Double burden of malnutrition and its socio-demographic determinants among children and adolescents in Malaysia: National Health And Morbidity Survey 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Malaysia faces the threat of a double burden of malnutrition where undernutrition and overweight (including obesity) coexist in the same population. This study aimed to determine the anthropometric assessment among children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years and its association with socio-demographic factors. METHODS: Data were extracted from the National Health and Morbidity Survey conducted in 2019. This cross-sectional survey applied a two-stage stratified sampling design. Socio-demographic characteristics were obtained. Weight and height were measured, age- and sex-specific standard scores for height and BMI were calculated to establish individual's anthropometric assessment. Having either stunting or thinness was considered undernutrition, while being overweight (including obesity) was considered overnutrition. If someone had undernutrition and/or overnutrition, they were classified as having malnutrition. The prevalence was determined using complex sampling analysis, while the association was assessed through logistic regression. The analysis included a total of 3,185 respondents. RESULTS: The prevalence of stunting, thinness, overweight and obesity among the respondents aged 5 to 17 years was 12.7%, 10.0%, 15.0% and 14.8%, respectively. The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 48.3%. Respondents residing in rural had 1.35 times more likelihood of experiencing undernutrition [AOR = 1.35, 95% CI (1.04, 1.77)] compared to their urban counterparts. Boys exhibited a greater likelihood of being overweight and obese than girls [AOR = 1.40, 95% CI (1.13, 1.73)]. Respondents aged 10 to 14 years were 1.37 times more likely to be overnutrition than those aged 5 to 9 years old [AOR = 1.37, 95% CI (1.09, 1.73)]. CONCLUSION: There is growing evidence of the increasing prevalence of coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Malaysia. Moving forward, greater initiatives and efforts are required to formulate strategies for planning and implementing programs and policies to expedite progress in improving nutrition.

Effects of exercise on body mass index and waist circumference of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Introduction/Methods: This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to assess the magnitude of the effects of physical exercise programs on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) of individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), metabolic and cardiovascular health markers. Results: Considering the eligibility criteria, a final sample of nine articles was obtained. For BMI, the Z-value obtained to test the null hypothesis (difference between means is zero), showed a Z = -2.176 and p = 0.03. The highest magnitude of the effect was from the intervention with combined training (difference in means: -0.399), with a value of Z = -1.815 and p = 0.07. For WC, the Z-value is zero, showing a Z = -3.306 and p = 0.001. The highest magnitude of the effect was from the intervention with continuous cardiorespiratory training of -0.786, with a value of Z = -2.793 and p = 0.005. Discussion: Physical exercise prevents increases in BMI and WC in individuals with IDD. Aerobic training seems to be more effective in promoting WC and combined training in BMI. Systematic Review Registration: [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42021255316].

Study on prevalence of obesity using different scales and its association with hypertension among the elderly in a district of Gujarat.

Introduction: In older adults, excess weight is associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, several important cancers, and numerous other medical conditions. Several indices such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are used to classify general. Some studies also reported that WC and WHR is a better indicator of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk than BMI and WHR. Aims and Objective: 1. To estimate the prevalence of obesity among the elderly using three scale viz. BMI, WHR, and WHtR 2. To compare the results of these three-scale used for assessment of obesity 3. To determine the presence of association between obesity and hypertension if any. Material and Methods: For selection of the area, in both the urban and rural areas, the sampling units were enumerated and samples were collected from them. The estimated geriatric population combined in both Urban and Rural areas amounted to 12,220 (7% of geriatric population as per Census 2001), out of which 5% was selected as sample. This came out to be 611 elderly subjects which were selected equally from both urban and rural areas. For assessment of obesity BMI, WHR, and WHtR were measured. Assessment of hypertension was as per JNC classification. Result: Prevalence of obesity as per BMI in the urban area was found to be 40%, whereas that in rural areas was found to be 47.4%. WHR and WHtR showed higher prevalence in rural areas (70%) and also in urban areas (60%). BMI and WHR were significantly associated with hypertensive status of elderly. Conclusion: Anthropometric assessments of obesity like WHR and WHTR are more sensitive indicators of obesity among the elderly. BMI is found to be significantly associated with hypertension as well in the present study. Logistic regression showed that the association of BMI with hypertension was higher than other obesity assessments.

Eating disorder prevalence among Amazon MTurk workers assessed using a rigorous online, self-report anthropometric assessment.

Online, anonymous data collection is common and increasingly available to researchers studying eating disorders (ED), particularly since the development of online crowdsourcing platforms. Crowdsourcing for participant recruitment may also be one effective strategy to address ED research disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to: (a) develop a rigorous method for assessing self-reported athropometrics; (b) determine if individuals with EDs self-select into MTurk studies assessing eating behaviors; and (c) characterize ED-related psychopathology in an MTurk sample. We recruited 400 US adults to complete an MTurk study assessing ED features. Results did not indicate the presence of a self-selection bias among individuals with EDs; however, 40% of the sample met criteria for a current ED diagnosis, with all diagnoses represented except ARFID, and 18.1% reported currently being in ED treatment. The sample was characterized by higher scores on measures of ED psychopathology compared to extant non-clinical norms. Approximately 66% of the overall sample and 73% of participants with EDs indicated that they have participated in more MTurk studies since the COVID-19 pandemic began. Finally, we identified an alternative approach to assessing self-reported height and weight that appears to reduce error, which we strongly recommend researchers conducting online surveys use. Our findings suggest that individuals with EDs appear to be overrepresented on MTurk and highlight the utility of crowdsourcing using MTurk as an ED data collection alternative during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

O consumo de produto à base de yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) aumenta glucagon-like peptide-1 e diminui o peso corporal de ratas Wistar ovariectomizadas / Yacon-based product consumption (Smallanthus sonchifolius) increases glucagon-like peptide-1 and reduces the body weight of ovariectomized Wistar rats

A raiz do yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), em função da rica concentração de fruto-oligossacarídeos, é classificada como prebiótico e tornou-se promissora da obesidade pelo aumento da saciedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a inclusão de um produto à base de yacon (PBY) em ratas ovariectomizadas (OVX) no consumo alimentar, na modulação de medidas antropométricas e do imunomarcador da saciedade glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) em ratas Wistar ovariectomizadas (OVX). Analisou-se o consumo alimentar pela pesagem diária de sobra de dieta, a porcentagem de gordura corporal foi determinada pelo índice de Lee e também foram avaliados o peso, o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência abdominal. Fragmentos do ceco foram utilizados para imunomarcação de GLP-1, de ratas OVX, após serem alimentadas por 24 semanas com dieta padrão adicionadas ou não de 6% de FOS/inulina/PBY. Observou-se diminuição da circunferência abdominal (p=0,2173) em 3,5%, também houve decréscimo de IMC (p=0,3822) em 6,25% e de percentual de gordura corporal (p=0,3528) em 2,14% em animais que receberam PBY durante 24 semanas (G4) comparado aos animais do grupo controle. No grupo G4 o GLP-1 aumentou (p<.0001), os animais aumentaram o consumo (p=0,0064) e, paradoxalmente, tiveram menor ganho de peso (p<.0001), o que pode estar associado ao fato de que as fibras diminuem a eficiência de absorção de lipídeos ao longo do intestino delgado, o que pode diminuir a assimilação calórica de nutrientes. Esse fenômeno demonstra que o PBY possui potencial na modulação da obesidade, portanto, melhoria da qualidade de vida de mulheres na menopausa.(AU)

The yacon root (Smallanthus sonchifolius), due to the rich concentration of fructo-oligosaccharides, is classified as prebiotic and has become promising for obesity due to increased satiety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of a yacon-based product (PBY) in ovariectomized rats (OVX) in food consumption, in the modulation of anthropometric measurements and in the satiety immunosorbent glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in rats Wistar ovariectomized (OVX). Food consumption was analyzed by daily weighing of leftover diet, the percentage of body fat was determined by the Lee index, and weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were also evaluated. Cecum fragments were used for immunostaining GLP-1, from OVX rats, after being fed for 24 weeks with a standard diet with or without 6% FOS / inulin / PBY. There was a decrease in abdominal circumference (p = 0.2173) in 3.5%, there was also a decrease in BMI (p = 0.3822) in 6.25% and a percentage of body fat (p = 0.3528) 2.14% in animals that received PBY for 24 weeks (G4) compared to animals in the control group. In the G4 group GLP-1 increased (p <.0001), the animals increased their consumption (p = 0.0064) and paradoxically, they gained less weight gain (p <.0001), which may be associated with the fact that fibers decrease the efficiency of absorption of lipids along the small intestine, which can decrease the caloric assimilation of nutrients. This phenomenon demonstrates that PBY has the potential to modulate obesity, thus improving the quality of life of women in menopause. (AU)

Comparación del estado nutricional, consumo habitual de alimentos y hábitos de actividad física en escolares de primero básico -primero medio de la ciudad de Taltal, Chile / Comparison of nutritional status, habitual food consumption and physical activity habits of schoolchildren in the city of Taltal, Chile

El artículo compara el estado nutricional, consumo de alimentos y hábitos de actividad física en escolares de primer año básico y primer año medio. Método: mediante diseño descriptivo prospectivo, se exploró antropométricamente y encuestó 225 escolares (94 básicos, 131 medios), previo asentimiento y consentimiento informado. Resultados: según IMC, el 53,8% del total de estudiantes básicos y medios califica fuera del rango normal, a saber: 30,6% sobrepeso, 19 % obesidad y 4 % obesos severos. En el total de la muestra, la combinación de alimentos desayuno-colaciones de media tarde es alto en grasas, siendo esta combinación mucho mayor en básicos. Las combinaciones de colaciones moderadas en grasa son preferidas por los varones, a diferencia de las mujeres que consumen colaciones altas en grasas. El 68% de los hombres y mujeres de enseñanza básica realiza actividad física regularmente, en tanto los de media solo alcanzan un 58,2%. No se halló diferencias significativas en las variables antropométricas y alimentarias entre estudiantes básicos y medios, excepto en la realización de actividad física entre mujeres. Conclusiones: el sobrepeso y obesidad afectan gran parte de la muestra, las preferencias alimentarias tienen alto contenido graso y la actividad física que realizan decrece desde los estudiantes básicos a los medios.

The article compares the nutritional status, food consumption and physical activity habits in students. Method: Using a prospective descriptive design, anthropometric exploration was conducted and 225 schoolchildren were surveyed (94 primary and 131 high school students), after assent and informed consent. Results: Over half (53.8%) had a BMI outside the normal range, namely: 30.6% overweight, 19% obesity and 4% severe obese. The combination of breakfast and tea time foods was high in fats. This combination being much higher in primary school students. Moderate fat snack combinations were preferred by males, unlike women who consumed high fat snacks. Among primary school children, 68% performed regular physical activity, compared to 58.2% of high school students. No significant differences were found in the anthropometric and eating habits variables between primary and high school students, except in physical activity practice among women. Conclusions: Overweight and obesity affected a large part of the sample. We observed a preference for foods with a high fat content and physical activity decreased between primary and high school.

Aging and nutrition. Paving the way to better health.

Sufficient caloric intake is important to maintain the balanced health status, especially during the period of aging, as aging and sickness share paths. Maintaining adequate nutritional balance is the best preventive measure to counteract the risk of malnutrition. There are several causes for malnutrition in elderly people, and some techniques such as anthropometric measurements, laboratory and clinical parameters could help to diagnose malnutrition in these patients. The use of a simple validated questionnaire called the 'Mini Nutritional Assessment' measures the nutritional status of elderly patients. In this review, we discuss about the malnutrition in elderly people with and without a known cause and we present some of nutritional intervention. There are promising strategies that help overcoming malnutrition.

Vitamin D status among patients with drug-resistant and non-drug-resistant epilepsy.

Background & Aims: Epilepsy affects nearly 70 million people worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency may influence the balance of certain epilepsies. The purpose of this study was to determine the vitamin D status and anthropometric measurements of people with epilepsy (PWE), according to their pharmacosensitivity. Methods: Forty-six PWE, with or without drug resistance, underwent nutritional assessment after giving consent. Weight, body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), fat mass (FM) and free fat mass (FFM) by bioelectrical impedance analysis were measured. Serum vitamin D was determined without supplementation. Deficiency was defined as a level < 30 ng/mL. Statistical analysis involved Student t test, ANOVA and Chi2. Results: Patients were aged 44.5 ± 14.3 years, with 60.9% of drug-resistance. BMI was 28.7 ± 7.0, 2.2% were malnourished and 30.4% obese according to the BMI. The average vitamin D level was 15.3 ± 9.9 ng/mL, with 87.0% of deficiency, and 40.0% of severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL). The TSF was higher in drug-resistant cases (p = 0.03). There was no link between drug resistance and anthropometric measurements, FM, FFM or vitamin D concentration. Conclusions: Although limited in size, this study showed that PWE are more often obese. Vitamin D deficiency is more common than in the general population, with a much higher prevalence of severe deficiency.

Cardiovascular risk factors: Is the metabolic syndrome related to aging? Epidemiology in a Portuguese population.

AIMS: The primary objective of our study is to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the population. The secondary objective is to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, anthropometric alterations and the prevalence of target organ damage and their relationship with aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample for the study was obtained by means of a consecutive population-based demonstration in 803 adults over 18 years of age belonging to the labor force of the company Grupo Delta SA. The study was carried out according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The individuals included in the study voluntarily participated, once informed of the purpose of the study, giving their prior verbal consent, to the company's human resources department, in the case of Delta Group workers. RESULTS: 23.8% of the population has metabolic syndrome more prevalent in males, no smoking, no significant alcohol consumption, sedentary, with a high Body mass index (BMI). Its prevalence increases with age. CONCLUSION: We found that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with age and is present in people of working age, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, work-related absences, and socio-economic costs.

Protein profile of leprosy patients with plantar ulcers from the Eastern Amazon region.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating the nutritional status of patients with leprosy and plantar ulcers are sparse. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the protein profile of leprosy patients with plantar ulcers from the Eastern Amazon region. METHODS: A case record form was created for 75 patients with leprosy (31 with plantar ulcers and 44 without plantar ulcers) with the following data: sociodemographic characteristics, clinical form of leprosy, presence or absence of plantar ulcers, and nutritional assessment using anthropometry consisting of the measurement of body mass index, arm circumference, arm muscle circumference, and triceps skinfold. Levels of blood albumin, transferrin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also measured. Data regarding protein intake were obtained using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. RESULTS: Plantar ulcers occurred more frequently in male patients (67.7%), patients aged 40-49 years (mean ± SD: 47.3 ± 8.0 years), and patients receiving 300 or 600 USD (71.0%). The mean weight and height of patients were 71.6 ± 11.4 kg and 1.62 ± 0.1 m, respectively. High levels of CRP were detected in 51.6% of leprosy patients with plantar ulcers and only 9.1% of patients without plantar ulcers (P < 0.001). Nutritional depletion of transferrin was observed in 14.3% of patients with paucibacillary leprosy and 44.3% of patients with multibacillary leprosy (P = 0.0447). Most patients had normal levels of serum albumin (74.2% with plantar ulcers and 77.3% without plantar ulcers). CONCLUSIONS: Most leprosy patients with plantar ulcers have normal levels of serum albumin and transferrin and high CRP levels, which indicates the presence of an inflammatory process. Our findings suggest the need to monitor patients with leprosy to prevent the occurrence of plantar ulcers and to provide adequate treatment for patients with existing plantar ulcers.

An Epidemiological Study of Malnutrition Among Under Five Children of Rural and Urban Haryana.

INTRODUCTION: A child is future of nation. Malnutrition is a big public health problem in India as it can be attributed for more than half (54 percent) of all under five mortality in India. AIM: To assess prevalence of malnutrition among urban and rural population of Haryana using newly developed WHO growth standards. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in children of 3-60 months age living in the urban and rural field practice areas of Department of Community Medicine MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala during January 2012 to December 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven hundred and fifty children, aged 3-60 months, were studied for nutritional status, socio-demographic measures were obtained from structured questionnaire and followed by anthropometric assessment using standards methods. Z score for Anthropometric data was calculated by WHO Anthro 2010 software (beta version). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics as well as simple proportion were calculated with SPSS 20. RESULTS: We found that 41.3% children were underweight and 14% were severe underweight. Female children were more nutritionally deprived than males. Among sociodemographic factors maternal educational and working status as well as SES class and rural background of family had greater impact on nutritional status of child. CONCLUSION: We found that almost half of our under five children are underweight, girl child being affected more. For attainment of best possible nutrition and growth in children, targeted short-term strategies addressing underlying risk factors and more long-term poverty alleviation strategies may be needed.

Anthropometric and physiologic assessment in sleep apnoea patients regarding body fat distribution.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterised by repeated episodes of pauses in breathing during sleep due to obstruction of the upper airway that result in transient hypoxaemia, sleep fragmentation and long-term cardiovascular disease. The most common risk factors for OSA include: obesity, age over 50 and neck circumference of more than 41 cm for females and more than 43 cm in males. Sleep apnoea is more common in men than in women. The aim of the conducted research was to evaluate relations between the anthropometric features connected with adipose tissue distribution and the severity of OSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 180 patients (144 males and 36 females) diagnosed with OSA syndrome. The standard sleep parameters obtained from night polysomnography as well as skin-fat fold thickness and neck circumference and waist-to-hip ratio were analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA 10. RESULTS: It was stated that anthropometric parameters connected with the accu-mulation of adipose tissue in upper body were significantly related to severity of OSA in males (p ≤ 0.05). Body mass index (BMI) was significantly correlated with severity of OSA in females (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In males, there is a connection between the severity of OSA, BMI and a higher accumulation of adipose tissue in upper part of the body measured by neck circumference and shoulder thickness of skin-fat folds, whereas in females only by BMI.

Lactancia materna y estado nutricional de niños entre 1 y 3 años de edad / Breastfeeding and nutritional status of children between 1 and 3 years of age

Se estudia la relación entre la lactancia materna y el estado nutricional de 127 niñas y 143 niños (n =270) de 1 a 3 años de edad, mediante un estudio de campo descriptivo y transversal, en ambulatorios de Caracas. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, estrato socioeconómico, tiempo y duración de la lactancia materna, peso, talla y las circunferencias del brazo y cabeza, para obtener la combinación de indicadores peso para la edad, peso para la talla y talla para la edad, y con ambas circunferencias el Índice de Kanawati-McLaren (K-McL= Circunferencia de brazo/Circunferencia de cabeza). Se aplicaron cuestionarios semiestructurados, al binomio madre-niño Predominaron los estratos sociales IV y V (Pobreza relativa y Crítica, respectivamente) según Graffar modificado, solamente el 17 % de la muestra pertenecía al estrato III (condiciones económicas medias). Al establecer la relación entre la lactancia y el estado nutricional según los indicadores hubo un comportamiento sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En cuanto a la combinación de indicadores y el tiempo y tipo de lactancia practicada en los niños ubicados entre percentiles 10 y 90 y con seis meses de lactancia exclusiva fue realizada sólo por el 8,33% de ellos. En los desnutridos con talla normal, la cifra fue igualmente cercana: 10,81% para esa práctica. Los varones estaban desnutridos en un 21% y las niñas en un 13%. Al aplicar K-McL: 75,63% de los niños amamantados hasta el día de la entrevista resultaron normales (percentil 50 o mediana) y los no amamantados hasta ese momento sumaron un 70,83%(AU)

This study examines the relationship between breastfeeding and nutritional status of 127 girls and 143 boys (n =270) 1 to 3 years of age. It was carried out a field descriptive and cross-sectional study in clinics of Caracas. The anthropometric variables were: age, sex, socioeconomic strata, time and duration of the maternal breastfeeding, weight, height, and cephalic and arm circumferences, for the combination of indicators: weight for age, weight for height and height for age, and with both the index Kanawati-McLaren (K-McL) circles and semi structure questionnaires have been implemented. The social stratum IV and V predominated (relative poverty and criticism, respectively) according to modified Graffar, only 17% of the sample belongs to the stratum III (average economic conditions). To establish the relationship between breastfeeding and nutritional status according to the indicators, there was a behavior without statistically significant differences. The combination of indicators and the time and breastfeeding practiced in located children (between 10 and 90 percentile) and six months of exclusive breastfeeding was performed only by 8.33 % of them. In the malnourished with normal stature, the figure was also close: 10,81% for this practice. The boys were undernourished by 21% and the girls by 13%. Applying K-McL: 75, 63% of the children breastfed until the day of the interview were normal (percentile 50 or median), and not breastfed until that time amounted to 70, 83 %(AU)

Caracterización nutricional de niños con errores innatos del metabolismo de proteínas, en una consulta privada de nutrición en Bogotá, Colombia / Nutritional status of children with inborn errors of protein metabolism in a private nutritional practice in Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción: Poco se sabe sobre las secuelas nutricionales de los errores innatos del metabolismo (EIM) sin diagnóstico oportuno en Colombia. Objetivo: Describir las principales características nutricionales de pacientes con EIM de proteínas en consulta privada de nutrición en Bogotá, Colombia y si se atribuyen a la patología o variables sociodemográficas. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal observacional de pacientes con EIM de proteínas, recolectando datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos y dietéticos. Resultados: Se recolectaron 22 pacientes: 45% de sexo femenino, 36% lactantes; 59% de zona urbana y 77% de nivel socioeconómico (NSE) bajo. El 41% se encontraba eutrófico y 45% presentó retraso de talla, sin existir diferencias por sexo, NSE, zona de residencia ni grupo etáreo. El 90% presentó adherencia al tratamiento, cubriendo las recomendaciones para edad, patología y aminoácidos limitantes. No existieron diferencias significativas en el aporte dietético por variables sociodemográficas excepto por grupo etáreo. Conclusión: La principal afección nutricional es crónica y atribuible al EIM.

Little is known about the nutritional consequences of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) without neonatal diagnosis in Colombia. The aim of our study was to describe the nutritional characteristics of individuals with IEM who attended a nutritional private practice in Bogotá, Colombia, and to evaluate whether this status is consequence of the disease or other social or demographic variables. This was a descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design, in which anthropometrical measurements were taken along with a diet analysis and the recollection ofsocial and demographic variables. A sample of 22 individuals was gathered: Forty five % women, 36% infants, 59% resided in an urban area and 77% had a low socioeconomic status (SES). More than 40% had an adequate nutritional status and 45% suffered growth retardation; no differences were found according to gender, area of residence, SES nor age group. Nearly 90% had adequate treatment adherence, fulfilling their nutritional requirements according to age, disease and limiting amino acids. The only difference found in dietary intake was among age groups, in which the intake per kg of weight decrease as the individual got older. We concluded that the main nutritional outcome in patients with IEM was growth retardation and it can be attributed to the disease rather than other social or demographic variables.

Nutrient Intake and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Male Smokers / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was intended to investigate the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) in healthy 92 male smokers (mean age: 44.4 +/- 7.8 yrs). We investigated the anthropometric assessment and dietary intake survey for 2 days by 24-recall method, also blood pressure and serum lipids were measured. The average numbers of cigarettes smoking a day were 21.3/d, smoking duration were 21.5 years. The proportion of fat energy was 24.9% and intakes of vitamin B2, folate, calcium, potassum and fiber were lower than KDRI. The body mass index (BMI) and body fat % were 24.8, 23.9% respectively. The systolic (134.1 +/- 1.4 mmHg) and the diastolic blood (87.9 +/- 1.1 mmHg) pressure were in borderline hypertension. Among biochemical parameters, TG (173.6 +/- 9.4 mg/dL) and fasting blood glucose (109.0 +/- 2.4 mg/dL) levels were out of normal values. The most occurred problem among the risk factors related to MS was the borderline hypertension (63%) in subjects. Regarding the correlations of anthropometric data with biochemical factors, TG was significantly correlated with the BMI, body fat % and waist circumference. Smoking years showed positive correlation with AI. These results suggest that the smoking habit has significant relations with the risk factors of MS. Therefore, quitting is necessary to prevent MS, and nutrition education and dietary management program are required to prevent the degenerative disease.

Evaluación global subjetiva y antropométrica para el diagnóstico nutricional de pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica

La enfermedad hepática crónica es una entidad frecuente y el diagnostico nutricional, es de gran utilidad para influir en la historia natural de la enfermedad; por ello esta investigación tuvo como objetivo comparar la Evaluación Global Subjetiva con la evaluación Antropométrica para el diagnostico nutricional de pacientes con Enfermedad Hepática Crónica. Se evaluaron, previo consentimiento por el Comité de Ética del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, 30 individuos (11 mujeres y 19 hombres) con enfermedad hepática crónica (EHC) CHILD A. Se aplicaron ambos métodos por diferentes evaluadores de acuerdo a las normas establecidas. Se aplicó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, a través del programa SPSS 12. (P >0,05). En el diagnostico nutricional de la evaluación antropométrica se encontró un total de 22 individuos (73.3%) se encontraban en normal, sobrepeso y obesidad; y 8 individuos (26.7%) con desnutrición proteico calórica; mientras que con la evaluación global subjetiva 22 individuos (73.3%) estaban bien nutridos, 8 (26.7%) moderadamente mal nutrido o riesgo de desnutrición (r=0,775), Se concluye que tanto la VGS como la Antropometría son aplicables para medir riesgo de desnutrición, pero la VGS no es aplicable para medir malnutrición por exceso dentro la evaluación nutricional del paciente ambulatorio con enfermedad hepática crónica.

Chronic liver disease is a common diagnosis and the nutritional diagnosis is very useful in influencing the natural history of the disease, that´s why this study objective was to compare the Subjective Global Assessment with the Anthropometric assessment for the nutritional diagnosis of patients with chronic liver disease. We assessed 30 individuals (11 women and 19 men) with chronic liver disease (EHC) CHILD A. Both methods were applied by different evaluators in accordance with established standards. It applied the Pearson correlation coefficient, through the program SPSS 12 (P> 0.05). In the anthropometrical assessment nutritional diagnosis a total of 22 individuals (73.3%) were normal, overweight and obesity, and 8 individuals (26.7%) with protein calorie malnutrition, while the 22 individuals subjective global assessment ( 73.3%) were well nourished, 8 (26.7%) moderately malnourished or at risk of malnutrition (r = 0775); was concluded that both the VGS as Anthropometrics are applicable to measure risk of malnutrition, but the VGS is not applicable to measure Malnutrition excess into the nutritional assessment in the ambulatory patient with chronic liver disease.