Impact of Exogenous Factors and Anesthetic Risk in Premature Birth during the Pandemic Period.

BACKGROUND: Premature birth remains a public health problem worldwide, involving a broader context and a multidisciplinary team aimed at combating this phenomenon as much as possible. The consumption of addictive substances by women who are pregnant can occur in different social contexts and at different stages of their lives, which modulate its extent. Obstetricians and anesthetists should consider the anesthetic maternal risks that may arise due to these addictive behaviors. The maternal anesthetic risk is higher in women who are pregnant with a medium-level of education, imbalanced nutrition, stress associated with physical or mental activity, affected sleep hygiene, and failed marriages. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study refer to analyzing the impact of exogenous factors and the anesthetic risk on premature birth for women who were pregnant during the pandemic period and in women who were pregnant without COVID-19 infection. The authors studied a significant sample of 3588 women who were pregnant without COVID-19 infection, among whom 3291 gave birth at term and 297 gave birth prematurely. METHODS: The methods analyzed consist of studying the specialized literature regarding the impact of exogenous factors and parturient's anesthetic risk on premature birth and identifying the regional risk profile of women who are pregnant in the southeast region of Romania compared to that identified in the specialized literature. In the analytical methods, we used a linear regression to study the incidence of exogenous risk factors on anesthetic risk in women who were pregnant with premature births compared to those with full-term births. RESULTS: The results confirm the significant impact of exogenous factors on anesthetic risk and the significant impact of anesthetic risk on premature births. The novelty of the study lies in highlighting the modification of the regional exogenous risk profile during the pandemic period in southeast Romania due to unfavorable socio-economic causes and the translation of grade I and II prematurity events to higher frequencies with an increased level of maternal anesthetic risk. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings show that the anesthetic risk is maximized in parturients with a middle school education. Additionally, the anesthetic risk of patients who are pregnant increases with the intensification of smoking adherence and its maintenance throughout the pregnancy at the same intensity. Our study aims to provide a basis for the diversification and development of community intervention programs in the post-COVID-19 era, considering the reshaping of social models and the repositioning of social principles and values. Obstetricians and anesthetists must know and promote family values to harmonize the lives of family members and provide a better life for the mother and child.

Importance of Pre-anesthetic Evaluation in Diagnosing Coexisting Asymptomatic Medical Conditions: A Report of Two Cases.

The preoperative assessment of patients undergoing surgery, often conducted in pre-anesthesia clinics, plays an important role in ensuring patient safety and optimizing perioperative outcomes. This assessment aids in identifying underlying medical conditions that might otherwise remain asymptomatic until they manifest as complications during or after surgery. Through these two case reports, the importance of pre-anesthesia assessment is highlighted. The first case involves a 67-year-old male whose surgery for lymph node excision was planned. However, during the preoperative assessment, atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension were identified, necessitating further intervention and treatment adjustments before surgery. In the second case, an eight-year-old child with a history of vomiting and abdominal pain planned for tonsillectomy was discovered to have congenital hypothyroidism through a vigilant preoperative evaluation. Timely intervention and consultation with an endocrinologist ensured a safe surgery without complications. These cases emphasize the role of preoperative cardiovascular assessment, the utility of electrocardiograms (ECGs), and the relevance of routine laboratory tests in reducing perioperative mortality. Hence, pre-anesthesia assessments are not mere routine steps; they are essential components of patient care that significantly impact perioperative results.

[Treatment of periprosthetic fractures in Europe during the pandemic]. / Lechenie periproteznykh perelomov v Evrope vo vremya pandemii.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of reorganization of European hospitals during the most severe phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on standards of care and early outcomes in patients with periprosthetic fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed available data collected from 14 hospitals in Northern Italy during the quarantine period between March 9 and May 4, 2020. The study included all patients admitted to emergency departments with periprosthetic fractures and scheduled for surgery within a 2-month period. Periprosthetic fractures were classified according to the Uniform Classification System (UCS). Distribution normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Accordingly, data were described as non-parametric. Statistical analysis was performed using the Microsoft Excel v. 16.0. RESULTS: In total, 1390 patients admitted to the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology for emergency care throughout the follow-up period including 38 (2.7%) ones with periprosthetic fractures. There were 12 (31.5%) men and 26 (68.5%) women. Mean age was 81 years (range 70-96). Screening for SARS-CoV-2 by swab was performed in 23 out of 38 patients (60.5%) at admission. It was positive in 2 (5.3%) cases. Three out of thirty-eight patients (7.9%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 due to clinical signs. Of these, 2 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 before surgery, 3 patients - after surgery. Although the study period coincided with quarantine, the number of admissions for periprosthetic fractures (3%) was similar to that in 2019 and accounted for 3% of the total number of visits to the traumatology and orthopedics departments. CONCLUSION: The study revealed no obvious changes in hospitalizations for periprosthetic fractures despite social restrictions during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. In emergency, hospitals were still able to provide standard care for patients with periprosthetic fractures despite significant amount of resources redirected for the pandemic.

Risk Assessment of Perioperative Respiratory Adverse Events and Validation of the COLDS Score in Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infection.

Background and objectives: Children are at greater risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), which can pose a higher risk of perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs), than adults. The purpose of this study was to validate the COLDS score as a pre-anesthetic risk assessment tool for predicting the possibility of PRAEs. Materials and methods: Children aged under 18 years and undergoing elective surgery were retrospectively included. Logistic regression analysis and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) were used to estimate the ability of the COLDS score to predict PRAEs. Propensity-matched comparison was evaluated using the cut-off value from the ROC curve. Results: Among the 6252 children, 158 children had a recent URTI and 34 cases of PRAEs were reported. Age, current symptoms, and COLDS score were found to be significant variables in predicting PRAEs. From the ROC curve, values of 0.652 (p = 0.007) for AUC and 12.5 for the cut-off value of the COLDS score were calculated. Propensity-matched comparison revealed that each and every component of COLDS contributed to the higher COLDS score group. In addition to higher COLDS score, younger age and current URTI symptoms were found to be significant risk factors for PRAEs. Conclusions: This study validated the predictive power of COLDS score as a risk assessment tool for children with URTI undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia.

The Anesthetic Strategy for Patients with Mucopolysaccharidoses: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Anesthesia for patients with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) is quite challenging due to vital systemic dysfunction following progressive accumulation of lysosomal glycosaminoglycans. Previous studies focused on perioperative difficult airway management under general anesthesia but rarely depicted the concern of choosing the size of the endotracheal tube (ETT) as well as neuraxial anesthesia. This study aimed to analyze the overall anesthetic management and related complications for a thorough anesthetic strategy. Within the study period from 2002 to 2021, each record of the anesthetic and perioperative quality assurance/improvement system for patients with a diagnosis of MPS at MacKay Memorial Hospital was retrospectively reviewed. A total of 51 individuals with 151 anesthesia for 163 interventions were cohort studied, and there were 136 general anesthesia and 15 neuraxial anesthesia. We found that the most common interventions for MPS patients were otolaryngological surgeries (49.6%). Additionally, a secured airway played a marked preference for the most general anesthesia (87.1%). The incidence of difficult intubation was 12.5%. In view of ETT size, a smaller than estimated size was used in MPS type II, III, IV, and VI patients and also in patients who received intubation with multiple attempts. However, a larger than estimated size of ETT was adopted whilst choosing cuffed ones. For neuraxial anesthesia, two failed spinal anesthesia procedures were converted to general anesthesia and 73 percent of the patients received perioperative sedation. In conclusion, through the individualized anesthetic strategy and build-up of an experienced team for airway management, high-quality anesthesia can be ensured in each patient.

Evaluación del riesgo anestésico en cirugía electiva torácica y abdominal de gran envergadura / Anesthetic risk assessment in major elective thoracic and abdominal surgery

Introducción: establecer la estratificación del riesgo, en algunas ocasiones es difícil, encontrándose implícitos algunos factores de riesgo individual que pueden ser interpretados de diferente forma. Una evolución global de las condiciones preoperatorias del paciente puede predecir en determinado momento la conducta anestésica, quirúrgica y posoperatorio.Objetivo: valorar el riesgo en cirugía mayor electiva torácica y abdominal mediante el empleo de escalas. Métodos: estudio prospectivo de serie de casos, conformado por 70 pacientes intervenidos de cirugía torácica y abdominal de gran envergadura, a los cuales se les aplicó diferentes escalas con vistas a identificar el riesgo y la aparición de eventos adversos perioperatorios, los cuales cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos por la investigadora, donde se complementó la metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa.Resultados: el índice de riesgo cardiopulmonar preoperatorio fue de 0- 5 puntos, en 35 pacientes lo que representó el 50 por ciento del total. Al relacionar el índice de riesgo cardiopulmonar con eventos adversos la mayor incidencia estuvo representada por los trastornos hemodinámicos (22,9 por ciento). Cuando se relacionaron los eventos adversos perioperatorios y diferentes escalas como la de Capacidad funcional, expresada en niveles de equivalentes metabólicos, la del Estado Físico de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiología y Clasificación Funcional de Riesgo Cardiovascular de la Sociedad de Cardiología de Nueva York, se evidenció un predominio de los trastornos hemodinámicos que representó en los grupos de 2-5 equivalentes metabólicos, ASA III y NYHA II con un 26,6 por ciento, 26,7 por ciento y 30,7 por ciento respectivamente. Conclusiones: la estratificación del riesgo con la aplicación de diferentes escalas en pacientes que fueron operados por cirugía mayor electiva, torácica y abdominal con vistas a realizar una valoración integral del paciente ...(AU)

Introduction: establishing risk stratification is sometimes difficult, as long as some individual risk factors can be found to be interpreted differently. A global evolution of the patient's preoperative conditions can sometimes be predictive of both surgical and postoperative anesthesia behavior. Objective: To assess the risk in major elective thoracic and abdominal surgery by using scales. Methods: A prospective case series was carried out, consisting of 70 patients who were performed major thoracic and abdominal surgery and applied different scales, in order to identify the risk and onset of perioperative adverse events, and who also met the criteria inclusions established by the researcher, where qualitative and quantitative methodology supplemented each other. Results: the rate of preoperative cardiopulmonary risk was 0-5 points in 35 patients, which represented 50 percent of the total. On relating the rate of cardiopulmonary risk with the adverse events, the highest incidence was represented by hemodynamic disorders (22.9 percent). When we related the perioperative adverse events and different scales, such as that of functional capacity, expressed in levels of metabolic equivalents, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status, and the New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification of Cardiovascular Risk, a predominance was shown in the hemodynamic disorders represented in the groups of 2-5 metabolic equivalents, ASA III and NYHA II, with 26.6 percent, 26.7 percent and 30.7 percent, respectively. Conclusions: risk stratification with the application of different scales in patients who were performed major elective thoracic and abdominal surgery, in order to make a comprehensive assessment of surgical patients with prognostic value, provided the risk estimation and prediction of perioperative adverse events(AU)

Elementos predictores en la evaluación del riesgo anestésico por el anestesiólogo / Prediction elements of the evaluation of anesthetic risk made by the anesthesiologist

Introducción: evaluar el riesgo anestésico-quirúrgico en un paciente que será intervenido quirúrgicamente no es tarea fácil para el anestesiólogo. Objetivo: hacer una puesta al día sobre los diferentes elementos predictores en la evaluación del riesgo anestésico por el anestesiólogo. Desarrollo: la evaluación preanestésica implica tener en consideración múltiples elementes entre ellos los inherentes al paciente. Existen varios índices multifactoriales, que combinan y asignan una importancia relativa a muchos parámetros clínicos y son más útiles que cualquier factor aislado para determinar el riesgo; sin embargo, tienen limitaciones. Conclusiones: se debe considerar diferentes elementos en la estimación del riego anestésico quirúrgico y partir de un grupo de estos factores de riesgo previamente seleccionados, para realizar estudios y determinar cuáles de ellos son los predictores de mortalidad y de complicaciones mayores.

Background: the evaluation of the surgical and anesthetic risk for a patient that will undergo surgery is not an easy task for the anesthesiologist. Objective: to make an update on the different prediction elements for the evaluation of the anesthetic risk made by the anesthesiologist. Development: pre-anesthetic evaluation involves taking into consideration multiple elements, among them, the ones that are inherent to the patient. There are several multifactor indexes that combine and assign a relative importance to many clinical parameters and are more useful than any isolated factor to determine the risk; however, they have limitations. Conclusions: Different elements should be considered in estimating the surgical and anesthetic risk and, from a group of previously selected risk factors, studies should be developed to determine which of them are considered predictors for mortality and major complications.

Elementos predictores en la evaluación del riesgo anestésico por el anestesiólogo / Prediction elements of the evaluation of anesthetic risk made by the anesthesiologist

Introducción: evaluar el riesgo anestésico-quirúrgico en un paciente que será intervenido quirúrgicamente no es tarea fácil para el anestesiólogo.Objetivo: hacer una puesta al día sobre los diferentes elementos predictores en la evaluación del riesgo anestésico por el anestesiólogo. Desarrollo: la evaluación preanestésica implica tener en consideración múltiples elementes entre ellos los inherentes al paciente. Existen varios índices multifactoriales, que combinan y asignan una importancia relativa a muchos parámetros clínicos y son más útiles que cualquier factor aislado para determinar el riesgo; sin embargo, tienen limitaciones. Conclusiones: se debe considerar diferentes elementos en la estimación del riego anestésico quirúrgico y partir de un grupo de estos factores de riesgo previamente seleccionados, para realizar estudios y determinar cuáles de ellos son los predictores de mortalidad y de complicaciones mayores(AU)

Background: the evaluation of the surgical and anesthetic risk for a patient that will undergo surgery is not an easy task for the anesthesiologist. Objective: to make an update on the different prediction elements for the evaluation of the anesthetic risk made by the anesthesiologist. Development: pre-anesthetic evaluation involves taking into consideration multiple elements, among them, the ones that are inherent to the patient. There are several multifactor indexes that combine and assign a relative importance to many clinical parameters and are more useful than any isolated factor to determine the risk; however, they have limitations. Conclusions: Different elements should be considered in estimating the surgical and anesthetic risk and, from a group of previously selected risk factors, studies should be developed to determine which of them are considered predictors for mortality and major complications(AU)

El paciente geriátrico y el acto anestésico: nova et vetera / The geriatric patient and the anesthetic act: nova et vetera

A medida que la población envejece, más pacientes geriátricos deben someterse a cirugías, bien sea electivas o urgentes. Dado que el envejecimiento es una experiencia única y personal, cada paciente que va ser sometido a cirugía debe abordarse de manera individual. La valoración de la reserva funcional ha llegado a ser la piedra angular en el plan anestésico y es marcador pronóstico integral. Se dan pautas para su valoración, así como de la capacidad funcional, con el fin de minimizar los riesgos de la anestesia y la cirugía. En la presente revisión se discuten los cambios de los órganos con la edad, el papel de las enfermedades intercurrentes como factores determinantes del riesgo, otros factores que incrementan el riesgo de complicaciones y los problemas perioperatorios que se pueden presentar, entre otros, los relacionados con el estado cognitivo.

As the population ages, more geriatric patients should undergo Esther elective or urgent surgery. Given that ageing is a unique and individual experience, each patient that goes to surgery, must be addressed on an individual basis. The assessment of the functional reserve has become the cornerstone in the anesthetic plan and is the fore-casting integral marker. Guidelines for its assessment are given, as well as its functional capacity, in order to minimize the risks of anesthesia and surgery. In this review, changes in organs with age, the role of intercurrent diseases, and other factors that increase the risk of complications, perioperative problems that may arise, including those related to cognitive stes are discussed.

Preoperative evaluation and preparation for anesthesia and surgery.

The ultimate goals of preoperative medical assessment are to reduce the patient's surgical and anesthetic perioperative morbidity or mortality, and to return him to desirable functioning as quickly as possible. It is imperative to realize that "perioperative" risk is multifactorial and a function of the preoperative medical condition of the patient, the invasiveness of the surgical procedure and the type of anesthetic administered. A history and physical examination, focusing on risk factors for cardiac and pulmonary complications and a determination of the patient's functional capacity, are essential to any preoperative evaluation. Laboratory investigations should be ordered only when indicated by the patient's medical status, drug therapy, or the nature of the proposed procedure and not on a routine basis. Persons without concomitant medical problems may need little more than a quick medical review. Those with comorbidity should be optimized for the procedure. Proper consultations with appropriate medical services should be obtained to improve the patient's health. These consultations should ideally not be done in a "last second" fashion. The preoperative preparation involves procedures that are implemented based on the nature of the expected operation as well as the findings of the diagnostic workup and the preoperative evaluation.

Examination to Anesthetic Informed Consent / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: As the problems of medical malpractices become a very serious social issue, it is necessary to increasingly relate law to medical practice and evaluate medical services. However, it is not easy to legally call someone to account, as medical services are highly specific, especially anesthetic management. Anesthesiologist can expect to be involved in legal action alleging malpractice, either as a defendant or expert witness. METHODS: The anesthetic informed consent form was examined at 42 general hospitals in the Republic of Korea. The chief physician of the department of anesthesiology and pain medicine was asked for the anesthetic informed consent form they used in clinical anesthetic practice, and then what constitutes adequate informed consent analyzed. RESULTS: All of the hospitals were using informed consent forms, but 42.9% of the hospital used a specific form to describe the complications or risks associated with anesthetic management. In 71.4% of hospitals, the anesthesiologists or anesthetic residents explained the anesthetic risk, but 28.6% of hospitals the anesthetic complications were explained by nurses or surgeons. In 76.2% of hospitals, the anesthetic risks were explained to both the patients and parents, but in 23.8% these were explained to parents only. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a new anesthetic informed consent form for adequate explanation and agreement to legal requirements.