio varón:mujer de 2:3. La prevalencia global de la hipertensión fue del 63,5% y del 22,6%, sobre la base de la nueva guía y la clasificación JNC 7, respectivamente. El mayor riesgo de hipertensión se asoció significativamente a la guía AHA (p< 0,001). La asociación entre índice de masa corporal, estado civil (actualmente casados/solteros), sexo, grupo de edad (≥40 vs. < 40 años), e hipertensión sistólica y diastólica fue significativa (p< 0,001). Las mujeres superaron en más del doble a los varones, en cuanto a la probabilidad de padecer hipertensión [OR: 2,51 (1,54 - 4,1)]. La edad y el peso constituyeron los únicos factores predictivos significativos de presión arterial anormal e hipertensión diastólica y sistólica. Conclusión: La prevalencia de la hipertensión basada en una nueva guía es asombrosamente elevada, presagiando un gran problema de salud pública. Este interrogante requiere una intervención inmediata, a fin de prevenir los efectos dañinos de la hipertensión en los órganos vitales, y animar a los participantes a llevar una vida sana.

Budget impact analysis of the adoption of new hypertension guidelines in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension represents a high burden of disease in different healthcare systems. Recent guideline published in 2017 by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology has generated a debate between clinicians and policymakers due to the lowering of diagnosis threshold and the subsequent increase of the prevalence and healthcare costs. No empirical research exists addressing the question about the pressure on healthcare costs generated by new standards. This study aims to quantify the impact on the hypertension diagnosis and treatment costs for healthcare system using the new hypertension guideline. METHODS: We conducted a budget impact analysis from a Colombian healthcare payer's perspective with a 3-year time horizon (2018-2020), in which we estimated the difference in total medical care costs between previous hypertension cut-off points (140/90 mmHg) and new guideline cut-off points (130/80 mmHg). RESULTS: Our results show that the impact of the adoption of the new hypertension guideline would represent a decrease close to 22% in total annual high blood pressure costs in Colombia. This reduction is mainly driven by a lower number of cardiovascular complications. It is worth noting that these results should be taken with caution due to local available data. CONCLUSIONS: A high-middle income country such as Colombia should carry out an exhaustive revision of the recommendations of the new hypertension guideline, due to its high probability of saving medical treatment costs for the healthcare system.

Stroke After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Incidence, Definitions, Etiologies and Management Options.

Neurologic complications after transcatheter aortic valve replacement are devastating. The etiologies of stroke in this setting are best addressed in an integrated fashion during each phase of the perioperative pathway. The conduct of this triphasic approach will continue to be refined to reduce the stroke risks even further, given the major focus on aspects such as embolic protection devices and valve thrombosis. This neurologic focus in transcatheter aortic valve replacement has transformed the investigational approach to neurologic events in cardiovascular clinical trials, resulting in novel guidelines for the diagnosis and assessment of neurologic injury after cardiovascular interventions.

Diretrizes da american heart association para ressuscitação cardiopulmonar: conhecimento de socorristas / Directrices de la american heart association para resucitación cardiopulmonar: conocimiento de socorristas / American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: knowledge of rescuers

Objetivo descrever o conhecimento dos profissionais socorristas sobre o protocolo da American Heart Association para ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. Método estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 40 socorristas de um Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista estruturada, utilizando-se um formulário construído com base nas recomendações da American Heart Association para ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. Resultados 70% dos entrevistados conhecem a sequência das manobras de ressuscitação cardíaca, 40% não conhecem a frequência e profundidade das compressões torácicas, 55% não sabem a técnica de identificação de parada cardiorrespiratória e 52,5% não sabem o número de ventilações a serem aplicadas durante um atendimento ao paciente em parada cardíaca com via aérea avançada. Conclusão o conhecimento dos socorristas, a despeito das novas diretrizes da American Heart Association para ressuscitação cardiopulmonar, não está atualizado conforme preconiza a entidade, demonstrando, assim, que essas diretrizes ainda não foram implantadas na prática.

Objetivo describir el conocimiento de socorristas sobre el protocolo de la American Heart Association para resucitación cardiopulmonar. Método estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado con 40 socorristas de un Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia. Datos recolectados a través de entrevista estructurada, utilizándose formulario basado en las recomendaciones de la American Heart Association para resucitación cardiopulmonar. Resultados 70% de los entrevistados conocen la secuencia de las maniobras de resucitación cardíaca, 40% no conocen la frecuencia y profundidad de las compresiones torácicas, 55% no saben la técnica de identificación de parada cardiorrespiratoria y 52,5% no saben el número de ventilaciones a aplicarse durante la atención al paciente en paro cardíaco con vía aérea avanzada. Conclusión el conocimiento de los socorristas, mismo con las nuevas directrices de la American Heart Association para resucitación cardiopulmonar, no está actualizado según la preconiza, señalando, así, que esas directrices aún no fueron implantadas en la práctica.

Objective to describe the knowledge of rescuers about the American Heart Association protocol for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Method designed as a descriptive study with quantitative approach conducted with 40 rescuers from a Mobile Emergency Care Service. Data collection took place through a structured interview using a form designed based on the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Results 70% of the participants know the sequence of cardiac resuscitation steps, 40% do not know the frequency and depth of chest compressions, 55% do not know the cardiorespiratory arrest identification technique, and 52.5% do not know the number of breaths to be given during the care to advanced cardiac arrest patients. Conclusion the knowledge of rescuers, despite the new guidelines of the American Heart Association for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is not updated as the entity recommends; thus, demonstrating that these guidelines have not yet been implemented in practice.

Barriers and Facilitators to Community CPR Education in San José, Costa Rica.

BACKGROUND: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improves survival after prehospital cardiac arrest. While community CPR training programs have been implemented across the US, little is known about their acceptability in non-US Latino populations. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to enrolling in CPR training classes and performing CPR in San José, Costa Rica. METHODS: After consulting 10 San José residents, a survey was created, pilot-tested, and distributed to a convenience sample of community members in public gathering places in San José. Questions included demographics, CPR knowledge and beliefs, prior CPR training, having a family member with heart disease, and prior witnessing of a cardiac arrest. Questions also addressed barriers to enrolling in CPR classes (cost/competing priorities). The analysis focused on two main outcomes: likelihood of registering for a CPR class and willingness to perform CPR on an adult stranger. Odds ratios and 95% CIs were calculated to test for associations between patient characteristics and these outcomes. RESULTS: Among 371 participants, most were male (60%) and <40 years old (77%); 31% had a college degree. Many had family members with heart disease (36%), had witnessed a cardiac arrest (18%), were trained in CPR (36%), and knew the correct CPR steps (70%). Overall, 55% (95% CI, 50-60%) indicated they would "likely" enroll in a CPR class; 74% (95% CI, 70-78%) would perform CPR on an adult stranger. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation class enrollment was associated with prior CPR training (OR: 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6-4.3) and a prior witnessed cardiac arrest (OR: 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5). Willingness to perform CPR on a stranger was associated with a prior witnessed cardiac arrest (OR: 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.4) and higher education (OR: 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.2). Believing that CPR does not work was associated with a higher likelihood of not attending a CPR class (OR: 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7-7.9). Fear of performing mouth-mouth, believing CPR is against God's will, and fear of legal risk were associated with a likelihood of not attending a CPR class and not performing CPR on a stranger (range of ORs: 2.4-3.9). CONCLUSION: Most San José residents are willing to take CPR classes and perform CPR on a stranger. To implement a community CPR program, barriers must be considered, including misgivings about CPR efficacy and legal risk. Hands-only CPR programs may alleviate hesitancy to perform mouth-to-mouth. Schmid KM , Mould-Millman NK , Hammes A , Kroehl M , Quiros García R , Umaña McDermott M , Lowenstein SR . Barriers and facilitators to community CPR education in San José, Costa Rica. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(5):509-515.

Avaliação de vídeos sobre Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV) publicados no Youtube / Evaluation of Basic Life Support (BLS) videos published on YouTube

O presente trabalho tratará de uma análise de vídeos do YouTube relacionada ao suporte básico de vida de acordo com as diretrizes da American HeartAssociation (AHA) de 2010. O trabalho em questão é uma pesquisa do tipo exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa, realizada no sítio de compartilhamento de vídeos do YouTube, cujo endereço é "www.youtube.com.br, um "site bastante acionado pelos usuários da "internet" para adquirir conhecimentos de qualquer área. Foram analisados 104 vídeos. A média de duração dos vídeos foi de 6 minutos e 21 segundos. Dos 104 vídeos, 40 (38%) estavam de acordo com AHA e 64 (62%) não estavam conforme as diretrizes AHA. Quanto ao número de erros por vídeos os resultados demonstraram que metade dos vídeos analisados apresentaram 3 erros de publicação de acordo com AHA de 2010. Os vídeos analisados perfizeram um total de 148 desconformidades. O não seguimento da sequência CABD foi o erro mais comum observado com 45 (30,4%) aparições. Em relação à autoria dos vídeos, estes foram publicados por organização/instituição, pessoa física e ONG. Os vídeos analisados apresentaram um grande número de visualizações obtendo uma média de 23.829 visualizações... (AU)

This research will deal with an analysis of YouTube videos related to basic life support according to the guidelines of the American Heart Association (AHA) 2010. These is an exploratory research with a quantitative approach, carried out at the site of sharing YouTube videos, whose address is "www.youtube.com.br " a " site " that is very driven by users internet " to acquire knowledge in any field . 104 videos were analyzed. The average length of the videos were 6 minutes and 21 seconds. Of the 104 videos analyzed, 40 (38 %) were in accordance with AHA and 64 (62%) were not in accordance with guidelines AHA. As for the number of errors per video results showed that half of the videos analyzed present 3 Mistakes of publication according to AHA 2010. Videos analyzed resulted in a total of 148 discontinuities in total. Failure to follow the sequence CABD was the most common error observed in 45 (30.4%) appearances. Regarding the authorship of the videos were posted by the same organization / institution, individuals and NGOs. The videos analyzed showed a large number of views getting an average of 23,829 views... (AU)

Emergency response planning and sudden cardiac arrests in high schools after automated external defibrillator legislation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare medical emergency response plan (MERP) and automated external defibrillator (AED) prevalence and define the incidence and outcomes of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in high schools before and after AED legislation. STUDY DESIGN: In 2011, Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association member schools were surveyed regarding AED placement, MERPs, and on-campus SCAs within the last 5 years. Results were compared with a similar study conducted in 2006, prior to legislation requiring AEDs in schools. RESULTS: Of the schools solicited, 214 (54%, total enrollment 182 289 students) completed the survey. Compared with 2006, schools in the 2011 survey had a significantly higher prevalence of MERPs (84% vs 71%, P < .001), annual practice (56% vs 36%, P < .001), medical emergency communication systems (80% vs 62%, P < .001), and defibrillators (90% vs 47%, P < .001). No differences were noted in the prevalence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training (20% vs 17%, P = .58) or full compliance with American Heart Association guidelines (11% vs 7%, P = .16). Twenty-two SCA victims were identified, yielding a 5-year incidence of 1 in 10 schools. CONCLUSIONS: After state legislation, schools demonstrated a significant increase in MERPs and on-campus defibrillators but rates of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and overall compliance with guidelines remained low.

Evolução das alterações e atualizações do protocolo 2007 da American Heart Association para prevenção da endocardite infecciosa / Evolution of amendments and updates of 2007 protocol of the American Heart Association for prevention of infective endocarditis

Determinados procedimentos odontológicos podem causar bacteremia transitória. Pacientes com condições cardíacas de risco podem desenvolver endocardite infecciosa. Há décadas a American Heart Association (AHA) estabelece recomendações sobre procedimentos odontológicos e condições cardíacas de risco para endocardite, as quais devem receber profilaxia antibiótica. O propósito desta revisão foi descrever a evolução das alterações e divulgar as novas recomendações da AHA para a prevenção da endocardite infecciosa, publicadas em 2007.

Some dental procedures can cause transient bacteremia that in patients with risk cardiac conditions can evolve to infective endocarditis. For decades the American Heart Association (AHA) has been establishing recommendations about the dental procedures and cardiac conditions that bring risk for infective endocarditis, which must receive antibiotic prophylaxis. The purpose of this study is to describe the evolution of the changes and disseminate the new recommendations by the AHAfor the prevention of infective endocarditis which was published in 2007.

Reanimación neonatal: ¿qué hay de nuevo? / Neonatal resuscitation: What is new?

A escala mundial, alrededor de 5 a 10% de recién nacidos requieren algún tipo de asistencia en el momento del nacimiento que puede ir desde maniobras de reanimación tan sencillas como la aspiración de secreciones y estimulación táctil, a otras más complejas como ventilación con presión positiva, compresiones torácicas externas y administración de epinefrina. Esto obliga a difundir un programa de reanimación que proporcione una oportunidad para aprender de manera organizada, apropiada y oportuna, la asistencia a recién nacidos para asegurar su adecuada transición a la vida extrauterina y disminuir los riesgos de daño neurológico. El Programa de Reanimación Neonatal (PRN) constituye un modelo preciso de educación médica de trascendental importancia, pues representa una prioridad dentro de los programas de salud reproductiva. Aquí se presentan las últimas recomendaciones de la Academia Americana de Pediatría y la Asociación Americana del Corazón para actualizar el PRN, basadas en diferentes niveles de evidencia. El conocimiento de las mismas y la destreza de quienes apliquen el programa seguramente ayudarán a disminuir uno de los grandes problemas de salud pública en México: la asfixia neonatal y sus complicaciones.

Worldwide, 5-10% of all newborns require some kind of intervention at birth. Thus, it is important to teach the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) to all personnel attending deliveries. This program provides a systematic approach to different situations encountered at birth to facilitate neonatal resuscitation. The NRP has been embraced by public health authorities among different countries. In this paper we summarize the most recent recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Heart Association (AHA) to update the NRP; these are based on different levels of evidence. The knowledge and practice of these recommendations will certainly help to improve neonatal outcomes and to decrease asphyxia and its complications.