Urinary retention after lipoabdominoplasty: case report / Retenção urinária após lipoabdominoplastia: relato de caso

Introduction: Postoperative urinary retention may predispose to permanent bladder damage. Risk factors include type of anesthesia, type of surgery, and use of anticholinergics, analgesics, and opioids. Once the lesion is established, complementary urodynamic tests are essential for etiological diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this study is to report a case of a patient with urinary retention in the postoperative period of lipoabdominoplasty. Case Report: 27-year-old female patient, without comorbidities or use of continuous medication. She underwent lipoabdominoplasty and evolved postoperatively with urinary retention and bladder distention, diagnosed as detrusor contractility and sensitivity deficit in the urodynamic study. She was maintained in outpatient follow-up with the surgical team and Urology, with a progressive reduction in urinary catheter use and complete removal in eight months of follow-up. Discussion: The objective of aesthetic plastic surgery is to improve the physical appearance of the body. It is subject to complications like other surgical procedures, and pain seems to be the most frequent. Urinary retention may be secondary to the use of opioids, and its diagnosis in the postoperative period of lipoabdominoplasty still has some obstacles. Plication of the rectus muscle diastasis, liposuction, and the use of a compressive abdominal belt make it difficult to identify a possible bladder distention. An episode of bladder overdistention can result in significant morbidity. Conclusion: The present report demonstrated the good evolution of a patient who developed urinary retention in the postoperative period of lipoabdominoplasty. The main diagnostic hypothesis was that it was secondary to the use of opioids.

Introdução: A retenção urinária pós-operatória pode predispor a danos permanentes à bexiga. Os fatores de risco incluem tipo de anestesia, tipo de cirurgia e uso anticolinérgicos, analgésicos e opioides. Uma vez que a lesão está estabelecida, os exames complementares urodinâmicos são fundamentais para diagnóstico etiológico e tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar caso de paciente com quadro de retenção urinária no pós-operatório de lipoabdominoplastia. Relato de Caso: Paciente de 27 anos, sexo feminino, sem comorbidades ou uso de medicamentos contínuos. Foi submetida a lipoabdominoplastia, e evoluiu no pós-operatório com quadro de retenção urinária e bexigoma, diagnosticada como acontratilidade detrusora e déficit de sensibilidade no estudo urodinâmico. Manteve acompanhamento ambulatorial com a equipe cirúrgica e a Urologia, com redução progressiva do uso do cateter vesical e retirada completa em oito meses de seguimento. Discussão: O objetivo da cirurgia plástica estética é melhorar o aspecto físico do corpo. Como os demais procedimentos cirúrgicos, está sujeita a complicações e a dor parece ser a mais frequente. A retenção urinária pode ser secundária ao uso de opioides e seu diagnóstico no pós-operatório da lipoabdominoplastia ainda possui alguns obstáculos. A plicatura da diástase do músculo reto, a lipoaspiração e o uso de cinta abdominal compressiva dificultam a identificação do possível bexigoma. Um episódio de hiperdistensão da bexiga pode resultar em morbidade significativa. Conclusão: O presente relato demonstrou boa evolução de paciente que desenvolveu retenção urinária no pós-operatório de lipoabdominoplastia. A principal hipótese diagnóstica foi de ser secundária ao uso de opioide.

Chronic pain and continuity of analgesic treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic pain can trigger both physical and mental health complications. During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with chronic diseases have had reduced access to some medications. OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacological management of patients with chronic pain and its continuity during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This was a retrospective longitudinal study of the continuity of analgesic use in patients with chronic pain between September 1, 2019 and February 28, 2021 based on a drug dispensing database. Survival analysis was performed until the discontinuation of chronic analgesics. RESULTS: A total of 12,701 patients who were being treated for chronic pain were identified. Their median age was 70.3 years, and 74.4% were women. The pain of rheumatological origin was the most frequent etiology (46.1%); the most used medications were nonopioid analgesics (78.9%), pain modulators (24.8%) and opioid analgesics (23.3%). A total of 76.1% of the patients experienced interruptions in their management during the study period. The median time to the first interruption of treatment was 5.0 months (95% CI: 4.8-5.2). Those who were treated for oncological pain experienced a greater number of interruptions in their management. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacological management of patients with chronic pain is heterogeneous, and this real-world study showed that a high proportion of patients experienced an interruption of pain management during the 12 months following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Barriers of Access to Opioid Medicines within the Context of Palliative Care in Latin America: The Perception of Health Professionals.

Background: Different sets of barriers have been identified to explain the difficulties in the access and availability of opioid analgesics in palliative care, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, including Latin America. Objective: To validate a structured questionnaire for the access to opioid medicines and to investigate the perception of health professionals regarding access barriers to opioid analgesics in 17 countries of the Latin American Region. Design: Survey to identify the domains and barriers of access to opioid medicines according to health professionals, including physicians, nurses, and pharmacists affiliated to institutions that provide palliative care in Latin America between August 2019 and October 2020. Results: We analyzed responses from 426 health professionals. The median age was 44 years old (ranging from 23 to 73 years) with an average experience in palliative care of 10 years (range: 1-35), 71.8% were women, and 49.8% were affiliated to specialized health care facilities of urban areas (94.6%). The main barriers perceived to be extremely relevant by the respondents were "belief that patients can develop addiction" and "financial limitations of patients" for the patient's domain and the "appropriate education, instruction, and training of professionals" for health professional's domain. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop strategies to strengthen less-developed health systems of the region to review legal frameworks, ensure integrated palliative care systems, and deploy multidisciplinary strategies for sensitizing, training, and raising the awareness of patients, caregivers and, particularly, health professionals regarding appropriate prescription and rational use of opioid analgesics.

Orofacial antinociceptive effects of perillyl alcohol associated with codeine and its possible modes of action

Abstract This study evaluated the orofacial antinociceptive effect of (S)-(-)-perillyl alcohol (PA) associated with codeine (C) and investigated the possible molecular anchorage mechanisms of PA. Mice (n = 5 per group) were treated with PA alone and associated with codeine and assigned to the following groups: 75.0 mg/kg PA; 75.0 mg/kg PA + C 30 mg/kg; PA 37.5 mg/kg + C 15.0 mg/kg; C 30.0 mg/kg; and control. Nociception was induced by formalin, capsaicin, and glutamate, and was quantified based on the duration (in seconds) of face grooming. The possible mechanisms of action were evaluated by molecular docking study. In the formalin test, PA75/C30 presented an effect in the neurogenic (p < 0.0001) and inflammatory (p < 0.005) phases. Mice treated with PA75 (p < 0.0001) and PA75/C30 (p < 0.0005) showed a reduced nociceptive behavior in the capsaicin test. Glutamate-induced nociception also was blocked by PA75 (p < 0.0005) and C30 (p < 0.0005). The molecular anchorage analysis indicated high negative binding energy values for the evaluated receptors, especially glutamate receptors (AMPA -79.57 Kcal/mol, mGLUR6 -71.25, and NMDA -66.33 Kcal/mol). PA associated with codeine showed orofacial antinociceptive activity, with theoretical evidence of interaction with glutamate receptors.

Paracetamol como coadyuvante a opioides fuertes en dolor oncológico moderado a intenso: ¿es realmente efectivo? / Paracetamol as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain management

Cancer related pain is one of the most frequent and relevant symptoms in patients with malignant tumors, causing a huge impact in their quality of life. According to the Chilean Public Health System Technical Report of the Cancer Pain Control and Palliative Care Program 2013-2014, 90% of cancer patients admitted to the Program experienced pain, being moderate or intense in 34%. International and local standards recommend the use of strong opioids (morphine, methadone, or fentanyl) associated with adjuvants such as paracetamol as an initial strategy for pain management. This recommendation assumes that the use of combined analgesics could allow the use of lower opioid doses to obtain similar analgesic effect, decreasing the occurrence of opioid side effects. However, this technical report also describes that there is uncertainty about the impact of paracetamol as an adjuvant in patients with cancer pain who are already receiving strong opioids. This review aims to describe the current state of the art regarding the role of paracetamol as a coadjuvant in cancer pain patients.

Comparison among subarachnoid opioid mix for cesarean section - An observational study / Comparación de mezcla de Opioides subaracnoideos para cesárea. Estudio observacional

Abstract Introduction Classically, the local anesthetic (LA) has been combined with one lipophilic and another hydrophilic opioid for neuraxial anesthesia in cesarean section. In Colombia, the practice has been the use of morphine hydrochloride with fentanyl, but the occasional shortage of the former triggered an interest in new options. In response to the shortage of morphine in 2017-2018, a contingency plan was developed at the SES Hospital in Caldas, prefilling syringes at the hospital compounding central, with: bupivacaine, morphine and fentanyl (BMF); bupivacaine, fentanyl and hydromorphone (BFH); and bupivacaine and hydromorphone (BH). Hydromorphone has a rapid onset of action, long-lasting effect and is indicated for spinal administration in the safety data sheet; therefore, the advantages of adding fentanyl to this mix are questionable. Objective To compare the clinical analgesic efficacy at the time of the incision and during the first 12 hours after surgery. Methods An observational, analytical study was conducted, using the mixtures BMF, BFH and BH in patients receiving subarachnoid anesthesia for cesarean section. Pain was assessed at the time of the incision, as well as any adverse effects and the pain visual analogue scale over the following 12 hours. Results Of the 71 patients participating in the study, 40.9 % received BMF; 22.5 %, BFH; and 36.6 %, BH. None of the patients experienced pain at the time of the incision. There was no difference in terms of adverse effects among the three groups. The mean difference in the visual analogue scale (VAS) for postoperative pain at 3, 6 and 12 hours was lower in the groups in which hydromorphone was used. Conclusion BFH and BH combinations are comparable to the original preparation in terms of adverse effects, with the advantage of being more effective in controlling postoperative pain.

Resumen Introducción Para anestesia neuroaxial en cesárea, se ha combinado clásicamente el anestésico local (AL) con un opioide lipofílico y otro hidrofílico. En Colombia se ha usado clorhidrato de morfina con fentanilo, pero el ocasional desabastecimiento del primero despertó el interés por nuevas alternativas. En SES Hospital de Caldas se generó un plan de contingencia frente a la escasez de morfina en 2017-2018, pre llenando jeringas en su central de mezclas con: bupivacaína, morfina y fentanilo (BMF); bupivacaína, fentanilo e hidromorfona (BHF); y bupivacaína e hidromorfona (BH). La hidromorfona tiene inicio rápido de acción, efecto prolongado e indicación en ficha técnica por vía espinal, por lo tanto, las ventajas que pudiera generar la adición del fentanilo a esta mezcla son cuestionables. Objetivo Comparar la eficacia analgésica clínica al momento de la incisión y en las primeras 12 horas postoperatorias. Métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, empleando las mezclas BMF, BHF y BH en pacientes que recibieron anestesia subaracnoidea para cesárea. Se evaluó el dolor a la incisión, los efectos adversos y la escala visual análoga de dolor en las 12 horas siguientes. Resultados De las 71 pacientes del estudio, 40,9 % recibieron BMF; 22,5 %, BHF; y 36,6 %, BH. En ninguna paciente se observó dolor a la incisión. No hubo diferencia en efectos adversos entre los 3 grupos. La diferencia de medias de la escala visual analógica (EVA) para dolor postoperatorio a las 3, 6 y 12 horas, fue menor en los grupos en los que se usó hidromorfona. Conclusiones Las mezclas BHF y BH son equiparables a la preparación tradicional en cuanto a efectos adversos, con la ventaja de ser más efectivas para el control del dolor postoperatorio.

Prescriptions of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs in municipalities from a Brazilian Southeast state

Abstract The objective of this study was to describe dental prescriptions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), opioids, and analgesics dispensed by the Brazilian National Health System (BNHS, SUS in Portuguese) of a Southeastern state from January to December 2017, and to analyze their association with socioeconomic and oral health care services' characteristics at municipal level. Data were collected from the Brazilian Integrated Pharmaceutical Care Management System. Medicines were grouped according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. The total number of Defined Daily Doses (DDD) and DDD per 1,000 inhabitants (inhab.) per year were presented and compared between groups of municipalities. Data analysis used the Classification and Regression Tree model performed with IBM SPSS 25.0. The total number of NSAID, opioids, and analgesics prescriptions was 70,747 and accounted for 354,221.13 DDD. The most frequently prescribed medicine was ibuprofen (n = 24,676; 34.88%). The number of dental practitioners in the BNHS per 1,000 inhab. (p < 0.001), first dental appointment coverage (p = 0.010), oral health teams per 1,000 inhab. (p=0.022), and the proportion of rural population (p = 0.014) were variables positively associated with the number of DDD of NSAID per 1,000 inhab. per year. Bolsa Família program coverage per 1,000 inhab. (p = 0.022) was negatively associated with NSAID prescription. Regarding analgesics, first dental appointment coverage (p=0.002) and Bolsa Família program coverage per 1,000 inhab. (p = 0.012) were positively associated with DDD per 1,000 inhab. per year. In conclusion, dental prescriptions of analgesics and NSAID in the BNHS were associated with socioeconomic and oral health care services' characteristics.

Rodízio de Opioides: uma Análise Descritiva / Opioid Switching: a Descriptive Analysis / Rotación de Opioides: un Análisis Descriptivo

Introdução: O uso de opioides deve ser individualizado e a troca por outro opioide pode ser necessária (rodízio de opioide). Objetivo: Identificar como foi realizado o rodízio de opioide e se o efeito desejado foi atingido em pacientes internados em uma unidade especializada em cuidados paliativos oncológicos. Método: Análise post hoc do estudo de perfil de pacientes internados em um hospital público de cuidados paliativos oncológicos no Rio de Janeiro, entre setembro e novembro de 2016. As internações foram acompanhadas longitudinalmente por revisão de prontuário com coleta diária da escala verbal numérica (EVN). A dor foi considerada controlada quando EVN = 0. Doses, via de administração e rodízio (fármaco e motivo) dos opioides foram observados. O tempo para controle da dor foi calculado quando este foi o motivo. Resultados: Foram observados 104 rodízios de opioides em 90 internações (22,5%), sendo 49% entre opioides fortes e 43% de fraco para forte. Principais motivos foram dor (40%) e dispneia (36%). O tempo para EVN = 0 foi 1,6 dias (+/-1,8; IC95% 1,0-2,1), sendo mais demorado na troca por metadona (média 2,7 dias +/-2,5; IC95% 1,0-4,4). Comparando a dose de morfina oral por equipotência analgésica, houve aumento de 10% na dose do opioide de destino, sendo esse aumento maior quando no rodízio por dispneia (38%). Conclusão: Embora o controle de dor tenha sido superior ao descrito por outros trabalhos, o aumento da dose equipotente do opioide não é corroborado por protocolos. Maior vigilância e outros estudos são recomendados na unidade.

Introduction: The use of opioids must be individualized and changing for another opioid may be necessary (opioid switching). Objective: Identify how the opioid switching was performed and whether the desired effect was achieved in patients admitted at a public palliative oncologic care specialized hospital. Method: Post hoc analysis of the profile study of patients admitted to a public oncologic palliative care hospital in Rio de Janeiro between September and November 2016. Hospitalizations were followed longitudinally by reviewing the charts with daily collection of the numeric rating scale (NRS). Pain was considered controlled when NRS = 0. Doses, route of administration, switch (drugs and motif ) of the opioids were observed. The time for pain control was calculated when this was the reason. Results: 104 opioid switching were observed in 90 hospitalizations (22.5%), 49% of which were strong opioids and 43%, from mild to strong. Main reasons were pain (40%) and dyspnea (36%). The time to NRS = 0 was 1.6 days (+/-1.8; 95% CI 1.0-2.1), taking longer to switch to methadone (mean 2.7 days +/-2.5; 95% CI 1.0-4.4). Comparing the dose of oral morphine by analgesic equipotency, a 10% increase in the target opioid dose occurred, and when rotating due to dyspnea (38%), the increase was greater. Conclusion: Although pain control was higher than described in other studies, the increase in the equipotent dose of opioid is not corroborated by protocols. Extensive surveillance and other studies are recommended in the unit.

Introducción: El uso de opioides debe ser individualizado y puede ser necesario cambiarlo por otro opioide (rotación de opioides). Objetivo: Identificar cómo se realizó la rotación de opioides y si el efecto deseado se logró en pacientes ingresados en una unidad especializada en cuidados oncológicos paliativos. Método: Análisis post hoc del estudio de perfil de pacientes ingresados en un hospital público de cuidados paliativos de oncología en Río de Janeiro, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2016. Las hospitalizaciones fueron seguidas longitudinalmente mediante la revisión de los registros médicos con la recopilación diaria de la Escala Numérica Verbal (ENV). El dolor se consideró controlado cuando ENV = 0. Se observaron dosis, vía de administración, rotación (fármacos y motivo) de los opioides. El tiempo para el control del dolor se calculó cuando esta fue la razón. Resultados: Se observaron 104 ruedas de opioides en 90 hospitalizaciones (22,5%), con 49% entre opioides fuertes y 43% de débiles a fuertes. Las razones principales fueron dolor (40%) y disnea (36%). El tiempo para ENV = 0 fue de 1,6 días (+/-1,8; IC del 95%: 1,0-2,1), y tomó más tiempo cambiar a metadona (promedio 2,7 días +/-2,5; IC 95% 1,0-4,4). Comparando la dosis de morfina oral para la equipotencia analgésica, hubo un aumento del 10% en la dosis de opioides objetivos, este aumento fue mayor al rotar debido a la disnea (38%). Conclusión: Aunque el control del dolor fue superior al descrito por otros estudios, el aumento en la dosis equipotente de opioide no es compatible con los protocolos. Se recomienda mayor vigilancia y otros estudios en la unidad.

Efeito da administração sistêmica de um analgésico de ação central/antinflamatório e um dessensibilizante tópico pós operatória na sensibilidade dentária induzida pelo clareamento em consultório / Effect of systemic administration of a centrally acting analgesic/anti-inflammatory agent and a postoperative topical desensitizer on tooth sensitivity induced by in-office whitening

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da administração sistêmica de paracetamol 500 mg/fosfato de codeína 30 mg (PACO) associada à aplicação tópica pós-operatória de um dessensibilizante em reduzir a sensibilidade dentária durante e após o clareamento dentário em consultório. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado, triplo-cego, do tipo boca dividida, em que 40 voluntários ingeriram PACO (n=20) ou placebo (n = 20) previamente ao procedimento, e suas hemiarcadas receberam aplicação de dessensibilizante tópico (Desensibilize Nano-P® - NP) e pasta profilática (PAS), totalizando quatro grupos: PACO/NP, PACO/PAS, PLA/NP E PLA/PAS. Os participantes foram submetidos à duas sessões de clareamento dentário (peróxido de hidrogênio a 35%) com duas aplicações de 20 minutos em cada sessão, e o dessensibilizante/pasta profilática foi aplicado após o procedimento durante cinco minutos, conforme fabricante. Nas sessões, a medicação foi administrada aos participantes uma hora antes do procedimento e a cada seis horas durante 48 horas. O nível de sensibilidade referida foi obtido a cada sessão e diariamente durante sete dias por meio da Escala Visual Analógica milimetrada. A análise estatística foi realizada para as variáveis sensibilidade global imediata (SGI), sensibilidade global (SG) e sensibilidade diária (SD) por meio por meio dos testes ANOVA a 1 e 2 fatores seguidos do pós-teste de Tukey (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: Para a SGI e SG, houveram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os manejos terapêuticos, cujo grupo PLA/PAS demonstrou média pelo menos 2 vezes maior comparado com o grupo PACO/NP. Para a SD, maior intensidade de sensibilidade foi observada no 8º dia, seguido do 1º dia. CONCLUSÃO: O clareamento dentário em consultório utilizando-se peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% com administração sistêmica de PACO associada à aplicação tópica pós-operatória de Desensibilize Nano-P® foi capaz de reduzir o nível de sensibilidade dentária (AU).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of systemic administration of paracetamol 500 mg / codeine phosphate 30 mg (PACO) associated with the topical postoperative application of a desensitizer in reducing tooth sensitivity during and after in-office tooth bleaching. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized, controlled, triple-blind, split-mouth clinical trial was conducted, in which 40 volunteers ingested PACO (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) prior to the procedure, and their hemiarchies received application of topical desensitizer (Desensibilize Nano-P® - NP) and prophylactic paste (PAS), totaling four groups: PACO/NP, PACO/PAS, PLA/NP and PLA/PAS. Participants underwent two tooth bleaching sessions (35% hydrogen peroxide) with two 20-minute applications in each session, and the desensitizer/prophylactic paste was applied after the procedure for five minutes, according to the manufacturer. In sessions, medication was administered to participants one hour before the procedure and every six hours for 48 hours. The referred sensitivity level was obtained at each session and daily for seven days using the millimetric Visual Analog Scale. Statistical analysis was performed for the variables immediate global sensitivity (IGS), global sensitivity (GS) and daily sensitivity (DS) through the ANOVA tests at 1 and 2 factors followed by the Tukey post-test (p<0.05). RESULTS: For IGS and GS, there were statistically significant differences between therapeutic managements, whose PLA/PAS group showed an average of at least 2 times greater compared to the PACO/NP group. For DS, greater sensitivity intensity was observed on the 8th day, followed by the 1st day. CONCLUSION: In-office tooth bleaching using 35% hydrogen peroxide with systemic administration of PACO associated with the topical postoperative application of Desensibilize Nano-P® was able to reduce the level of tooth sensitivity (AU).

Differences in pain measurement between nurses and physicians in a teaching hospital / Diferencias en la medición del dolor entre enfermeros y médicos en un hospital universitario

Abstract Introduction: In clinical practice, the administration of opioid analgesics depends on pain intensity records from nurses because they are responsible for determining the severity of the patient's complaints; however, discrepancies regarding pain measurement are often observed between physicians and nurses, which can lead to an inadequate use of analgesics. Objective: To carry out a comparison of pain intensity measurements made by staff physicians and nurses in a teaching hospital during the first 24 hours of hospital stay of patients with movement-related pain. Methods and methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the pharmacy database and medical records (opioids prescribed for 1 month, pain intensity, and medication management). The medical records of 634 in patients who were prescribed at least 1 dose of an opioid analgesic were reviewed. Results: The average pain score provided by physicians (5.4/10; SEM=0.17) was significantly higher than the average pain score reported by nurses (3.5/10; SEM=0.15) (p<0.05). The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.371 (95%CI: 0.138-0.563), indicating poor agreement between measurements. Conclusion: A poor agreement between pain measurements made by physicians and nurses during the first 24 hours of hospital stay was found. Bearing in mind that pain measurement is essential for achieving an appropriate treatment, the jointly provision of pain management education programs to doctors and nurses should be considered, so that they assess pain intensity similarly, thus improving the management of inpatients and their quality of life.

Resumen Introducción. En la práctica clínica, la administración de analgésicos opioides depende de los registros de intensidad de dolor realizados por los enfermeros, ya que estos son los responsables de determinar la intensidad de las quejas de los pacientes. Sin embargo, a menudo se observa que existen discrepancias entre médicos y enfermeros profesionales respecto a la medición del dolor, lo que puede llevar a un uso inadecuado de analgésicos. Objetivo. Comparar las intensidades de dolor de pacientes con dolor asociado al movimiento y registradas por médicos y enfermeros de un hospital universitario durante las primeras 24 horas de hospitalización. Materiales y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de corte trasversal. La información se obtuvo de las historias clínicas y de la base de datos de la farmacia del hospital (opioides prescritos por 1 mes, intensidades de dolor y uso de medicamentos). Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 634 pacientes a los que se les recetó al menos 1 dosis de opioide durante su estancia hospitalaria. Resultados. El puntaje promedio de dolor registrado en el grupo de médicos fue significativamente mayor (5.4/10, SEM=0.17) que el registrado en el grupo de enfermeros (3.5/10; SEM=0.15) (p<0.05). El coeficiente de correlación intra-clase fue 0.371 (IC95%: 0.138-0.563), lo que indica una pobre concordancia entre las mediciones de médicos y enfermeros. Conclusiones. Se observó una pobre concordancia entre la medición del dolor realizada por los enfermeros y los médicos del hospital. Teniendo en cuenta que la medición del dolor es fundamental para lograr un tratamiento adecuado, debe considerarse ofrecer programas de educación en manejo del dolor a médicos y enfermeros de manera conjunta para que su medición sea uniforme, lo que mejorará el manejo de los pacientes hospitalizados y, por tanto, su calidad de vida.

Implantação de um protocolo de manejo de dor e redução do consumo de opioides na unidade de terapia intensiva: análise de série temporal interrompida / Pain management protocol implementation and opioid consumption in critical care: an interrupted time series analysis

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de um protocolo de manejo da dor e redução do consumo de opioides no consumo geral de opioides e nos desfechos clínicos. Métodos: Estudo em centro único, quasi-experimental, retrospectivo, de coortes antes e depois. Utilizamos uma série temporal interrompida para analisar as alterações no nível e na tendência de utilização de diferentes analgésicos. Foram usadas comparações bivariadas nas coortes antes e depois, regressão logística e regressão quantílica para estimativas ajustadas. Resultados: Incluímos 988 pacientes no período pré-intervenção e 1.838 no período pós-intervenção. O consumo de fentanil teve ligeiro aumento gradual antes da intervenção (β = 16; IC95% 7 - 25; p = 0,002), porém diminuiu substancialmente em nível com a intervenção (β = - 128; IC95% -195 - -62; p = 0,001) e, a partir de então, caiu progressivamente (β = - 24; IC95% -35 - -13; p < 0,001). Houve tendência crescente de utilização de dipirona. A duração da ventilação mecânica foi significantemente menor (diferença mediana: - 1 dia; IC95% -1 - 0; p < 0,001), especialmente para pacientes mecanicamente ventilados por períodos mais longos (diferença no 50º percentil: -0,78; IC95% -1,51 - -0,05; p = 0,036; diferença no 75º percentil: -2,23; IC95% -3,47 - -0,98; p < 0,001). Conclusão: Um protocolo de manejo da dor conseguiu reduzir o consumo de fentanil na unidade de terapia intensiva. Esta estratégia se associou com menor duração da ventilação mecânica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the impact of an opioid-sparing pain management protocol on overall opioid consumption and clinical outcomes. Methods: This was a single-center, quasi-experimental, retrospective, before and after cohort study. We used an interrupted time series to analyze changes in the levels and trends of the utilization of different analgesics. We used bivariate comparisons in the before and after cohorts as well as logistic regression and quantile regression for adjusted estimates. Results: We included 988 patients in the preintervention period and 1,838 in the postintervention period. Fentanyl consumption was slightly increasing before the intervention (β = 16; 95%CI 7 - 25; p = 0.002) but substantially decreased in level with the intervention (β = - 128; 95%CI -195 - -62; p = 0.001) and then progressively decreased (β = - 24; 95%CI -35 - -13; p < 0.001). There was an increasing trend in the utilization of dipyrone. The mechanical ventilation duration was significantly lower (median difference: - 1 day; 95%CI -1 - 0; p < 0.001), especially for patients who were mechanically ventilated for a longer time (50th percentile difference: -0.78; 95%CI -1.51 - -0.05; p = 0.036; 75th percentile difference: -2.23; 95%CI -3.47 - -0.98; p < 0.001). Conclusion: A pain management protocol could reduce the intensive care unit consumption of fentanyl. This strategy was associated with a shorter mechanical ventilation duration.

Opioids in the immune system: from experimental studies to clinical practice

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Opioids interact with both innate and adaptive immune systems and have direct effects on opioid receptors located on immune cells. Research on this topic has provided evidence of the opioid influence on the immune response associated with surgical stress. The immunological effects of opioids are currently being investigated, particularly whether they influence the outcome of surgery or the underlying disease regarding important aspects like infection or cancer progression. This review addresses background research related to the influence of the opioid receptor on the immune system, the immunosuppressive effect associated with major opioids during the perioperative period, and their clinical relevance. The objective of the study was to review the effects of opioids on the immune system. Methods: A search strategy was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane databases using the terms "immunosuppression," "immune system," "surgical procedures," "analgesics," "opioids" and "perioperative care." Results: The immunosuppressive effect of opioids was identified over 30 years ago. They include signaling and acting directly through immune cells, including B and T lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, and macrophages, as well as activating the downstream pathways of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leading to the production of immunosuppressive glucocorticoids in the peripheral and sympathetic nervous system.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Os opioides interagem com ambos os sistemas imunes, inato e adaptativo, através de efeitos diretos sobre os receptores dos opioides localizados nas células imunes. As pesquisas neste assunto têm fornecido evidência da influência dos opioides sobre a resposta imune associada ao estresse cirúrgico. Os efeitos imunológicos dos opioides estão sendo pesquisados na atualidade, principalmente se eles determinam o resultado da cirurgia ou doença consequente devido a fatos importantes como infecção ou progressão do câncer. Essa revisão tem como alvo ver antecedentes em pesquisa relativa à influência dos receptores dos opioides no sistema imunológico, o efeito imunossupressor associado com opioides maiores durante o período peri-operatório e sua importância clínica. O objectivo da pesquisa foi revisar os efeitos dos opioides no sistema imunológico. MÉTODOS: Uma estrategia de procura foi dirigida na mídia PubMed, e no cadastro de Embase e The Cochrane, usando os termos "imunosuppressão", "sistema imunológico", "procedimentos cirúrgicos", "analgésicos", "opioides" e "cuidado peri-operatório". RESULTADOS: O efeito imunosuppressor dos opioides foi identificado há mais de 30 anos. Os efeitos imunosupressores incluem sinalização e ação diretamente através das células imunes, mesmo com os linfócitos B e T, células NK, monócitos e macrófagos, também como ativando as vias de corrente do eixo hipotálamo- hipófise- adrenal (HPA) levando à produção de glucocorticoides imunossupresores no sistema nervoso periférico e simpático.

A national study on the use of opioid analgesics in dentistry

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of opioid analgesics prescribed by Brazilian dentists, potential regional differences and their association with socioeconomic and health-related factors. Data for all opioid prescriptions by dentists was obtained from the 2012 database of the National Controlled Substances Management System, regulated by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency. The number of defined daily doses (DDD) and DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day for each Brazilian state were calculated as the primary outcomes. DDDs were compared by regions and Brazilian states. Spearman's rho correlation coefficient was used to determine the influence of the states' characteristics, such as the Human Development Index; poverty; education; number of dentists per 100,000 inhabitants; visit to the dentist; dental care plan; good or very good oral health; number of pharmaceutical establishments per 100,000/inhabitants; and ability to get all prescribed medications. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. A total of 141,161 prescriptions for opioids analgesics by 36,929 dentists were recorded, corresponding to 658,855 doses of opioids dispensed in 2012. The most commonly dispensed opioids were codeine associated with paracetamol (83.2%; n = 117,493). The national DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day was 0.0093 (range: 0.0002-0.0216). DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day was positively associated to visits to dentists (rs = 0.630; P < 0.001) and inversely associated to poverty (rs = -0.624; p = 0.001). There are significant differences in opioid prescriptions in dentistry among the Brazilian states. These differences may be associated with non-clinical factors.

Posterior quadratus lumborum block for primary total hip arthroplasty analgesia: a comparative study / Bloqueio anestésico do quadrado lombar posterior para analgesia na artroplastia total do quadril primária: estudo comparativo

ABSTRACT Objective To compare analgesia and opioid consumption for patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block with patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block. Methods The medical records of patients undergoing unilateral total hip arthroplasty between January 1st, 2017 and March 31, 2018 were reviewed, and 238 patients were included in the study. The primary outcome was postoperative opioid consumption in the first 24 postoperative hours. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative, post anesthesia care unit, and 48-hour opioid consumption, postoperative pain Visual Analog Scale scores, and post-anesthesia care unit length of stay. Primary and secondary endpoint data were compared between patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block with patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block. Results For the patients who received quadratus lumborum block, the 24-hour total oral morphine equivalent (milligram) requirements were lower (53.82mg±37.41), compared to the patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block (77.59mL±58.42), with p=0.0011. Opioid requirements were consistently lower for the patients who received quadratus lumborum block at each additional assessment time point up to 48 hours. Pain Visual Analog Scale scores were lower up to 12 hours after surgery for the patients who received a posterior quadratus lumborum block, and the post-anesthesia care unit length of stay was shorter for the patients who received quadratus lumborum block. Conclusion Preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block for primary total hip arthroplasty is associated with decreased opioid requirements up to 48 hours, decreased Visual Analog Scale pain scores up to 12 hours, and shorter post-anesthesia care unit length of stay. Level of evidence: III

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar a analgesia e o uso de opioides em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril primária com bloqueio pré-operatório do quadrado lombar posterior e pacientes que não receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar. Métodos Revisamos os prontuários de pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril unilateral entre 1º de janeiro de 2017 e 31 de março de 2018, e 238 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. O desfecho primário foi o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório nas primeiras 24 horas. Os desfechos secundários foram consumo de opioide no intraoperatório, na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica e nas primeiras 48 horas, escores de Escala Visual Analógica de dor pós-operatória, e tempo de permanência na recuperação pós-anestésica. Os desfechos primário e secundários foram comparados entre os pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril primária com bloqueio pré-operatório do quadrado lombar posterior e aqueles que não receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar. Resultados Para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio, as doses totais de morfina por via oral em 24 horas foram menores (53,82mg±37,41) em comparação ao grupo sem bloqueio (77,59mg±58,42), com p=0,0011. A utilização de opioides foi consistentemente menor para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio em cada tempo adicional de avaliação até 48 horas. Os escores da Escala Visual Analógica até 12 horas após a cirurgia para os pacientes que receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar posterior e o tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica foram menores para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio. Conclusão O bloqueio anestésico do quadrado lombar posterior para artroplastia total do quadril primária está associado à diminuição do uso de opioides nas primeiras 48 horas, diminuição do escore de dor da Escala Visual Analógica em até 12 horas, e menor tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica. Nível de evidência: III

Opioid tapering and weaning protocols in pediatric critical care units: a systematic review

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Opioid abstinence syndrome is common in the pediatric intensive care environment because sedation is often needed during the children's treatment. There is no specific guideline regarding the management of these patients; and lately, methadone is an important drug for the prevention of abstinence symptoms during the weaning of opioids. This study gathers the available research to establish the initial dose of methadone, the rate of taper and tools to recognize this syndrome and act promptly. METHODS: A systematic review was made from data of four different databases. Forty-nine articles of observational and experimental studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria (critical pediatric patients in acute use of opioids) and exclusion criteria (previous chronic use of opioids, other medications). The data regarding specific themes were separated in sections: initial dose of methadone, use of protocols in clinical practice, abstinence scales and adjuvant drugs. RESULTS: The articles showed a great heterogeneity of ways to calculate the initial dose of methadone. The pediatric intensive care units of the study had different weaning protocols, with a lower incidence of abstinence when a pre-defined sequence of tapering was used. The Withdrawal Assessment Tool - 1 was the most used scale for tapering the opioids, with good sensitivity and specificity for signs and symptoms. CONCLUSION: There is still little evidence of other medications that can help prevent the abstinence syndrome of opioids. This study tries to promote a better practice during opioid weaning.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: A síndrome de abstinência de opioides é comum no ambiente de terapia intensiva pediátrica porque a sedação é frequentemente necessária durante o tratamento das crianças. Não existe uma diretriz específica sobre o manejo desse paciente e, ultimamente, a metadona tem sido uma droga importante para a prevenção dos sintomas de abstinência durante o desmame dos opioides. Este estudo reúne as pesquisas disponíveis para estabelecer a dose inicial de metadona, taxa de redução e ferramentas para reconhecer essa síndrome e agir prontamente. MÉTODOS: Uma revisão sistemática foi feita a partir de dados de quatro diferentes bases de dados. Quarenta e nove artigos, de estudos observacionais e experimentais, foram selecionados com base nos critérios de inclusão (pacientes críticos pediátricos em uso de opioides agudamente) e critérios de exclusão (uso crônico prévio de opioides, outros medicamentos). Os dados referentes a temas específicos foram separados em seções: dose inicial de metadona, uso de protocolos na prática clínica, escalas de abstinência e drogas adjuvantes. RESULTADOS: Os artigos mostraram uma grande heterogeneidade de formas de calcular a dose inicial de metadona. As unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica do estudo apresentaram diferentes protocolos de desmame, com menor incidência de abstinência quando foi utilizada uma sequência predefinida de redução gradual. A Ferramenta de Avaliação de Retirada - 1 foi a escala mais utilizada durante a redução dos opioides, com boa sensibilidade e especificidade para sinais e sintomas. CONCLUSÃO: Ainda há poucas evidências de outros medicamentos que possam ajudar a prevenir a síndrome de abstinência dos opioides. Este estudo tenta promover uma prática melhor durante o desmame dos opioides.

Manejo da dor em crianças queimadas: Revisão integrativa / Management of pain in burned children: An integrative review / Manejo del dolor en niños quemados: Revisión integrativa

A dor e o sofrimento estão associados com queimaduras, trazem efeitos fisiológicos e emocionais adversos, principalmente em crianças. O controle adequado da dor é um fator importante na melhora dos resultados clínicos. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar na literatura os princípios ativos mais utilizados para a analgesia em crianças vítimas de queimaduras. Foi realizada uma revisão com um período de busca entre 2008 e 2018, consultando as bases de dados LILACS, Scielo e Medline/PubMed. Duzentas e vinte e cinco publicações foram encontradas e, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 12 artigos relatavam os princípios ativos medicamentosos utilizados para analgesia em crianças queimadas. Os medicamentos mais encontrados foram paracetamol, morfina, ketamina, propofol, AINEs e fentanil. Os profissionais de saúde precisam reconhecer o significado da dor relacionada às crianças queimadas e estar atualizados sobre as várias opções farmacológicas disponíveis. Assim, ter aprofundamento sobre dosagem e via de administração, bem como o conhecimento com queimaduras pediátricas, pode romper barreiras para beneficiar o paciente com o início precoce da administração de analgésicos.

Pain and suffering are associated with burns, they bring adverse physiological and emotional effects mainly on children. Adequate pain control is an important factor in improving clinical outcomes. This study aims to identify in the literature the active principles most used for analgesia in children victims of burns. A review was conducted with a search period between 2008 and 2018, consulting the LILACS, Scielo and Medline / PubMed databases. Two hundred and twenty five publications were found and, after the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 articles reported the active drug principles used for analgesia in burned children. The most commonly found drugs were paracetamol, morphine, ketamine, propofol, NSAIDs and fentanyl. Health professionals need to recognize the meaning of pain related to burned children and be up to date on the various pharmacological options available. Thus, having in-depth dosing and route of administration as well as knowledge with pediatric burns can break down barriers to benefit the patient with the early onset of analgesic administration.

El dolor y el sufrimiento están asociados con quemaduras, traen efectos fisiológicos y emocionales adversos principalmente en los niños. El control adecuado del dolor es un factor importante en la mejora de los resultados clínicos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar en la literatura los principios activos más utilizados para la analgesia en niños víctimas de quemaduras. Se realizó una revisión con un período de búsqueda entre 2008 y 2018, consultando las bases de datos LILACS, Scielo y Medline / PubMed. Se encontraron doscientas veinticinco publicaciones y, después de la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, 12 artículos relataban los principios activos medicamentosos utilizados para la analgesia en niños quemados. Los medicamentos más encontrados fueron paracetamol, morfina, ketamina, propofol, AINES y fentanil. Los profesionales de la salud deben reconocer el significado del dolor relacionado con los niños quemados y estar al día sobre las diversas opciones farmacológicas disponibles. Así, tener profundización sobre dosificación y vía de administración, así como el conocimiento con quemaduras pediátricas pueden romper barreras para beneficiar al paciente con el inicio precoz de la administración de analgésicos.

Characterization of post-surgical critical patients with infections associated with healthcare after prolonged perfusion of remifentanil

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Healthcare associated infections (HAI) are the most frequent complication of hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of critically ill post-surgical patients with a diagnosis of healthcare associated infections, after a pattern of sedoanalgesia of at least 4 days. METHODS All patients over 18 years of age with a unit admission of more than 4 days were consecutively selected. The study population was the one affected by surgical pathology where sedation was based as analgesic the opioid remifentanil for at least 96 hours in continuous perfusion. Patients who died during admission to the unit and those with combined analgesia (peripheral or neuroaxial blocks) were excluded. Data analysis was performed using the statistical package Stata version 7.0. RESULTS The patients admitted to the Post-Surgical Critical Care Unit (PCU) during study were 1789 and the population eligible was comprised of 102 patients. 56.86% of patients suffered IACS. The most frequent IACS was pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation (30.96 per 1000 days of mechanical ventilation), Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most frequently isolated germ. The germs with the greatest involvement in multiple drug resistance (MDROs) were enterobacteria, mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). CONCLUSIONS Pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation is the most prevalent HAI and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main etiological agent. The groups of antibiotics most frequently used were cephalosporin and aminoglycosides. It is necessary to implement the prevention strategies of the different HAI, since most of them are avoidable.

RESUMO INTRODUCCIÓN Las infecciones asociadas a cuidados de salud (IACS) constituyen la complicación más frecuente de los pacientes hospitalizados. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes críticos postquirúrgicos con diagnóstico de infección asociada a cuidados de salud, tras una pauta de sedoanalegia de al menos 4 días. MÉTODOS Se seleccionaron de manera consecutiva todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años con un ingreso en la Unidad de Reanimación Postquirúrgica (URP) superior a 4 días. La población de estudio fue aquella afectada por patología quirúrgica de cualquier origen donde la sedación se basó en cualquier hipnótico y como analgésico el opioide remifentanilo durante al menos 96 horas en perfusión continua. Se excluyeron los pacientes que fallecieron durante su ingreso en la unidad y aquellos pacientes con analgesia combinada (bloqueos periféricos o neuroaxiales). El análisis de los datos se realizó con paquete estadístico Stata versión 7.0. RESULTADOS El número de pacientes que ingresaron en la URP durante el periodo de estudio fueron de 1789. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, la población elegible quedó constituida por 102 pacientes. Un 56,86% de pacientes padecieron IACS. La IACS más frecuente fue la neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (30,96 por 1000 días de ventilación mecánica) siendo Pseudomona aeruginosa el germen más frecuentemente aislado. Los gérmenes con mayor implicación en las multirresistencias (MDROs) fueron las enterobacterias, principalmente Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). CONCLUSIONES La neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica es la IACS más prevalente y Pseudomona aeruginosa es el principal agente etiológico. Los grupos de antibióticos más frecuentemente empleados fueron cefalosporinas y aminoglucósidos. Es necesario implementar las estrategias de prevención de las distintas IACS, ya que la mayoría de ellas son evitables.