Anestesia peridural: vantagens e desvantagens na prática anestésica atual / Epidural anesthesia: advantages and disadvantages in the current anesthesia practice

Estudos recentes foram realizados com o intuito de evidenciar vantagens no uso da anestesia peridural em diversas especialidades. Na cirurgia cardíaca, ela reduziu o risco de arritmias supraventriculares e complicações pulmonares sem influenciar diretamente na mortalidade, na incidência de infarto agudo do miocárdio e de acidente cerebrovascular. Em procedimentos ortopédicos promoveu bom controle da dor pós-operatória, principalmente em cirurgias de correção de escoliose. Todavia, não teve impacto significativo em desfechos pós-operatórios. Nas cirurgias urológicas oncológicas não foi encontrada associação entre o uso do bloqueio peridural e a diminuição da recorrência tumoral. Houve redução do sangramento perioperatório e controle adequado da dor sem ocorrer, no entanto, alteração no tempo de internação hospitalar. Nas cirurgias torácicas, atualmente tem perdido espaço para o bloqueio paravertebral, que se mostrou igualmente eficaz e com melhor perfil de efeitos colaterais. Na população pediátrica, o bloqueio peridural se destaca frente às outras modalidades analgésicas, sobretudo em cirurgias de grande porte. O risco de complicações associadas diminui progressivamente com o aumento da idade e a execução da técnica sob anestesia geral ou sedação profunda é aparentemente segura. Em gestantes, a analgesia peridural permite alívio da dor e não há evidência de que aumenta a incidência de cesáreas, porém em situações de urgência o bloqueio subaracnóideo é preferido. Estudos que avaliaram a anestesia peridural em cirurgias abdominais verificaram retorno precoce do trânsito gastrintestinal, sem aumento na incidência de deiscência anastomótica. O uso do bloqueio em cirurgias laparoscópicas ainda é controverso.

Recent studies have been conducted to elucidate the advantages of using epidural anesthesia in several specialties. In cardiac surgery, it was shown to reduce supraventricular arrhythmias and pulmonary complications risk, without having a direct effect on mortality,myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events. Epidural anesthesia produced better pain control after orthopedic procedures, especially after scoliosis correction, however it has no significant impact in postoperative outcomes. No correlation between the use of epidural block and tumor recurrence could be found in urological oncological surgeries. Reduced bleeding and good pain control has been achieved without reduction on hospitalization duration. In thoracic surgeries, recently, it is being replaced by paravertebral block, which can be equally effective and with better collateral profile. Epidural anesthesia is preferable over the other analgesic modalities, in the pediatric population, especially for major procedures. The complications risk with its use reduces progressively with increasing age and the execution of the technique under general anesthesia or deep sedation is apparently safe. Epidural analgesia in parturients relief pain and there is no evidence on increasing cesarean rate, but in the emergency scenarios subarachnoid spinal anesthesia is still preferred. Studies have evaluated the epidural blockade in abdominal surgeries, it was shown to allow fast return of bowel movements without increasing the incidence of anastomotic leakage. Its use in laparoscopic surgery is still controversial.

The influence of combined spinal epidurai analgesia on the level of T lymphocyte subsets in maternity sera in labor / 中国医师杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of combined spinal epidural analgesia (CSEA) on immune function by observing the changed level of T lymphocyte subsets in maternity sera in labor.MethodsFifty healthy primipara with single birth,vertex present and ASA I between July 2007 and Dec 2007 at the first Affiliated Hospital of Nangchang University,who were in spontaneous labor,were randomly divided into two subgroups when their rerviral dilations were in 2～3 cm.In interfering subgroup( n =25),the puncture point of CSEA was at L3-4 interspace,the fentanyl (20 μg) was used in lumbar anesthesia,the ropivaraine (0.1％) rombined with fentanyl (2 μg/ml) was used in epidural analgesia.Blood samples were taken from the mother vein at cervical dilation in 2 ～ 3 m (T1),fetal disengagement(T2),24 hrs after childbirth ( T3 ).Flow cytometry was used to measure T lymphocyte subsets,Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to measure cortisol.In addition,Data on labor progress,VAS score,and neonatal Apgar score were recorded for each patient.Results(1)The active phase in the first stage of labor after analgesia in the CSEA group [ ( 177.64 ± 67.98 ) min ] was significantly lower than that in control group [ (219.40 ± 67.37) min ].No significant difference was found for the active phase in the second stage and the third stage,and for the neonatal Apgar score between the CSEA group [ (32.92 ± 11.59 ) min,( 7.56 ± 2.47 )min,9.20 ± 0.82,respectively ] and the control group [ ( 31.44 ± 13.93 ) min,( 7.28 ± 2.25 ) min,8.84± 1.31,respectively ].(2)The level of cortisol in A group [ ( 548.11 ± 75.67) ng/ml ] was significantly lower than that in C group[ (789.32±96.07) ng/ml] at T2.(3) In two groups,the levels of the CD3+,CD4+,CD4+/CD8 + degraded in different degree at each point,more significantly decreased at T3,and these in C group[ (48.43 ± 6.46) ％,( 31.35 ± 8.93 ) ％,(0.96 ± 0.21 ) ％,respectively ] were significantly lower than those in A group [ (52.3 ± 5.62 ) ％,( 36.90 ± 7.91 ) ％,( 1.16 ± 0.25 ) ％,respectively ].ConclusionsCSEA could shorten the active delivery phase in the first stage of labor,and did not affect the neonatal Apgar score.It can alleviate the inhibitory effect of pain stress response on the immune function.