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1.
Acta biol. colomb ; 24(1): 38-57, ene.-abr. 2019. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-989038

RESUMO

RESUMEN Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus es una bacteria endófita promotora del crecimiento vegetal utilizada como inoculante microbiano en diferentes cultivos agrícolas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue aplicar diferentes modelos matemáticos para representar su crecimiento en un cultivo sumergido por lotes empleando un biorreactor de 3 L y usando melazas de caña y sacarosa como fuente de energía. Se obtuvo el perfil temporal de pH, biomasa celular y azúcares totales. Se compararon los modelos estudiados por calidad de ajuste y complejidad y se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad paramétrica. Se consideraron modelos de cuatro y cinco parámetros con expresiones que incluyen efectos de inhibición por sustrato y por biomasa. El modelo con mayor calidad de ajuste fue el de Herbert-Pirt-Contois con coeficientes de determinación para biomasa y sustrato de 0,888 y 0,425 respectivamente. Estos valores indican una mayor correspondencia de los datos experimentales de biomasa con los datos calculados por el modelo, en comparación con los resultados obtenidos para azúcares totales para los que esta correspondencia fue menor. Este modelo generó la mejor combinación de calidad de ajuste y complejidad según el criterio de información de Akaike. El estudio cinético desarrollado permitió observar un comportamiento bifásico en la etapa de crecimiento de la bacteria cuando se cultiva en melaza y un efecto de limitación de su crecimiento por la biomasa. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan una descripción matemática útil para el diseño, escalamiento y operación de un futuro proceso de producción de un inoculante microbiano a base de la bacteria G. diazotrophicus.


ABSTRACT Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a plant-growth promoting endophytic bacterium used as a microbial inoculant for different crops. The objective of this work was to apply different mathematical models to represent its growth in a batch submerged culture employing a 3-L bioreactor and using sugarcane molasses and sucrose as energy sources. The time profile of pH, cell biomass, and total sugars was obtained. Models studied were compared considering their fit quality and complexity, and a parametric sensitivity analysis was performed. Four- and five-parameter models with expressions involving substrate and biomass inhibition effects were considered. The Herbert-Pirt-Contois model achieved the highest fit quality with determination coefficients of 0.888 and 0.425 for biomass and substrate, respectively. These values indicate a higher correspondence between the experimental data of biomass concentration and the data calculated by the model, compared to results obtained for total sugars for which this correspondence was lower. This model reached the best combination considering the fit quality and complexity according to the Akaike's information criterion. The kinetic study performed enabled to observe a bi-phasic behavior in the growth stage of the bacterium when grown on molasses, and a growth limitation effect due to biomass concentration. The outcomes obtained provide a mathematical description useful for design, scale-up, and operation of a future process for the production of a microbial inoculant based on G. diazotrophicus.

2.
Conserv Biol ; 33(5): 1131-1140, 2019 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30868671

RESUMO

Mitigation of infectious wildlife diseases is especially challenging where pathogens affect communities of multiple host species. Although most ecological studies recognize the challenge posed by multiple-species pathogens, the implications for management are typically assessed only qualitatively. Translating the intuitive understanding that multiple host species are important into practice requires a quantitative assessment of whether and how secondary host species should also be targeted by management and the effort this will require. Using a multiple-species compartmental model, we determined analytically whether and how intensively secondary host species should be managed to prevent outbreaks in focal hosts based on the reproduction number of individual host species and between-species transmission rates. We applied the model to the invasive pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in a 2-host system in northern Europe. Avoiding a disease outbreak in the focal host (fire salamanders [Salamandra salamandra]) was impossible unless management also heavily targeted the secondary host (alpine newts [Ichthyosaura alpestris]). Preventing an outbreak in the community required targeted removal of at least 80% of each species. This proportion increased to 90% in the presence of an environmental reservoir of B. salamandrivorans and when the proportion of individuals removed could not be adjusted for different host species (e.g., when using traps that are not species specific). We recommend the focus of disease-mitigation plans should shift from focal species to the community level and calculate explicitly the management efforts required on secondary host species to move beyond the simple intuitive understanding that multiple host species may all influence the system. Failure to do so may lead to underestimating the magnitude of the effort required and ultimately to suboptimal or futile management attempts.


Cuantificación de la Carga que Representa el Manejo de Enfermedades de Fauna Silvestre en Múltiples Especies Hospederas Resumen La mitigación de enfermedades infecciosas en fauna silvestre representa un reto especial cuando los patógenos afectan a comunidades de múltiples especies hospederas. Aunque la mayoría de los estudios ecológicos reconocen el reto que plantean los patógenos de múltiples especies, las implicaciones para el manejo comúnmente sólo se evalúan en el aspecto cualitativo. La traducción del entendimiento intuitivo hacia la práctica de que las múltiples especies hospederas son importantes requiere una valoración cuantitativa sobre si y cuán intensivamente se deberían considerar en el manejo las especies hospederas secundarias y los esfuerzos que esto requerirá. Determinamos analíticamente con un modelo compartimentado de múltiples especies si y cuán intensivamente se deberían manejar las especies hospederas secundarias para prevenir brotes en los hospederos focales con base en el número de reproducción de las especies hospederas individuales y en las tasas de transmisión entre especies. Aplicamos el modelo al hongo patógeno invasivo Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans en un sistema de dos hospederos al norte de Europa. Fue imposible evitar un brote de enfermedad en el hospedero focal (la salamandra de fuego [Salamandra salamandra]) a menos que el manejo también se enfocara considerablemente en el hospedero secundario (el tritón alpino [Ichthyosaura alpestris]). Para prevenir un brote dentro de la comunidad se requirió de la extirpación de al menos el 80% de cada especie. Esta proporción incrementó al 90% con la presencia de un reservorio ambiental de B. salamandrivorans y cuando la proporción de individuos removidos no pudo ajustarse para diferentes especies (p. ej.: el uso de trampas que nos son específicas para una especie) Recomendamos que el foco de los planes para la mitigación de enfermedades cambie de una especie focal al nivel de comunidad y que calculen explícitamente los esfuerzos de manejo requeridos sobre las especies hospederas secundarias para avanzar más allá del simple entendimiento intuitivo de que múltiples especies hospederas pueden todas influir sobre el sistema. Si se falla en esto, se podría subestimar la magnitud del esfuerzo requerido y finalmente podría resultar en intentos de manejo sub-óptimos o inútiles.


Assuntos
Quitridiomicetos , Urodelos , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Europa (Continente)
3.
Conserv Biol ; 32(6): 1368-1379, 2018 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29797608

RESUMO

Increasing anthropogenic pressure on marine ecosystems from fishing, pollution, climate change, and other sources is a big concern in marine conservation. Scientists have thus developed spatial models to map cumulative human impacts on marine ecosystems. However, these models are based on many assumptions and incorporate data that suffer from substantial incompleteness and inaccuracies. Rather than using a single model, we used Monte Carlo simulations to identify which parts of the oceans are subject to the most and least impact from anthropogenic stressors under 7 simulated sources of uncertainty (factors: e.g., missing stressor data and assuming linear ecosystem responses to stress). Most maps agreed that high-impact areas were located in the Northeast Atlantic, the eastern Mediterranean, the Caribbean, the continental shelf off northern West Africa, offshore parts of the tropical Atlantic, the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, parts of East and Southeast Asia, parts of the northwestern Pacific, and many coastal waters. Large low-impact areas were located off Antarctica, in the central Pacific, and in the southern Atlantic. Uncertainty in the broad-scale spatial distribution of modeled human impact was caused by the aggregate effects of several factors, rather than being attributable to a single dominant source. In spite of the identified uncertainty in human-impact maps, they can-at broad spatial scales and in combination with other environmental and socioeconomic information-point to priority areas for research and management.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , África Ocidental , Regiões Antárticas , Região do Caribe , Humanos , Oceano Índico , Madagáscar , Oceanos e Mares , Incerteza
4.
Conserv Biol ; 31(1): 116-125, 2017 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27029518

RESUMO

Population viability analysis (PVA) is widely used to assess population-level impacts of environmental changes on species. When combined with sensitivity analysis, PVA yields insights into the effects of parameter and model structure uncertainty. This helps researchers prioritize efforts for further data collection so that model improvements are efficient and helps managers prioritize conservation and management actions. Usually, sensitivity is analyzed by varying one input parameter at a time and observing the influence that variation has over model outcomes. This approach does not account for interactions among parameters. Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) overcomes this limitation by varying several model inputs simultaneously. Then, regression techniques allow measuring the importance of input-parameter uncertainties. In many conservation applications, the goal of demographic modeling is to assess how different scenarios of impact or management cause changes in a population. This is challenging because the uncertainty of input-parameter values can be confounded with the effect of impacts and management actions. We developed a GSA method that separates model outcome uncertainty resulting from parameter uncertainty from that resulting from projected ecological impacts or simulated management actions, effectively separating the 2 main questions that sensitivity analysis asks. We applied this method to assess the effects of predicted sea-level rise on Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus). A relatively small number of replicate models (approximately 100) resulted in consistent measures of variable importance when not trying to separate the effects of ecological impacts from parameter uncertainty. However, many more replicate models (approximately 500) were required to separate these effects. These differences are important to consider when using demographic models to estimate ecological impacts of management actions.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Modelos Biológicos , Incerteza , Demografia , Ecossistema
5.
Ces med. vet. zootec ; 11(3): 23-34, jul.-dic. 2016. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-952549

RESUMO

This work aims to assess the economic impact of supplementation with arborea and agro-industrial by-products in zebu cattle. Productive performance test was conducted for 60 days in the municipality of Gómez Plata (Antioquia-Colombia). Twenty castrated males commercial zebu received five diets consisting for Pangola (Digitaria decumbens) (60%) and supplement (40%) containing matarratón (Gliricidia sepium) (MAT), coffee pulp (Coffea arabica) (CP), grape pomace (Vitis vinifera) (GP) or cottonseed (Gossypium sp.) (CS); the control diet (CON) was not formulated with these materials. The economic analysis included the cost-structure of diet, calculation of total and unit production cost, sensitivity analysis and cost-benefit ratio (B/C). In relation to CON diet, the cost per kilogram of diet was superior to CP and GP, 2.39 and 1.87 times, respectively. The value of a kilogram of meat for CP, GP and MAT diets was 3.47, 2.04 and 1.40 times higher compared with CON diet. The B/C ratio was negative for CP and GP diets, however, the sensitivity analysis showed that the introduction of GP is economically viable if its acquisition cost is lower. The costs associated with diet CS were slightly lower than the CON diet (93%), so the B/C ratio was slightly higher. It concludes that the introduction of arborea and by-products is not economically feasible in all cases because factors such as regional availability and dehydration increase production costs.


Este trabajo tiene por objetivo evaluar el impacto económico de la suplementación con recursos arbóreos y agroindustriales en ganado cebú. La prueba de desempeño productivo se realizó durante 60 días en el municipio de Gómez Plata (Antioquia-Colombia). Se emplearon 20 machos castrados cebú comercial, que recibieron cinco dietas constituidas por Pangola (Digitaria decumbens) (60%) y suplemento (40%) conteniendo matarratón (Gliricidia sepium) (MAT), pulpa de café (Coffea arabica) (PC), orujo de uva (Vitis vinifera) (OU) o semilla de algodón (Gossypium sp.) (SA); la dieta control (CON) no se formuló con estos materiales. El análisis económico incluyó elaboración de la estructura de costos por dieta, cálculo del costo total y unitario de producción, análisis de sensibilidad y relación beneficio-costo (B/C). En relación con la dieta CON, el costo por kilogramo de dieta fue superior para PC y OU, 2,39 y 1,87 veces, respectivamente. El valor del kilogramo de carne para las dietas PC, OU y MAT fue 3,47, 2,04 y 1,40 veces mayor respecto la dieta CON. La relación B/C para las dietas PC y OU fue negativa, no obstante, el análisis de sensibilidad mostró que la introducción de OU es económicamente viable si su costo de adquisición es menor. Los costos asociados con la dieta SA fueron ligeramente inferiores a la dieta CON (93%), por lo cual la relación B/C fue levemente superior. Se concluye que la introducción de subproductos no es económicamente viable en todos los casos, ya que factores como disponibilidad regional y procesos de deshidratación aumentan los costos de producción.


Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto económico da suplementaçã o com recursos arbóreas e agroindustriais em gado zebu. Teste de desempenho produtivo foi realizado durante 60 dias na cidade de Gomez Plata (Antioquia-Colô mbia). Foram utilizados 20 machos castrados zebu comercial, que receberam cinco dietas constituídas por Pangola (Digitaria decumbens) (60%) e suplemento (40%) contendo matarratón (Gliricidia sepium) (MAT), polpa de café (Coffea arabica) (PC), bagaço de uva (Vitis vinifera) (OU) ou caroço de algodã o (Gossypium sp.) (SA); a dieta controle (CON) nã o foi formulada com esses materiais. A análise econô mica incluiu elaboraçã o da estrutura de custo por dieta, cálculo do custo total e unitária da produçã o, análise de sensibilidade e relaçã o benefício/custo (B/C). Em relaçã o à dieta CON, o custo por quilograma de dieta foi maior para PC e OU, 2,39 e 1,87 vezes, respectivamente. O valor de um quilo de carne para as dietas PC, OU e MAT foi 3,47, 2,04 e 1,40 vezes maior do que a dieta CON. A relaçã o B/C para as dietas PC e OU foi negativa, no entanto, a análise de sensibilidade mostrou que a introduçã o de UO é economicamente viável se o custo de aquisiçã o for inferior. Os custos associados com a dieta SA foram ligeiramente menores do que a dieta CON (93%), de modo que a relaçã o B/C foi levemente superior. Conclui-se que a introduçã o de subprodutos nã o é economicamente viável em todos os casos porque fatores como a disponibilidade regional e processos de desidrataçã o aumentam os custos de produçã o.

6.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; mayo 2015. ix,61 p. tab, graf.
Tese em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-762139

RESUMO

La asociación de la Diabetes y la Tuberculosis si bien se conoce desde hace mucho tiempo. En las últimas décadas adquirió importancia epidemiológica a la luz de la expansión de la epidemia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en lugares donde la tuberculosis aún es endémica. La coexistencia diabetes y tuberculosis podría tener serias implicaciones para control de la tuberculosis en muchos países en desarrollo y puede transformarse en el próximo reto para el control mundial de la tuberculosis. En este marco, mejorar el conocimiento de la interacción entre ambas enfermedades permitirá abordar con mejores instrumentos su control. Los modelos matemáticos son herramientas que han jugado un papel clave en la formulación de estrategias de control de la tuberculosis y el establecimiento de objetivos intermedios para los programas de intervención. Este trabajo plantea un modelo que recoge los componentes principales de la dinámica de la tuberculosis y permite evaluar si la diabetes puede modificar este comportamiento, determinado un agravamiento en la situación de la tuberculosis. El modelo determinístico poblacional de la clase SEIR se calibró con datos de TB estimados por la OMS y permitió hacer proyecciones para Argentina, conformado distintos escenarios a partir de la evidencia de interacción entre ambas patologías y las medidas de intervención. Los resultados obtenidos son consistentes con la literatura internacional ya que evidencian un impacto negativo del aumento de la diabetes en la situación de la tuberculosis y su control.


The link between Diabetes and Tuberculosis has been recognized for long time. In recent decades acquired epidemiological importance in light of the expansion of the epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus in TB-endemic settings. The coexistence of diabetes and tuberculosis could have serious implications on TB control in many developing countries and be the next challenge for the global control of tuberculosis. In this context a better understanding of the interaction between the two diseases will allow better tools to address their control. Mathematical models are tools that have played a key role in strategies for TB control and the establishment of intermediate targets for intervention programs. This work presents a model, which includes the main components of the dynamics of tuberculosis and evaluates the dynamics for diabetes to change this behavior, worsening the situation of tuberculosis. A deterministic population-based model is proposed to analyze the impact of diabetes on the dynamics and treatment of Tuberculosis. The model calibrated with data estimated by WHO TB allowed projecting various scenarios for Argentina, generated from the evidence of interaction between the two conditions and intervention measures. The results are consistent with the international literature as evidence of a negative impact of the increase in diabetes in the situation of tuberculosis and its control.


Assuntos
Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Tuberculose/transmissão , Argentina , Incidência , Prevalência
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