Oral Antibiotics are Effective for Preventing Colonoscopy-associated Peritonitis as a Preemptive Therapy in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis.

Objective In patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), it was reported that colonoscopy, but not upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, could cause peritonitis as a complication. A guideline of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis recommends preemptive intravenous antibiotics administration of ampicillin and aminoglycoside with or without metronidazole, to prevent colonoscopy-associated peritonitis. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the effects of preemptive antibiotics therapy by oral administration instead of intravenous administration. Methods We investigated the incidence of colonoscopy-associated peritonitis in a single center. In 170 patients undergoing PD between January 2010 and December 2019, 50 colonoscopies were performed, including 49 with oral administration of amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin and/or metronidazole as preemptive therapy 1 hour before the colonoscopy procedure, and 1 without. Results We observed no incidence of colonoscopy-associated peritonitis. Conclusion Generally, oral administration of preemptive antibiotics is less painful and more convenient than intravenous administration, especially in outpatient procedures, such as a colonoscopy. Our results suggest that oral antibiotic administration might be effective for preventing colonoscopy-associated peritonitis in PD patients.

Effect of bronchoalveolar lavage on the use of antibiotics in patients with severe pneumonia / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the difference between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and tracheal aspirate (TA) on the use of antibiotics in patients with severe pneumonia.@*Methods@#Patients with severe pneumonias admitted to the Department of General Intensive Care Unit of Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, between December 2014 and March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The difference of effects of BLAF and TA on the use of antibiotics in patients with severe pneumonia were compared and analyzed, as well as the effects of antibiotic de-escalation on patient’s mortality were evaluated. The quantitative data were analyzed by independent sample t test, and the enumeration data were determined by Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability method.@*Results@#Among the 120 patients, more bacteria were detected in BALF than in TA (82 vs 60, P<0.05). More fungi were detected in BALF than in TA (20 vs 3, P<0.05). Compared with TA, BALF results were more likely to guide the adjustment of antibiotic regimens (41 vs 16, P<0.05), including guidance for antibiotics de-escalation (27 vs 9, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the 14-day mortality, 28-day mortality, hospital stay and duration of mechanical ventilation between the two groups (all P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Compared with TA, BALF, as a pathogens detection method for severe pneumania, has more advantages in guiding antibiotics administration, including antibiotic de-escalation, which will not increase the mortality of patients.

Effect of bronchoalveolar lavage on the use of antibiotics in patients with severe pneumonia / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the difference between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)and tracheal aspirate(TA)on the use of antibiotics in patients with severe pneumonia.Methods Patients with severe pneumonias admitted to the Department of General Intensive Care Unit of Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine,between December 2014 and March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.The difference of effects of BLAF and TA on the use of antibiotics in patients with severe pneumonia were compared and analyzed,as well as the effects of antibiotic de-escalation on patient's mortality were evaluated.The quantitative data were analyzed by independent sample t test and the enumeration data were determined by Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability method.Results Among the 120 patients more bacteria were detected in BALF than in TA(82 vs 60,P＜0.05).More fungi were detected in BALF than in TA(20 vs 3,P＜0.05).Compared with TA,BALF results were more likely to guide the adjustment of antibiotic regimens(41 vs 16,P＜0.05),including guidance for antibiotics de-escalation(27 vs 9,P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the 14-day mortality,28-day mortality,hospital stay and duration of mechanical ventilation between the two groups(al P＜0.05).Conclusions Compared with TA,BALF,as a pathogens detection method for severe pneumonia,has more advantages in guiding antibiotics administration,including antibiotic de-escalation,which will not increase the mortality of patients.

A multicenter retrospective study of the risk factors associated with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw after tooth extraction in patients receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy: can primary wound closure and a drug holiday really prevent MRONJ?

Root amputation, extraction of a single tooth, bone loss or severe tooth mobility, and an unclosed wound were significantly associated with increased risk of developing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). We recommend a minimally traumatic extraction technique, removal of any bone edges, and mucosal wound closure as standard procedures in patients receiving bisphosphonates. INTRODUCTION: Osteonecrosis of the jaws can occur following tooth extraction in patients receiving bisphosphonate drugs. Various strategies for minimizing the risk of MRONJ have been advanced, but no studies have comprehensively analyzed the efficacy of factors such as primary wound closure, demographics, and drug holidays in reducing its incidence. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the relationships between these various risk factors after tooth extraction in patients receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy. METHODS: Risk factors for MRONJ after tooth extraction were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis. All patients were investigated with regard to demographics; type and duration of oral bisphosphonate use; whether they underwent a discontinuation of oral bisphosphonates before tooth extraction (drug holiday), and the duration of such discontinuation; and whether any additional surgical procedures (e.g., incision, removal of bone edges, root amputation) were performed. RESULTS: We found that root amputation (OR = 6.64), extraction of a single tooth (OR = 3.70), bone loss or severe tooth mobility (OR = 3.60), and an unclosed wound (OR = 2.51) were significantly associated with increased risk of developing MRONJ. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend a minimally traumatic extraction technique, removal of any bone edges, and mucosal wound closure as standard procedures in patients receiving bisphosphonates. We find no evidence supporting the efficacy of a pre-extraction short-term drug holiday from oral bisphosphonates in reducing the risk of MRONJ.

[Difficulties with the prescription and administration of antibiotics in routine hospital emergency department care: a survey study]. / Detección mediante encuesta de las dificultades con las que se encuentra el personal sanitario en la prescripción y administración de antibióticos en la práctica clínica diaria de un servicio de urgencias hospitalario.

OBJECTIVES: To detect the problems hospital emergency room staff have when prescribing and administering antibiotics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 14-item questionnaire was designed to assess staff members' knowledge of the importance of starting antibiotic treatment promptly, assigning appropriate dosing intervals, adjusting for renal function, and switching to oral therapy. Agreement with each item was expressed on a 5-point Likert scale. Items with a rate of appropriate response of less than 75% were targeted for specific attention. RESULTS: Two hundred questionnaires were distributed to the staff and 150 were returned completed (response rate, 75%). The following items were targeted for attention based on rates of appropriate response of less than 75%: clear medical orders (65%), understanding the implication of early empirical antibiotic therapy on prognosis in serious infections (67%), estimation of the prevalence of renal insufficiency (42%), assumption that a creatinine serum level under < 1.6 mg/dL is safe (33%), use of glomerular filtration rate to adjust dose according to renal function (47%), and an understanding of switching from intravenous to oral treatment (60%). CONCLUSION: This study revealed the difficulties medical and nursing staff have in prescribing and administering antibiotics in a hospital emergency department. The results can facilitate improvements in antibiotic therapy by pinpointing areas to target for specific training interventions or the design of electronic prescribing aids.

OBJETIVO: Detectar las barreras con las que se encuentra el personal sanitario en la prescripción y administración de antibióticos en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). METODO: Se diseñó una encuesta con 14 ítems para valorar el grado de conocimiento de la importancia de la precocidad en el inicio de tratamiento antibiótico, los intervalos de dosificación adecuados, el ajuste a la función renal y la terapia secuencial. Las respuestas a cada ítem fueron cualitativas con 5 categorías. Se consideró que los ítems que obtuvieron una respuesta correcta menor del 75% precisaban de una intervención específica. RESULTADOS: Se recogieron 150 encuestas cumplimentadas de las 200 repartidas entre el personal sanitario (tasa de respuesta del 75%). Los ítems con una respuesta correcta menor del 75% y que por tanto se consideró que requerían de una intervención específica fueron: la claridad en la órdenes médicas (65%), el conocimiento de la implicación del tratamiento antibiótico empírico precoz en el pronóstico de las infecciones graves (67%), la estimación de la prevalencia de la insuficiencia renal (42%), un valor de creatinina sérica inferior a 1,6 mg/dl considerado como seguro (33%), el filtrado glomerular como parámetro que se debe utilizar para ajustar la dosis a la función renal (47%) y el conocimiento de la terapia secuencial (60%). CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio permite conocer las dificultades con las que se encuentra el personal sanitario a la hora de prescribir y administrar antibióticos en un SUH y facilita el diseño de estrategias de mejora que incluyan desde formación específica a técnicas de prescripción electrónica.