El listado de pacientes en la empresa dedicada a la prestación de servicios médicos como objeto material de los delitos de descubrimiento y revelación de secretos de empresa / [The list of patients in the company dedicated to the provision of medical services as a material object of the crimes of discovery and disclosure of company secrets]

En la actualidad podría afirmarse que la mayor problemática existente en torno a los delitos de descubrimiento y revelación de secretos de empresa se encuentra en la indeterminación de su objeto material: el secreto de empresa. Esta indeterminación, que la reciente Ley 1/2019, de 20 de febrero, de Secretos Empresariales ayuda a solventar, ha llevado a los Tribunales de la jurisdicción penal a pronunciamientos dispares sobre la aplicación de los tipos penales relativos al descubrimiento y revelación de secretos de empresa, siendo uno de los supuestos más cuestionados en la práctica de nuestros Tribunales el tratamiento (o no) de un listado de clientes como un secreto de empresa. Si bien, hay muchas resoluciones que abogan por entender que dichos listados de clientes no forman parte de la información confidencial y reservada de una empresa –lo que impediría entenderla como un secreto de empresa–, encontramos también ejemplos de casos en los que se ha adoptado una solución contraria. Por medio del presente análisis, se pretende responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿Puede un listado de pacientes ser considerado un secreto de empresa y, por tanto, dar lugar su descubrimiento y/o revelación a la comisión de un delito de los recogidos en el artículo 278 y siguientes del Código Penal? ¿Y si dicho listado de pacientes contuviera documentación clínica (con datos médicos) de cada uno de ellos? (AU)

Nowadays, the main problem with the offences of discovery and disclosure of trade secrets may lie in the indeterminacy of its material object: the business or trade secret. This indeterminacy, which the recent Law 1/2019, of 20 February, on Business Secrets helps to resolve, has led the Courts of the criminal jurisdiction to make disparate pronouncements on the application of criminal offences relating to the discovery and disclosure of business secrets, with one of the most questioned cases in the practice of our Courts being the treatment (or not) of a list of clients as a business secret. While there are many rulings that argue that such customer lists do not form part of the confidential and reserved information of a company –which would prevent it from being considered a trade secret–, there are also examples of cases in which the opposite solution has been adopted. This analysis aims to answer the following question: Can a list of patients be considered a business secret and, therefore, can its discovery and/or disclosure give rise to the commission of an offence under Article 278 et seq. of the Criminal Code? What if the list of patients contained clinical documentation (with medical data) for each of them? (AU)

Pollution or innovation? How enterprises react to air pollution under perfect information.

From 2013 to 2015, China launched a nationwide real-time air quality monitoring and disclosure program in three waves. Since then, the air quality of prefecture-level cities nationwide has been monitored and released publicly in real-time. Using this information program as a natural experiment, we investigate how the response of enterprises' innovation to air pollution changes before versus after this information program. Based on a sample of Chinese listed companies in 289 prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2016, the results show that the information program encourages enterprise innovation to react to air pollution. However, different types of enterprises have heterogeneity in response to this program. In the mechanism analysis, this paper finds that the information program stimulates enterprises' innovation through improving local governments' environmental protection motivation and promoting public environmental engagement. Our research highlights the critical role of information in the theory and practice of environmental regulation that has long been ignored.

The legal obligation to provide timely security patching and automatic updates.

Do you use Office 365 or Windows 10? How about GoDaddy to support your website? Has it been a while since you connected your iPhone to Wi-Fi instead of merely running off your data? Or is your Samsung phone more than 2 years old? Would it surprise you to learn that some of these products no longer receive security support or automatic updates? If so, you may be surprised to hear that you are being exposed to security risks, as many cyber incidences are the direct result of an absence of security patching and automatic updates. There are many reasons for this. Most companies provide security patches, but they are not always timely and many are not automated, requiring manual effort (often unbeknownst to consumers and businesses). Timely security patching is, upon discovery or notification of a security flaw in a system or product, the release of a security update within a reasonable time that patches and updates the security of a system-sometimes this is automatic, sometimes the security patch is merely a notification that you can and should patch your own system. A contributing factor to this is that there is no legal obligation to provide security support, let alone timely security support. This means that there is no legal requirement to patch known security vulnerabilities and bugs or issue automatic updates. This paper asks whether or not Australia should have a legal obligation to ensure timely security patching and require automatic updates by default in all consumer systems. Our conclusion: yes, it should, since many companies cannot be relied on to self-regulate and put their client's security interests first, and the stakes in cybersecurity have become too high to continue with the status quo. We conclude by presenting our recommended pathway for legal reform.

Devolução dos resultados de pesquisa em psicologia para os respectivos participantes / Return of results from brazilian researches in psychology to research participants / Devolución de resultados de investigadores en psicología brasileños para los encuestados

A devolução de resultados para participantes é um dever ético em pesquisa. Objetivou-se identificar as práticas adotadas pelas(os) pesquisadoras(es) brasileiras(os) em psicologia para devolução dos resultados de pesquisa para as(os) respectivas(os) participantes. Realizou-se uma pesquisa online, da qual participaram 68 pesquisadoras(es) brasileiros em psicologia. As(os) participantes tinham entre 32 e 73 anos (M = 49,8; DP = 11,5), 62% eram mulheres, com tempo médio de formação desde o doutorado de 14,3 anos (DP = 9,6). 43% das(os) participantes respondeu que frequentemente realizava alguma prática de devolução, presencial ou coletiva, por meio de cursos de extensão, capacitações e palestras. Praticar a devolução de resultados de pesquisa em psicologia pode motivar a colaboração em pesquisas, além de fazer cumprir um direito dos participantes.

Although the return of results to participants is an important ethical issue in research, little is known on how Brazilian researchers in Psychology perform these practices. The objective of this article was to identify practices adopted by Brazilian researchers in Psychology to return research results to their respective participants. For this online cross-sectional study, we created a specific questionnaire, which was answered by 68 researchers in Psychology who were leaders of research groups listed in CNPq's Research Groups Directory, for at least 1 year. Participants ranged from 32 to 73 years old (M = 49,8; SD= 11,5), 62% were women, and, in average, they have been working after doctorate for 14,3 years (SD = 9,6). 43% of participants reported frequently performing some form of devolution of results, mainly collective face-to-face practices, such as extension courses, trainings, or lectures. We conclude on the necessity of return of results practices in Psychology. When sharing results with people who were involved in researches, besides conforming with ethical principles, researchers may motivate participants to continue collaborating with research development.

Devolver resultados a los participantes es un deber ético en la investigación. El objetivo fue identificar las prácticas adoptadas por los investigadores brasileños en Psicología para transmitir los resultados de la investigación a los respectivos encuestados. Se realizó una encuesta en línea, en la que participaron 68 investigadores en Psicología brasileños. Los participantes tenían entre 32 y 73 años (M = 49,8; DT = 11,5), el 62% eran mujeres, con un tiempo promedio desde el término del doctorado de 14,3 años (DT = 9,6). El 43% de los participantes respondieron que frecuentemente realizaban alguna práctica de retorno. Las devoluciones presenciales y colectivas a través de cursos de extensión, capacitación y conferencias fueron las principales prácticas indicadas. Se concluye que es necesaria una mayor discusión sobre las prácticas de devolución en Psicología. Al compartir los resultados de la investigación con los involucrados en ella, además de cumplir con un deber ético, es posible motivar a los participantes a continuar colaborando con el desarrollo de investigaciones.

La Universidad y su papel en la crisis civilizatoria / The University and Its Role in the Civilizational Crisis

Resumen Hemos de resignificar el papel de la Universidad hoy ante esta profunda crisis civilizatoria; el punto de partida será lograr un acuerdo común para rescatarla y jamás permitir que sea ella una correa de transmisión de un modelo económico, político y social negador del sujeto, despojador y colonial; por el contrario, potenciarla como eje de las transformaciones esenciales que hoy la vida y los seres humanos necesitamos.

Abstract We must re-signify the role of the University today in the face of this profound civilizational crisis. The starting point will be to reach a common agreement in order to rescue it and never allow it to be a transmission belt of an economic, political, and social model, a denier of the subject, stripper and colonial. On the contrary, to enhance it as the axis of the essential transformations that today life and human beings need.

Third Things as Inspiration and Artifact: A Multi-Stakeholder Qualitative Approach to Understand Patient and Family Emotions after Harmful Events.

Patient and family emotional harm after medical errors may be profound. At an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) conference to establish a research agenda on this topic, the authors used visual images as a gateway to personal reflections among diverse stakeholders. Themes identified included chaos and turmoil, profound isolation, organizational denial, moral injury and betrayal, negative effects on families and communities, importance of relational skills, and healing effects of human connection. The exercise invited storytelling, enabled psychological safety, and fostered further collaborative discussion. The authors discuss implications for quality/safety, educational innovation, and qualitative research.

Update on Mental Health Aspects of Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is common worldwide and occurs in more than one-third of American women and psychiatric patients. As well as physical injuries, it may cause mental health sequelae, such as depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, inability to trust others, self-harm, and a host of psychosomatic conditions, that may be referred to psychiatrists. It is imperative that psychiatrists know the risk factors, how to assist disclosure of IPV, and how to safely respond. Psychiatrists must know the best evidence-based management of IPV and its mental health sequelae to best assist patients who have been exposed to IPV.

Hepatitis B virus contact disclosure and testing in Lusaka, Zambia: a mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of disclosure to and testing of contacts of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Zambia. DESIGN: We used a convergent parallel mixed-method research design including a quantitative survey and focus group discussions with patients with HBV. SETTING: A university hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. PARTICIPANTS: 79 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive, HIV-negative, adults (18+ years) receiving HBV care completed a quantitative survey and 32 also participated in a focus group discussion. OUTCOMES AND ANALYSIS: Contacts of patients with HBV were enumerated and patient-reported disclosure, contact testing and contact HBV test results were used to develop a testing cascade. Using multivariable logistic regression, we identified factors associated with disclosure of HBV status. In focus groups, we explored how index patient knowledge and awareness of their condition shaped perspectives on contact disclosure and testing. Focus groups coding and analysis followed a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS: Among 79 patients with HBV (median age 35 years; 26.6% women), the majority reported disclosure to ≥1 contact. According to the index patients' knowledge, of 776 contacts enumerated, 326 (42.1%) were disclosed to, 77 (9.9%) were tested, 67 (8.6%) received results and 8 (11.9%) were HBsAg-positive. Increased stigma score was associated with reduced disclosure. In focus groups, HBV awareness, knowledge and stigma emerged as barriers to disclosure and referral of contacts for testing. Association of HBV with HIV-related stigma was also reported as a strong barrier to contact disclosure and testing and to taking antivirals for HBV monoinfection. CONCLUSIONS: HBV contact disclosure and testing were feasible and yielded new diagnoses in Zambia. A better understanding of barriers to seeking HBV testing and treatment is needed to scale-up this important intervention in Africa. TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03158818.

Mental Health Aspects of Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is common worldwide and occurs in more than one-third of American women and psychiatric patients. As well as physical injuries, it may cause mental health sequelae, such as depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, inability to trust others, self-harm, and a host of psychosomatic conditions, that may be referred to psychiatrists. It is imperative that psychiatrists know the risk factors, how to assist disclosure of IPV, and how to safely respond. Psychiatrists must know the best evidence-based management of IPV and its mental health sequelae to best assist patients who have been exposed to IPV.

"You just can't trust everybody": the impact of sexual risk, partner type and perceived partner trustworthiness on HIV-status disclosure decisions among HIV-positive black gay and bisexual men.

HIV remains an intractable public health concern in the USA, with infection rates notably concentrated among Black gay and bisexual men. Status disclosure by HIV-positive individuals can be an important aspect of risk reduction but doing so poses dilemmas concerning privacy, stigma and self-protection, especially among populations subjected to multiple types of stigmatisation. Understanding the factors related to the disclosure process can help to inform prevention efforts. Using exploratory in-depth interviews, this qualitative study examines the disclosure process among a sample of twenty HIV-positive Black gay and bisexual men (mean age = 40) recruited through a non-profit health centre in a mid-western city in the USA. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach with HIV-disclosure as an a priori sensitising concept. Fears of stigma and secondary disclosure within social networks were critical barriers to talking about HIV with sexual partners and disclosure decisions involved a complex process centred on three primary themes: degree of sexual risk, partner type and perceived partner trustworthiness. The unique combinations of these contextual factors resulted in increased or decreased likelihood of disclosure. A conceptual model explicating a potential process by which these contextual factors influence disclosure decisions is presented.