A review of the polysaccharides against fatigue and the underlying mechanism.

Fatigue is a common physiological state that affects normal human activities. Prolonged fatigue induces a variety of diseases and seriously affects human health, so it is imperative to discover nutritional dietary supplements and treatments without side effects, among which natural anti-fatigue polysaccharides have shown great potential. Polysaccharides, a class of biomolecules produced by a variety of organisms such as plants, animals, bacteria and algae, have attracted much attention in recent years due to their anti-fatigue activity and fewer side effects. This review summarizes the classification, dosage and experimental models of polysaccharides with anti-fatigue activity obtained from different natural sources. We also review the fatigue-relieving effects of these polysaccharides through mechanisms such as modulating oxidative damage, regulating energy metabolism and influencing intestinal flora, as well as the effects of molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions, structural features and chemical modifications of the polysaccharides on their anti-fatigue activities to support their potential application value in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. New valuable insights for future research on natural polysaccharides are also presented in the field of natural production of bio-based functional materials, functional foods and therapeutic agents.

O/W nanoemulsions encapsulated octacosanol: Preparation, characterization and anti-fatigue activity.

Octacosanol has various biological effects such as antioxidant, hypolipidemic and anti-fatigue. However, poor solubility has limited the application of octacosanol in food. The aim of this study was to prepare octacosanol nanoemulsions with better solubility, stability and safety and to investigate in vivo anti-fatigue effect. The food-grade formulation of the octacosanol nanoemulsions consisted of octacosanol, olive oil, Tween 80, glycerol and water with 0.1 %, 1.67 %, 23.75 %, 7.92 % and 66.65 % (w/w), respectively. The nanoemulsions had an average particle size of 12.26 ± 0.76 nm and polydispersity index of 0.164 ± 0.12, and showed good stability under different pH, cold, heat, ionic stress and long-term storage conditions. The results of animal experiments showed that the octacosanol nanoemulsions significantly prolonged the fatigue tolerance time, alleviated the fatigue-related biochemical indicators, and weakened the oxidative stress. Meanwhile, octacosanol nanoemulsions upregulated hepatic glycogen levels. Taken together, these findings suggested that octacosanol nanoemulsions have promising applications as anti-fatigue functional foods.

Pityriasis Rosea-Like Eruption following anti-fatigue traditional herbs: Aconitum carmichaelii Debx and Panax Ginseng suspected.

Traditional herbs have a history of clinical use in anti-fatigue. However, several adverse effects of herbs have been identified. Pityriasis rosea-like eruption (PR-LE) is a rare cutaneous complication of herbs. To the best of our knowledge, there have been few reports of PR-LE following herbs. Here, we described a case of PR-LE that developed 6 days after taking anti-fatigue herbs. After the 17 days of stopping Aconitum carmichaelii Debx and Panax Ginseng, it notably faded. So, when anti-fatigue herbs being authorized for fatigue use, monitoring for potential adverse effects is necessary.

Integration of Metabolomics with Network Pharmacology Deciphers the Anti-Fatigue Activity Mechanisms of the Extract of Mirabilis himalaica Root.

Fatigue, a common symptom in both diseased and healthy individuals, is a biological phenomenon characterized by a sense of extreme physical or mental exhaustion. To explore novel drugs and food sources of anti-fatigue, the hydroalcoholic extract of the root of Mirabilis himalaica (MH extract) is evaluated as anti-fatigue agents in this work, and clarifies that the mechanism of MH intervention in fatigue symptoms, and distribution of the anti-fatigue constituents in the plant of Mirabilis himalaica is examined. The results show that the MH extract have a significantly anti-fatigue effect via the pharmacological experiment and biochemical indicators. The network pharmacology, metabolomics, molecular docking, and pharmacology are integrated to determine that boeravinone A, B, and E are the pharmacoperones of anti-fatigue. Moreover, the compounds of boeravinone are present only in the root and not in the leaf and stem of the Mirabilis himalaica, which validates that root of Mirabilis himalaica is historically and officially utilized medicinal parts.

The anti-fatigue and sleep-aiding effects vary significantly among different recipes containing Ganoderma lucidum extracts.

Aims: This study aims to delve into the anti-fatigue and sleep-aiding effects of various formulations containing Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Materials and methods: PGB [incorporating Ganoderma lucidum extract (GE), broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder (GB) and Paecilomyces hepiali mycelium (PH)] and GBS [composed of GE, GB, and Ganoderma sinense powder (GS)] were chosen as representative recipes for this study. Mice were treated with these recipes or key components of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 consecutive days. Subsequently, a weight-bearing swimming experiment was conducted to assess the mice's exhaustion time and evaluate the anti-fatigue properties of the recipes. Sleep-aiding effects were analyzed by measuring the sleep latency and duration. Furthermore, levels of blood lactic acid, serum urea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen, muscle glycogen, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the livers and muscles. Key findings: The anti-fatigue abilities of the tested mice were significantly improved after treatment with PGB and their sleep quality improved as well with GBS treatment. PGB treatment for 14 days could significantly prolong the exhaustion time in weight-bearing swimming (from 10.1 ± 0.5 min to 15.2 ± 1.3 min). Meanwhile, glycogen levels in the livers and muscles were significantly increased, while the levels of serum lactic acid, serum urea nitrogen, and MDA in the livers and muscles were significantly decreased. In contrast, mice treated with GBS for 14 days experienced significant improvements in sleep quality, with shortened sleep latency (from 6.8 ± 0.7 min to 4.2 ± 0.4 min), extended sleep duration (from 88.3 ± 1.4 min to 152.5 ± 9.3 min), and decreased muscle MDA levels. These results indicated that Ganoderma lucidum extracts can be used for anti-fatigue and or aid in sleeping, depending on how they are prepared and administered. Significance: This study provides experimental evidence and theoretical basis for the development of Ganoderma lucidum recipes that are specifically designed to help with anti-fatigue and sleep.

Water-soluble biopolymers calcium polymalate derived from fermentation broth of Aureobasidium pullulans markedly alleviates osteoporosis and fatigue.

Osteoporosis is a prevalent condition characterized by bone loss and decreased skeletal strength, resulting in an elevated risk of fractures. Calcium plays a crucial role in preventing and managing osteoporosis. However, traditional calcium supplements have limited bioavailability, poor solubility, and adverse effects. In this study, we isolated a natural soluble biopolymer, calcium polymalate (PMACa), from the fermentation broth of the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, to investigate its potential as an anti-osteoporosis therapeutic agent. Characterization revealed that linear PMA-Ca chains juxtaposed to form a porous, rod-like state, in the presence of Ca2+. In vivo mouse models demonstrated that PMA-Ca significantly promoted the conversion of serum calcium into bone calcium, and stimulated bone growth and osteogenesis. Additionally, PMA-Ca alleviated exercise fatigue in mice by facilitating the removal of essential metabolites, such as serum lactate (BLA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), from their bloodstream. In vitro studies further showed that PMA-Ca strengthened osteoblast cell activity, proliferation, and mineralization. And PMA-Ca upregulated the expression of some genes involved in osteoblast differentiation, indicating a potential correlation between bone formation and PMACa. These findings indicate that soluble PMA-Ca has the potential to be a novel biopolymer-based calcium supplement with sustainable production sourced from the fermentation industry.

Study on Anti-fatigue Effects and Mechanisms of Polysaccharide from Paris polyphylla.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the anti-fatigue effects of Paris polyphylla polysaccharide component 1 (PPPm-1) and explore its mechanisms. A mouse model of exercise-induced fatigue was established by weight-bearing swimming to observe the effects of different concentrations of PPPm-1 on weight-bearing swimming time. The anti-fatigue effect of PPPm-1 was determined by the effects of contraction amplitude, contraction rate, and diastolic rate of the frog gastrocnemius muscle in vivo before and after infiltration with 5 mg/mL PPPm-1. The effects of PPPm-1 on the contents of blood lactate, serum urea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen, muscle glycogen in the exercise fatigue model of mice, and acetylcholine (ACh) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity at the junction of the frog sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius under normal physiological, and Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities of the frog gastrocnemius were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to investigate the anti-fatigue mechanisms of PPPm-1. The results showed that PPPm-1 could significantly prolong the weight-bearing swimming time in mice (P < 0.01), decrease the contents of blood lactate and serum urea nitrogen, increase the contents of the hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen of mice after exercise fatigue compared with those of the control group, and there was extremely significant difference in most indicators (P < 0.01). The 5 mg/mL of PPPm-1 could significantly promote the contraction amplitude, contraction rate, and relaxation rate of the gastrocnemius muscle in the frogs, and the content of ACh at the junction of the frog sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius (P < 0.01), but it had obvious inhibitory effetc on the activity of AChE at the junction of the frog sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius (P < 0.01). PPPm-1 could increase the Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities of gastrocnemius in the frogs (for Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, P < 0.01). The above results suggested that the PPPm-1 had a good anti-fatigue effect, and its main mechanisms were related to improving endurance and glycogen reserve, reducing glycogen consumption, lactate and serum urea nitrogen accumulation, and promoting Ca2+ influx.

Bioguided isolation, identification and bioactivity evaluation of anti-fatigue constituents from Schizophyllum commune.

This study aims to clarify the specific anti-fatigue components of Schizophyllum commune (S.commune) and analyze its potential anti-fatigue mechanism. The main anti-fatigue active ingredient of S.commune was locked in n-butanol extract (SPE-n) by activity evaluation. Twelve compounds were identified by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The anti-fatigue effect of morusin is the most predominant among these 12 ingredients. The determination of biochemical indices showed that morusin could increase liver glycogen reserves, improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver, and reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in muscle tissue, thereby reducing myocyte damage. Further studies revealed that morusin could reduce the level of oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, thus alleviating the fatigue of mice caused by exhaustive exercise. The current findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of natural anti-fatigue functional food.

A Solid-Liquid Bicontinuous Fiber with Strain-Insensitive Ionic Conduction.

Stretchable ionic conductors are crucial for enabling advanced iontronic devices to operate under diverse deformation conditions. However, when employed as interconnects, existing ionic conductors struggle to maintain stable ionic conduction under strain, hindering high-fidelity signal transmission. Here, it is shown that strain-insensitive ionic conduction can be achieved by creating a solid-liquid bicontinuous microstructure. A bicontinuous fiber from polymerization-induced phase separation, which contains a solid elastomer phase interpenetrated by a liquid ion-conducting phase, is fabricated. The spontaneous partitioning of dissolved salts leads to the formation of a robust self-wrinkled interface, fostering the development of highly tortuous ionic channels. Upon stretch, these meandering ionic channels are straightened, effectively enhancing ionic conductivity to counteract the strain effect. Remarkably, the fiber retains highly stable ionic conduction till fracture, with only 7% resistance increase at 200% strain. This approach presents a promising avenue for designing durable ionic cables capable of signal transmission with minimal strain-induced distortion.

Antioxidant and Anti-Fatigue Effects of a Standardized Botanical Extract Fraction (HemoHIM) in Forced-Exercised Aged Mice.

HemoHIM is a standardized medicinal herbal preparation consisting of extracts of Angelica gigas Nakai, Cnidium officinale Makino, and Paeonia lactiflora Pallas that possesses immune regulatory activities. This study aimed to research the potential antioxidant effects of HemoHIM and its capacity for reducing fatigue in aged mice subjected to forced exercise. After administering HemoHIM 125 (500 mg/kg orally) for 4 weeks in 8-month-old female C57BL/6 mice (4 groups of 10 mice), various parameters were evaluated. The analyses revealed that HemoHIM enhanced swimming time and grip strength. In addition, it significantly reduced serum lactate levels and increased liver glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels after exercise challenge. The expression levels of antioxidant enzymes and factors, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), heme oxygenase 1, superoxide dismutase, GPx, and glutathione reductase, were significantly higher in liver and muscle tissues of mice treated with HemoHIM. These results indicate that HemoHIM might function as an anti-fatigue and antioxidant agent by modulating the Nrf-2 signaling pathway.

Effect of HY7602 Fermented Deer Antler on Physical Fatigue and Antioxidant Activity in Mice.

Lactobacillus curvatus HY7602 fermented antler (FA) ameliorates sarcopenia and improves exercise performance by increasing muscle mass, muscle fiber regeneration, and mitochondrial biogenesis; however, its anti-fatigue and antioxidant effects have not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-fatigue and antioxidant effects and mechanisms of FA. C2C12 and HepG2 cells were stimulated with 1 mM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce oxidative stress, followed by treatment with FA. Additionally, 44-week-old C57BL/6J mice were orally administered FA for 4 weeks. FA treatment (5-100 µg/mL) significantly attenuated H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo experiments showed that FA treatment significantly increased the mobility time of mice in the forced swimming test and significantly downregulated the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate. Notably, FA treatment significantly upregulated the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) and increased the mRNA expression of antioxidant genes (SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GPx1, GPx2, and GSR) in the liver. Conclusively, FA is a potentially useful functional food ingredient for improving fatigue through its antioxidant effects.

Camellia oil exhibits anti-fatigue property by modulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber, and gut microbial composition in mice.

Camellia seed oil (CO) has high nutritional value and multiple bioactivities. However, the specific anti-fatigue characteristics and the implied mechanism of CO have not yet been fully elucidated. Throughout this investigation, male C57BL/6J mice, aged 8 weeks, underwent exhaustive exercise with or without CO pretreatment (2, 4, and 6 mL/kg BW) for 28 days. CO could extend the rota-rod and running time, reduce blood urea nitrogen levels and serum lactic acid, and increase muscle and hepatic glycogen, adenosine triphosphate, and anti-oxidative indicators. Additionally, CO could upregulate the mRNA and Nrf2 protein expression levels, as well as enhance the levels of its downstream antioxidant enzymes and induce the myofiber-type transformation from fast to slow and attenuate the gut mechanical barrier. Moreover, CO could ameliorate gut dysbiosis by reducing Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level, increasing the percentage of Alistipes, Alloprevotella, Lactobacillus, and Muribaculaceae, and decreasing the proportion of Dubosiella at the genus level. In addition, specific bacterial taxa, which were altered by CO, showed a significant correlation with partial fatigue-related parameters. These findings suggest that CO may alleviate fatigue by regulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber transformation, gut mechanical barrier, and gut microbial composition in mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our study revealed that camellia seed oil (CO) could ameliorate exercise-induced fatigue in mice by modulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber, and gut microbial composition in mice. Our results promote the application of CO as an anti-fatigue functional food that targets oxidative stress, myofiber-type transformation, and microbial community.

Unlocking the Antioxidant Potential of White Tea and Osmanthus Flower: A Novel Polyphenol Liquid Preparation and Its Impact on KM Mice and Their Offspring.

White tea, known for its high polyphenol content, boasts impressive antioxidant properties, but its practical applications remain promising. In this study, we successfully developed a liquid polyphenolic preparation (wtofLPP) using white tea and osmanthus flowers, characterized by its rich antioxidant content and favorable rheological properties. This formulation offers a strong foundation for the creation and utilization of innovative antioxidant-rich food products. Notably, wtofLPP significantly enhanced the activity of certain antioxidant enzymes in both KM mice and their offspring, leading to a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, prolonged swimming endurance, and a marked increase in levels of active antioxidant compounds. Furthermore, our study highlights that fatigue stress can impact offspring mice, suggesting that oxidative damage in parents may influence their offspring, potentially affecting their genetic function.

Effect of moxibustion on knee joint stiffness characteristics in recreational athletes pre- and post-fatigue.

Objective: Joint stiffness results from the coupling of the nervous system and joint mechanics, and thus stiffness is a comprehensive representation of joint stability. It has been reported that moxibustion can alleviate general weakness and fatigue symptoms and subsequently may influence joint stiffness. This study investigated whether moxibustion could enhance knee joint stiffness in recreational athletes pre- and post-fatigue. Methods: Eighteen participants were randomized into intervention (5 males: 20.6 ± 1.5 yr; 4 females: 20.8 ± 1.5 yr) and control groups (5 males: 19.4 ± 0.9 yr; 4 females: 20.5 ± 0.6 yr). The intervention group received indirect moxibustion applied to acupoints ST36 (bilateral) and CV4 for 30 min every other day for 4 consecutive weeks. The control group maintained regular exercise without moxibustion. Peak torque (PT) of right knee extensor, relaxed and contracted muscle stiffness (MS) of vastus lateralis, and knee extensor musculoarticular stiffness (MAS) was assessed with an isokinetic dynamometer (IsoMed 2000), myometer, and free oscillation technique, respectively. Measurements were taken at three time points: pre-intervention, post-intervention/pre-fatigue, and post-fatigue. Results: MAS (P = 0.006) and PT (P = 0.007) in the intervention group increased more from pre-to post-intervention compared with the control group. Post-fatigue MAS (P = 0.016) and PT (P = 0.031) increased more in the intervention group than in the control group. Conclusion: Moxibustion enhanced PT and knee MAS, suggesting that this intervention could be used in injury prevention and benefit fatigue resistance in young recreational athletes.

Dietary Supplementation with Lauric Acid Improves Aerobic Endurance in Sedentary Mice via Enhancing Fat Mobilization and Glyconeogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Lauric acid (LA), a major, natural, medium-chain fatty acid, is considered an efficient energy substrate for intense exercise and in patients with long-chain fatty acid ß-oxidation disorders. However, few studies have focused on the role of LA in exercise performance and related glucolipid metabolism in vivo. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with LA on exercise performance and related metabolic mechanisms. METHODS: Male C57BL/6N mice (14 wk old) were fed a basal diet or a diet containing 1% LA, and a series of exercise tests, including a high-speed treadmill test, aerobic endurance exercises, a 4-limb hanging test, and acute aerobic exercises, were performed. RESULTS: Dietary supplementation with 1.0% LA accelerated the recovery from fatigue after explosive exercise (P < 0.05) and improved aerobic endurance and muscle strength in sedentary mice (P = 0.039). Lauric acid intake not only changed muscle fatty acid profiles, including increases in C12:0 and n-6/n-3 PUFAs (P < 0.001) and reductions in C18:0, C20:4n-6, C22:6n-3, and n-3 PUFAs (P < 0.05) but also enhanced fat mobilization from adipose tissue and fatty acid oxidation in the liver, at least partly via the AMP-activated protein kinase-acetyl CoA carboxylase pathway (P < 0.05). Likewise, LA supplementation promoted liver glyconeogenesis and conserved muscular glycogen during acute aerobic exercise (P < 0.05), which was accompanied by an increase in the mitochondrial DNA copy number and Krebs cycle activity in skeletal muscle (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplemental LA serves as an efficient energy substrate for sedentary mice to improve aerobic exercise endurance and muscle strength through regulation of glucolipid metabolism. These findings imply that LA supplementation might be a promising nutritional strategy to improve aerobic exercise performance in sedentary people.

Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on the fiber type transition of skeletal muscle: a synergistic therapy of exercise preconditioning with a nanocurcumin formulation

Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) leads to various adverse effects on skeletal muscles, including atrophy and reduced oxidative work capacity. However, the effects of HH on muscle fatigue resistance and myofiber remodeling are largely unexplored. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the impact of HH on slow-oxidative fibers and to evaluate the ameliorative potential of exercise preconditioning and nanocurcumin formulation on muscle anti-fatigue ability. C2C12 cells (murine myoblasts) were used to assess the effect of hypoxia (0.5%, 24 h) with and without the nanocurcumin formulation (NCF) on myofiber phenotypic conversion. To further validate this hypothesis, male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a simulated HH (7620 m) for 7 days, along with NCF administration and/or exercise training. Both in vitro and in vivo studies revealed a significant reduction in slow-oxidative fibers (p < 0.01, 61% vs. normoxia control) under hypoxia. There was also a marked decrease in exhaustion time (p < 0.01, 65% vs. normoxia) in hypoxia control rats, indicating a reduced work capacity. Exercise preconditioning along with NCF supplementation significantly increased the slow-oxidative fiber proportion and exhaustion time while maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. These findings suggest that HH leads to an increased transition of slow-oxidative fibers to fast glycolytic fibers and increased muscular fatigue. Administration of NCF in combination with exercise preconditioning restored this myofiber remodeling and improved muscle anti-fatigue ability. (AU)

Effect of Globin Digests on Physical Fatigue in Mice.

Globin digest (GD) inhibits dietary hypertriglyceridemia; however, its effects on physical fatigue remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential anti-fatigue effects of GD. Repeated administration of GD and valine (Val)-Val-tyrosine (Tyr)-proline (Pro), a component of GD, for five days prevented the forced walking-induced decrease in locomotion. Furthermore, GD treatment reversed the forced walking-induced increase in blood lactate levels in mice and increased phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) in the soleus muscle, suggesting that the anti-fatigue effect of GD involves AMPK activation in the soleus muscle through reduced blood lactate.

[Anti-fatigue effect of Lubian on kidney Yin deficiency and kidney Yang deficiency mice and mechanism based on PI3K-Akt pathway].

This study aimed to investigate the anti-fatigue effect and mechanism of Lubian(Cervi Penis et Testis) on kidney Yin deficiency and kidney Yang deficiency mice. After one week of adaptive feeding, 88 healthy male Kunming mice were randomly divided into a blank group, a kidney Yin deficiency model group, a kidney Yin deficiency-Panacis Quinquefolii Radix(PQR) group, kidney Yin deficiency-Lubian treatment groups, a kidney Yang deficiency model group, a kidney Yang deficiency-Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma(GR) group, and kidney Yang deficiency-Lubian treatment groups, with eight mice in each group. The kidney Yin deficiency model and kidney Yang deficiency model were prepared by daily regular oral administration of dexamethasone acetate and hydrocortisone, respectively, and meanwhile, corresponding drugs were provided. The mice in the blank group received blank reagent. The treatment lasted 14 days. The exhaustive swimming time was measured 30 min after drug administration on the 14th day. On the 15th day, blood was collected from eyeballs and the serum was separated to determine the content of lactic acid(LD), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP). The liver was dissected to determine the content of liver glycogen and the protein expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K) and protein kinase B(Akt). Compared with the kidney Yang deficiency model group, the kidney Yang deficiency-Lubian treatment groups showed increased body weight(P<0.05), relieved symptoms of Yang deficiency, decreased cGMP content(P<0.01), increased cAMP/cGMP(P<0.01), prolonged exhausted swimming time(P<0.01), reduced LD(P<0.01), elevated BUN content(P<0.01), increased liver glycogen content(P<0.01), and increased protein expression of PI3K and Akt in the liver(P<0.05). Compared with the kidney Yin deficiency model group, the kidney Yin deficiency-Lubian treatment groups showed increased body weight(P<0.01), relieved symptoms of Yin deficiency, increased content of cGMP(P<0.01), decreased cAMP/cGMP(P<0.01), prolonged exhausted swimming time(P<0.01), decreased LD(P<0.01), decreased BUN content(P<0.01), increased liver glycogen content(P<0.01), and increased protein expression of PI3K(P<0.05) and Akt in the liver(P<0.05). To sum up, Lubian can regulate Yin deficiency and Yang deficiency and increase glycogen synthesis by affecting the PI3K-Akt pathway, thereby exerting an anti-fatigue role.

Optimization of Supercritical Fluid CO2 Extraction from Yellow Horn Seed and Its Anti-Fatigue and Antioxidant Activity.

A supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) extraction method was used to obtain the optimum process for extracting yellow horn seed oil. The anti-fatigue and antioxidant properties of the extracted oil were investigated through animal experiments. The optimum process conditions for SF-CO2 extraction of the yellow horn oil were 40 MPa, 50 °C and 120 min, with an extraction yield of 31.61%. The high-dose group of yellow horn oil could significantly increase the weight-bearing swimming time, the hepatic glycogen (HG) content and decrease the lactic acid (LA) content and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content (p < 0.05) in mice. Moreover, it improved the antioxidant ability by reducing the malondialdehyde (MDA) content (p < 0.01) and raising the glutathione reductase (GR) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content (p < 0.05) in mice. Yellow horn oil has the effects of being an anti-fatigue and antioxidant substance, which provides a basis for its further utilization and development.

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Rice Husk Ash-Rubber-Fiber Concrete under Hygrothermal Environment.

In order to study the mechanical properties of rice husk ash-rubber-fiber concrete (RRFC) under hygrothermal environment, the optimal group was selected by orthogonal test. The mass loss, relative dynamic elastic modulus analysis, strength analysis, degradation degree analysis after cyclic loading and internal microstructure analysis of the optimal group of RRFC samples after dry-wet cycles under different environments and temperatures were compared and analyzed. The results show that the large specific surface area of rice husk ash optimizes the particle size distribution of RRFC specimens, reacts to form C-S-H gel, enhances the compactness of concrete, and forms a dense structure as a whole. The presence of rubber particles and PVA fibers effectively improves the mechanical properties and fatigue resistance of RRFC. The comprehensive mechanical properties of RRFC with rubber particle size of 1-3 mm, PVA fiber content of 1.2 kg·m-3 and rice husk ash content of 15% are the best. The compressive strength of the specimens after dry-wet cycles in different environments generally increased first and then decreased, reaching a peak at the seventh dry-wet cycle, and the compressive strength of the specimens under chloride salt solution decreased more than that under clear water solution. Thes provided new concrete materials for the construction of highways and tunnels in coastal areas. Under the premise of ensuring the strength and durability of concrete, it is of great practical significance to explore new roads for energy conservation and emission reduction.