Left ventricular reverse remodeling after aortic valve replacement or repair in bicuspid aortic valve with moderate or greater aortic regurgitation.

Objective: Bicuspid aortic valve (AV) patients with aortic regurgitation (AR) differ from tricuspid AV patients given younger age, greater left ventricle (LV) compliance, and more prevalent aortic stenosis (AS). Bicuspid AV-specific data to guide timing of AV replacement or repair are lacking. Methods: Adults with bicuspid AV and moderate or greater AR who underwent aortic valve replacement or repair at our center were studied. The presurgical echocardiogram, and echocardiograms within 3 years postoperatively were evaluated for LV geometry/function, and AV function. Semiquantitative AS/AR assessment was performed in all patients with adequate imaging. Results: One hundred thirty-five patients (85% men, aged 44.5 ± 15.9 years) were studied (63% pure AR, 37% mixed AS/AR). Following aortic valve replacement or repair, change in LV end-diastolic dimension and change in LV end-diastolic volume were associated with preoperative LV end-diastolic dimension (ß = 0.62 Δcm/cm; 95% CI, 0.43-0.73 Δcm/cm; P < .001), and LV end-diastolic volume (ß = 0.6 ΔmL/mL; 95% CI, 0.4-0.7 ΔmL/mL; P < .001), respectively, each independent of AR/AS severity (P = not significant). Baseline LV size predicted postoperative normalization (LV end-diastolic dimension: odds ratio, 3.75/cm; 95% CI, 1.61-8.75/cm, LV end-diastolic volume: odds ratio, 1.01/mL; 95% CI, 1.004-1.019/mL, both P values < .01) whereas AR/AS severity did not (P = not significant). Indexed LV end diastolic volume outperformed LV end-diastolic dimension in predicting postoperative LV normalization (area under the curve = 0.74 vs 0.61) with optimal diagnostic cutoffs of 99 mL/m2 and 6.1 cm, respectively. Postoperative indexed LV end diastolic volume dilatation was associated with increased risk of death, transplant/ventricular assist device, ventricular arrhythmia, and reoperation (hazard ratio, 6.1; 95% CI, 1.7-21.5; P < .01). Conclusions: Remodeling extent following surgery in patients with bicuspid AV and AR relates to preoperative LV size independent of valve disease phenotype or severity. Many patients with LV end-diastolic dimension below current surgical thresholds did not normalize LV size. LV volumetric assessment offered superior diagnostic performance for predicting residual LV dilatation, and postoperative indexed LV end diastolic volume dilatation was associated with adverse prognosis.

Aortic valve cusp size and shape in dilated trileaflet aortic roots.

OBJECTIVES: Objective of the study was to quantify the differences in cusp size and shape in patients with normal and dilated trileaflet aortic roots and in dilated roots with or without aortic regurgitation. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of computed tomography studies in patients with normal and dilated trileaflet aortic roots was performed measuring root and cusp dimensions. Normal root size was defined as sinuses of Valsalva diameter < 40 mm, dilated as ≥ 45 mm. Root measurements normalized to basal ring diameter and cusp measurements normalized to geometric height were analyzed to assess the shape. Additionally, comparison of dilated roots with or without aortic regurgitation was made. RESULTS: We analyzed 146 normal and 104 dilated aortic roots and 73 propensity-matched pairs. Dilated roots were larger in all dimensions and had increased ratio between commissural and basal ring diameter (1.58±0.23 vs. 1.11±0.10, p<0.001). Cusps in dilated roots were larger in all measured dimensions and were elongated with increased normalized cusp insertion length (3.64±0.39 vs. 3.26±0.20, p<0.001) and normalized free margin length (2.53±0.30 vs. 2.16±0.19, p<0.001). In patients with dilated root and no cusp prolapse (n = 83), those with moderate or severe aortic regurgitation had larger commissural diameter but similar cusp dimensions compared to those with no or mild aortic regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: The cusps in dilated roots elongate transversely and to a lesser degree radially. Functional aortic regurgitation is caused by extensive commissural dilatation and not by inadequate cusp adaptation.

Effect of graft sizing in valve-sparing aortic root replacement for bicuspid aortic valve: The Goldilocks ratio.

Objective: To investigate the effect of graft sizing on valve performance in valve-sparing aortic root replacement for bicuspid aortic valve. Methods: In addition to a diseased control model, 3 representative groups-free-edge length to aortic/graft diameter (FELAD) ratio <1.3, 1.5 to 1.64, and >1.7-were replicated in explanted porcine aortic roots (n = 3) using straight grafts sized respective to the native free-edge length. They were run on a validated ex vivo univentricular system under physiological parameters for 20 cycles. All groups were tested within the same aortic root to minimize inter-root differences. Outcomes included transvalvular gradient, regurgitation fraction, and orifice area. Linear mixed effects model and pairwise comparisons were employed to compare outcomes across groups. Results: The diseased control had mean transvalvular gradient 10.9 ± 6.30 mm Hg, regurgitation fraction 32.5 ± 4.91%, and orifice area 1.52 ± 0.12 cm2. In ex vivo analysis, all repair groups had improved regurgitation compared with control (P < .001). FELAD <1.3 had the greatest amount of regurgitation among the repair groups (P < .001) and 1.5-1.64 the least (P < .001). FELAD <1.3 and >1.7 exhibited greater mean gradient compared with both control and 1.5 to 1.64 (P < .001). Among the repair groups, 1.5 to 1.64 had the largest orifice area, and >1.7 the smallest (P < .001). Conclusions: For a symmetric bicuspid aortic valve, performance after valve-sparing aortic root replacement shows a bimodal distribution across graft size. As the FELAD ratio departs from 1.5 to 1.64 in either direction, significant increases in transvalvular gradient are observed. FELAD <1.3 may also result in suboptimal improvement of baseline regurgitation.

Asymptomatic, Incidental Quadricuspid Aortic Valve: A Case Report and Discussion of Management.

With its exceeding rarity, there is little research on the quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV) inherently to drive guideline-based management. This leaves physicians without evidence-based guidance on the management of such patients should they come across this finding on imaging or should they care for a symptomatic patient. This article describes the case of an incidentally identified QAV in a patient undergoing treatment for tuberculosis, which seemingly had bicuspid-appearing valve hemodynamics. Additionally, current literature is reviewed to describe classification, presentation, complications, and intervention, with additional exploration and commentary on the lack of guideline-based care.

External aortic annuloplasty with a dedicated expansible ring improves outcomes in remodeling root repair compared to homemade Dacron ring.

OBJECTIVES: In remodeling valve sparing root replacement with external annuloplasty, we compare long-term outcomes of calibrated expansible Extra-Aortic Ring to homemade Dacron ring. METHODS: All patients (2003-2020) operated for root aneurysm with/without AI were included. The standardized CAVIAAR technique was root remodeling and external annuloplasty ring, with Extra-Aortic Ring or homemade Dacron ring. RESULTS: Among 486 patients (age: 52.3±14.0 years) operated for root aneurysm, 375 (repair rate: 77.1%) underwent root remodeling with annuloplasty (Extra-Aortic Ring (n=289) vs Dacron ring (n=86)). At 10 years (median follow-up: 4.08 years, IQR [1.95,7.61]), unmatched and matched analysis showed that patients with Extra-Aortic Ring had higher survival, similar to the general population (93.3% vs 79.9%, p=0.097), lower reoperation incidence (2.0% vs 9.7%, p=0.0098) and lower AI grade>2 recurrence (1.9% vs 11.2%, p=0.0042), compared to patients with Dacron ring. Mixed-effect model showed that with Extra-Aortic Ring annuloplasty, annular dilation over time (p=0.0033) was prevented and, compared to homemade Dacron ring, root expansibility was better preserved (3.22% vs 2.12%, p=0.002) and mean transvalvular gradient was lower (6.58mmHg vs 7.94mmHg, p=0.001). Tricuspid and bicuspid valves with Extra-Aortic Ring had similar reoperation (4.3% vs 0.85%, p=0.65) and AI grade>2 incidence (2.7% vs 1.2%, p=0.61), expansibility (p=0.29) and diameter (p=0.47), while mean transvalvular gradient was lower for tricuspid valves (5.58mmHg vs 7.60mmHg, p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Valve sparing root remodeling with calibrated expansible Extra-Aortic Ring annuloplasty improves outcomes of reoperation and recurrent AI, compared to homemade Dacron ring. It prevents dilation and maintains physiological root dynamics for durable valve repair.

Medium-Term Outcomes of Concomitant Aortic Valve Repair in Patients with Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to analyze the development of aortic insufficiency in patients who received central aortic valve repair when undergoing continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent HeartMate II or 3 (Abbott Lab) implantation between 2004 and 2022. Ninety-four patients were excluded from analysis for history of aortic valve procedures, a bicuspid aortic valve, baseline trace aortic insufficiency, or other concomitant aortic valve procedure. Patients who had ≥ mild aortic insufficiency had concomitant aortic valve repair. Clinical characteristics, serial echocardiograms, and outcomes were determined. RESULTS: Of the 656 patients who underwent HeartMate II or 3 implantation, 105 patients (59 HeartMate II and 46 HeartMate 3) met study criteria. Median age was 68 years [60-74 years], 91.4% [n=96] were male, 54.4% [n=56] were white, and 68.6% [n=72] received support as destination therapy. Preoperative aortic insufficiency degree was 54.3% (n=57) mild, 23.8% (n=25) mild-to-moderate, 20.0% (n=21) moderate, 1.0% (n=1) moderate-to-severe, 1.0% (n=1) severe. In hospital mortality was 5.7% [n=6]. Freedom from ≥ moderate aortic insufficiency was 96.4% (95%CI: 92.5%-100%), 93.3% (95%CI: 87.6%-99.2%), and 91.0% (95%CI: 84.1%-98.5%) at 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year post-implantation, respectively. One HeartMate II patient experienced severe aortic insufficiency and was treated with a heart transplant. Three-year survival was 63.4% [95%CI: 52.9%-75.9%]. CONCLUSIONS: Central aortic valve repair may be an effective technique to mitigate aortic insufficiency in HeartMate II and 3. A larger cohort study with longer duration of follow up is warranted to further investigate the clinical impact.

Effectiveness of intraoperative endoscopic evaluation in aortic valve repair with valve-sparing aortic root replacement: a comparison of short- and mid-term results.

OBJECTIVES: Valve-sparing aortic root replacement requires expertise to predict repair results and prevent secondary aortic clamping for valve repair or replacement secondary to aortic valve insufficiency. Thus, intraoperative evaluation of the aortic valve using diastolic pressure at the aortic root may be helpful. The goal of this retrospective study was to compare the early and mid-term results of aortic valve repair with those of valve-sparing aortic root replacement using intraoperative endoscopic evaluation. METHODS: We included 158 patients who underwent aortic valve repair with valve-sparing aortic root replacement at our hospital between December 2003 and January 2022. The patients were divided into a non-endoscopic evaluation group (group NE, n = 97; mean age 55 years) and an endoscopic evaluation group (group E, n = 61; mean age 51 years). RESULTS: The incidence of a second aortic clamping for aortic valve insufficiency was significantly greater in group NE (17.5%) than in group E (1.6%; P = 0.002). The presence of none or trivial aortic valve insufficiency on transthoracic echocardiography at discharge in group E (87.6%) was significantly lower than in group NE (98.4%; P = 0.017). No significant difference in the cumulative incidence of recurrence of moderate AI (P = 0.47), hospitalization for heart failure (P = 0.84) and reoperation (P = 0.25) between groups NE and E. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative endoscopic evaluation during aortic valve repair with valve-sparing aortic root replacement correlated with a lower incidence of second aortic clamping because of aortic valve insufficiency and effective aortic valve insufficiency control.

Treatment options for isolated aortic valve insufficiency: a review.

Aortic insufficiency (AI) is a valvular disease with increasing prevalence in older patients. The modern era provides numerous options for the management of AI which is explored here. Traditional interventions included aortic valve replacement with either mechanical or bioprosthetic aortic valves. While the former is known for its durability, it has grown out of favor due to the potential complications of anticoagulation. The preference for bioprosthetic valves is thus on the rise, especially with the advancements of transcatheter technology and the use of valve-in-valve therapy. Surgical options are also no longer limited to replacement but include complex techniques such as those required for aortic valve repair, Ozaki neocuspidization, Ross procedure and valve-sparring aortic root repair. Transcatheter options for the management of AI are not commercially available currently; however, preliminary data from ad-hoc trials, showed promising results and potential use of transcatheter technology in a variety of patients with pure AI.

Twenty-five years' experience with isolated bicuspid aortic valve repair: impact of commissural orientation.

OBJECTIVES: Repair of the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) has evolved in the past 25 years. The aim of this study was to review and analyse the long-term durability of isolated BAV repair with particular focus on commissural orientation (CO). METHODS: All patients who underwent BAV repair for severe aortic regurgitation between October 1998 and December 2022 were included. The study group consists of all patients operated after 2009, i.e. since CO modification. The control group includes patients who were operated before 2009. CO was classified as symmetric, asymmetric and very asymmetric. RESULTS: Overall, 594 adult patients (93% male; mean age 42 years) were included. At 15 years, survival was 94.8% [standard deviation (SD): 2.2]; freedom from reoperation was 86.8% (SD: 2.3). Freedom from aortic insufficiency ≥II was 70.8% (SD: 4.7) at 15 years. Modification of CO by sinus plication was performed in 200 (33.7%) instances. Using competing risks analysis, the absence of effective height measurement (P = 0.018), very asymmetric CO (P = 0.028), the presence of calcification (P < 0.001), the use of pericardial patch (P < 0.001), the use of subcommissural sutures (P < 0.001) and preoperative endocarditis (P = 0.005) were identified as independent predictors for reoperation. Follow-up was 97% complete (4228 patient-years); mean follow-up was 7 years (SD: 5). CONCLUSIONS: Isolated BAV repair leads to good survival and durability in all morphologic types if cusp repair is guided by effective height, suture annuloplasty is performed, and CO is modified using sinus plication in asymmetrical valves. Very asymmetrical valves may should be treated with a lower threshold for replacement.

Complete Heart Block After Aortic Valve Repair and Septal Myectomy in a Patient With Rheumatic Heart Disease.

Surgical myectomy with concomitant valvular repair has been demonstrated to be safe in the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). It is unclear which risk factors predispose patients to develop complete heart block (CHB). We present a unique case of a 66-year-old female with rheumatic heart disease and HOCM admitted for aortic valve (AV) repair and septal myectomy, complicated by a presentation of complete heart block. The histology slide showed fibrosis of the septum, suggesting atrioventricular conduction disease from rheumatic fever, which likely contributed to her presentation. This case highlights the importance of elucidating the etiology of HOCM before undergoing cardiac surgery to guide postsurgical management and improve clinical outcomes.

Accuracy of Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Measurement During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Under Monitored Anesthesia Care: A Prospective Observational Study.

Background Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (PtcCO2) measurement is a promising alternative to arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) measurement. PaCO2 measurement is invasive and intermittent, whereas PtcCO2 measurement is non-invasive and continuous. However, previous studies evaluating PtcCO2measurements did not include patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), who experience anticipated hemodynamic changes, particularly before and after valve placement. Therefore, we investigated whether PtcCO2 measurement could provide an alternative to PaCO2 measurement during transfemoral TAVR under monitored anesthesia care (MAC) with local anesthesia. Methodology We conducted a prospective observational study. We included all consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis who were scheduled to undergo a transfemoral TAVR under MAC at our institution from November 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021. During the procedures, PaCO2 and PtcCO2 were concurrently monitored six times as a reference standard and index test, respectively. PtcCO2 was monitored continuously using a non-invasive earlobe sensor. The agreement between PtcCO2 and PaCO2 measurements was assessed using the Bland-Altman method, and the 95% limits of agreement were calculated. Based on previous studies, we determined that 95% limits of agreement of ±6.0 mmHg would be clinically acceptable to define PtcCO2 as an alternative to PaCO2. Results We obtained 88 measurement pairs from 15 patients. The lower and upper 95% limits of agreement between the PtcCO2 and PaCO2 measurements were -4.22 mmHg and 6.56 mmHg, respectively. Conclusions During TAVR under MAC with local anesthesia, PtcCO2 measurement could not provide a viable alternative to PaCO2 measurement to reduce high PaCO2 events. This study focused on comparing intraoperative periods before and after valve implantation. Therefore, further investigation is warranted to assess the impact of various factors, including the prosthetic valve type and the hemodynamic effects of balloon aortic valvuloplasty, on PtcCO2 measurement in TAVR.

Systematic adjustment of root dimensions to cusp size in aortic valve repair: a computer simulation.

OBJECTIVES: Aortic valve repair requires the creation of a normal geometry of cusps and aortic root. Of the different dimensions, geometric cusp height is the most difficult to change while annular and sinotubular dimensions can be easily modified. The objective of this study was to investigate, by computer simulation, ideal combinations of annular and sinotubular junction size for a given geometric height. METHODS: Based on a literature review of anatomical data, a computational biomechanics model was generated for a tricuspid aortic valve. We aimed to determine the ideal relationships for the root dimensions, keeping geometric height constant and creating different combinations of the annular and sinotubular junction dimensions. Using this model, 125 virtual anatomies were created, with 25 different combinations of annulus and sinotubular junction. Effective height, coaptation height and mechanical cusp stress were calculated with the valves in closed configuration. RESULTS: Generally, within the analysed range of geometric heights, changes to the annular diameter yielded a stronger impact than sinotubular junction diameter changes for optimal valve configuration. The best results were obtained with the sinotubular junction being 2-4 mm larger than the annulus, leading to higher effective height, normal coaptation height and lower stress. Within the range tested, stenosis did not occur due to annular reduction. CONCLUSIONS: In tricuspid aortic valves, the geometric height can be used to predict ideal post-repair annular and sinotubular junction dimensions for optimal valve configuration. Such an ideal configuration is associated with reduced cusp stress.

Aortic Valve Repair with External Annuloplasty in Bicuspid versus Tricuspid Aortic Valve Patients.

Surgical repair for regurgitant bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is promising but underutilized due to perceived complexities and lack of long-term data. This study evaluated the efficacy of valve-sparing root remodeling (VSRR) or isolated valve repair combined with calibrated external ring annuloplasty in BAV versus tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) patients. All patients operated on for aortic regurgitation and/or aneurysm at our institution between 2014 and 2022 were included and entered into the Aortic Valve Insufficiency and ascending aorta Aneurysm InternATiOnal Registry (AVIATOR). Patients with successful repair at index surgery (100% in the BAV group, 93% in the TAV group, p = 0.044) were included in a systemic follow-up with echocardiography at regular intervals. Among 132 patients, 58 were in the BAV (44%) and 74 in the TAV group (56%). There were no inter-group differences in preoperative patient characteristics, except BAV patients being significantly younger (47 ± 18 y vs. 60 ± 14 y, p < 0.001) and having narrower aortic roots at the level of sinuses (41 ± 6 mm vs. 46 ± 13 mm, p < 0.001) and sinotubular junctions (39 ± 10 mm vs. 42 ± 11, p = 0.032). No perioperative deaths were recorded. At four years, there was no significant difference in terms of overall survival (96.3% BAV vs. 97.2% TAV, p = 0.373), freedom from valve reintervention (85.2% BAV vs. 93.4% TAV, p = 0.905), and freedom from severe aortic regurgitation (94.1% BAV vs. 82.9% TAV, p = 0.222). Surgical repair of BAV combined with extra-aortic annuloplasty can be performed with low perioperative morbidity and mortality and excellent mid-term results which are comparable to TAV repair.

Simulation-based design of bicuspidization of the aortic valve.

OBJECTIVE: Severe congenital aortic valve pathology in the growing patient remains a challenging clinical scenario. Bicuspidization of the diseased aortic valve has proven to be a promising repair technique with acceptable durability. However, most understanding of the procedure is empirical and retrospective. This work seeks to design the optimal gross morphology associated with surgical bicuspidization with simulations based on the hypothesis that modifications to the free edge length cause or relieve stenosis. METHODS: Model bicuspid valves were constructed with varying free edge lengths and gross morphology. Fluid-structure interaction simulations were conducted in a single patient-specific model geometry. The models were evaluated for primary targets of stenosis and regurgitation. Secondary targets were assessed and included qualitative hemodynamics, geometric height, effective height, orifice area, and billow. RESULTS: Stenosis decreased with increasing free edge length and was pronounced with free edge length less than or equal to 1.3 times the annular diameter d. With free edge length 1.5d or greater, no stenosis occurred. All models were free of regurgitation. Substantial billow occurred with free edge length 1.7d or greater. CONCLUSIONS: Free edge length 1.5d or greater was required to avoid aortic stenosis in simulations. Cases with free edge length 1.7d or greater showed excessive billow and other changes in gross morphology. Cases with free edge length 1.5d to 1.6d have a total free edge length approximately equal to the annular circumference and appeared optimal. These effects should be studied in vitro and in animal studies.

National experience with pediatric surgical aortic valve repair: A Pediatric Health Information System analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize national experience with surgical aortic valve repair in pediatric patients. METHODS: Patients in the Pediatric Health Information System database aged 17 years or younger with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes for open aortic valve repair from 2003 to 2022 were included (n = 5582). Outcomes of reintervention during index admission (repeat repair, n = 54; replacement, n = 48; and endovascular intervention, n = 1), readmission (n = 2176), and in-hospital mortality (n = 178) were compared. A logistic regression was performed for in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: One-quarter (26%) of patients were infants. The majority (61%) were boys. Heart failure was present in 16% of patients, congenital heart disease in 73%, and rheumatic disease in 4%. Valve disease was insufficiency in 22% of patients, stenosis in 29%, and mixed in 15%. The highest quartile of centers by volume (median, 101 cases; interquartile range, 55-155 cases) performed half (n = 2768) of cases. Infants had the highest prevalence of reintervention (3%; P < .001), readmission (53%; P < .001), and in-hospital mortality (10%; P < .001). Previously hospitalized patients (median, 6 days; interquartile range, 4-13 days) were at higher risk for reintervention (4%; P < .001), readmission (55%; P < .001), and in-hospital mortality (11%; P < .001), as were patients with heart failure (reintervention [6%; P < .001], readmission [42%; P = .050], and in-hospital mortality [10%; P < .001]). Stenosis was associated with reduced reintervention (1%; P < .001) and readmission (35%; P = .002). The median number of readmissions was 1 (range, 0-6) and time to readmission was 28 days (interquartile range, 7-125 days). A regression of in-hospital mortality identified heart failure (odds ratio, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.59-5.49), inpatient status (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.19-4.82), and infancy (odds ratio, 5.70; 95% CI, 2.60-12.46) as significant. CONCLUSIONS: The Pediatric Health Information System cohort demonstrated success with aortic valve repair; however, early mortality remains high in infants, hospitalized patients, and patients with heart failure.

Internal circular suture annuloplasty for aortic valve repair.

Stabilizing the aorto-ventricular junction is integral in aortic valve repair. We report our technique of internal circular suture annuloplasty. We used a continuous horizontal mattress suture of a single thick expanded polytetrafluoroethylene suture (CV-3). We put 4 stitches per sinus, so the suture was below the cusp attachment line at the nadirs and passed through the interleaflet triangle at the upper aorto-ventricular junction level. The suture was reinforced with pericardial pledgets on both sides of each commissure. We used this technique in 12 patients. The diameter of aorto-ventricular junction was reduced from 25 ± 2 mm to 22 ± 1 mm (n = 11) and was 22 ± 1 mm at the latest follow-up (4-74 months, median 41, n = 10). In 2 patients with large aorto-ventricular junction (27 mm or more), expected annular reduction was not achieved. Our modified technique is simple and seems durable. It may be useful for mild annular dilatation.