The Role of Programmed Cell Death 1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) Axis in Sepsis-Induced Apoptosis.

Background and Objectives: Sepsis involves a dysregulated host response, characterized by simultaneous immunosuppression and hyperinflammation. Initially, there is the release of pro-inflammatory factors and immune system dysfunction, followed by persistent immune paralysis leading to apoptosis. This study investigates sepsis-induced apoptosis and its pathways, by assessing changes in PD-1 and PD-L1 serum levels, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) severity scores. Materials and Methods: This prospective, observational, single-centre study enrolled 87 sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit at the County Emergency Clinical Hospital in Târgu Mureș, Romania. We monitored the parameters on day 1 (the day sepsis or septic shock was diagnosed as per the Sepsis-3 Consensus) and day 5. Results: Our study found a statistically significant variation in the SOFA score for the entirety of the patients between the studied days (p = 0.001), as well as for the studied patient groups: sepsis, septic shock, survivors, and non-survivors (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, p = 0.01, p = 0.03). On day 1, we found statistically significant correlations between CD8+ cells and PD-1 (p = 0.02) and PD-L1 (p = 0.04), CD4+ and CD8+ cells (p < 0.0001), SOFA and APACHE II scores (p < 0.0001), and SOFA and APACHE II scores and PD-L1 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01). On day 5, we found statistically significant correlations between CD4+ and CD8+ cells and PD-L1 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.0099), CD4+ and CD8+ cells (p < 0.0001), and SOFA and APACHE II scores (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The reduction in Th CD4+ and Tc CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulations were evident from day 1, indicating that apoptosis is a crucial factor in the progression of sepsis and septic shock. The increased expression of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis impairs costimulatory signalling, leading to diminished T cell responses and lymphopenia, thereby increasing the susceptibility to nosocomial infections.

Prediction of adverse drug reactions in geriatric patients admitted to intensive care units. / [Artículo traducido] Predicción de reacciones adversas a medicamentos en pacientes geriátricos ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos.

INTRODUCTION: Intensive Care Units (ICUs) pose challenges in managing critically-ill patients with polypharmacy, potentially leading to Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), particularly in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the severity and clinical prognosis scores used in ICUs correlate with the prediction of ADRs in aged patients admitted to an ICU. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted in a Brazilian University Hospital ICU. APACHE II and SAPS 3 assessed clinical prognosis, while GerontoNet ADR Risk Score and BADRI evaluated ADR risk at ICU admission. Severity of the patients' clinical conditions was evaluated daily based on the SOFA score. Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) screening was performed daily through the identification of ADR triggers. RESULTS: 1295 triggers were identified (median 30 per patient, IQR = 28), with 15 suspected ADRs. No correlation was observed between patient severity and ADRs at admission (p=0.26), during hospitalization (p=0.91), or at follow-up (p=0.77). There was also no association between death and ADRs (p=0.28) or worse prognosis and ADRs (p>0.05). Higher BADRI scores correlated with more ADRs (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that employing the severity and clinical prognosis scores used in Intensive Care Units is not sufficient to direct active pharmacovigilance efforts, which are therefore indicated for critically ill patients.

Elevating Smart Manufacturing with a Unified Predictive Maintenance Platform: The Synergy between Data Warehousing, Apache Spark, and Machine Learning.

The transition to smart manufacturing introduces heightened complexity in regard to the machinery and equipment used within modern collaborative manufacturing landscapes, presenting significant risks associated with equipment failures. The core ambition of smart manufacturing is to elevate automation through the integration of state-of-the-art technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, cloud technology, and expansive big data analytics. This technological evolution underscores the necessity for advanced predictive maintenance strategies that proactively detect equipment anomalies before they escalate into costly downtime. Addressing this need, our research presents an end-to-end platform that merges the organizational capabilities of data warehousing with the computational efficiency of Apache Spark. This system adeptly manages voluminous time-series sensor data, leverages big data analytics for the seamless creation of machine learning models, and utilizes an Apache Spark-powered engine for the instantaneous processing of streaming data for fault detection. This comprehensive platform exemplifies a significant leap forward in smart manufacturing, offering a proactive maintenance model that enhances operational reliability and sustainability in the digital manufacturing era.

Calcitriol in Sepsis-A Single-Centre Randomised Control Trial.

Background/Objectives: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis is a significant cause of hospital admission and the leading reason for admission to the ICU and is associated with high mortality. Vitamin D has shown promising immunomodulatory effects by upregulating the antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin. However, previous studies analysing the use of calcitriol in sepsis have shown variable results and did not utilise APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) scores as endpoints. This study evaluates the efficacy of intramuscular calcitriol in patients admitted to the ICU with sepsis, focusing on its impact on APACHE II scores. The primary aim was to determine if intramuscular calcitriol improved APACHE II scores from day 1 to day 7 or discharge from the ICU, whichever was earlier. Secondary outcomes included 28-day mortality, ventilator days, vasopressor days, ICU stay length, adverse events, and hospital-acquired infections in ICU patients. Methods: This was a triple-blinded phase III randomised control trial. A total of 152 patients with suspected sepsis were block-randomised to receive either intramuscular calcitriol (300,000 IU) (n = 76) or a placebo (n = 76). The trial was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI No: CTRI 2019/01/17066) following ethics committee approval and was not funded. Results: There was no significant difference in APACHE II scores between the calcitriol and placebo groups from day 1 to day 7 (p = 0.382). There were no significant changes in 28-day mortality (14.4% vs. 17%, p = 0.65), number of days on a ventilator (5 vs. 5, p = 0.84), number of days on vasopressors (3 vs. 3, p = 0.98), length of ICU stay (10 days vs. 11 days, p = 0.78), adverse events (27.6% vs. 19.7%, p = 0.25), and hospital-acquired infections (17.1% vs. 15.8%, p = 0.82). Conclusions: There was no effect of intramuscular calcitriol in patients admitted to the ICU with sepsis.

Value of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score in predicting hospital mortality for postoperative brain tumor patients in intensive care units in Japan: A retrospective case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) is based on the data of intensive care unit (ICU) patients and often correlates with disease severity and prognosis. However, no prognostic predictors exist based on ICU admission data for patients with brain tumors, and no studies have reported an association between APACHE II and prognosis in patients with brain tumors. The Japanese Intensive Care Patients Database (JIPAD) was established to improve the quality of care delivered in intensive care medicine in Japan. We used JIPAD to examine factors associated with in-hospital mortality based on available data of postoperative patients with brain tumors admitted to the ICU. METHODS: Patients aged ≥16 years enrolled in JIPAD between April 2015 and March 2018 after surgical brain tumor resection or biopsy of brain tumors. We examined factors related to outcomes at discharge based on blood tests and medical procedures performed during ICU admission, tumor type, and APACHE II score. RESULTS: Among the 1454 patients (male:female ratio: 1:1.1, mean age: 62 years) in the study, 32 (2.2 %) died during hospital stay. In multivariate analysis, male sex (odds ratio [OR] 2.70, [95 % confidence interval, CI 1.22-6.00]), malignant tumor (OR 2.51 [95 % CI 1.13-5.55]), and APACHE II score ≥15 (OR 2.51 [95 % CI 3.08-14.3]) were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: By picking up cases with a high risk of in-hospital death at an early stage, it is possible to improve methods of treatment and support for the patient's family.

Interleukin-6 in Sepsis-Promising but Yet to Be Proven.

How to cite this article: Sinha S. Interleukin-6 in Sepsis-Promising but Yet to Be Proven. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(7):629-631.

[Wearable Smart Cardiac Care: Take Vipasyana for Example].

The most direct challenge to the healthcare system in Taiwan associated with population aging is the chronic and growing shortfall in medical and nursing practitioners. The integration of artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and advanced 5G communication technologies is making healthcare more streamlined and intuitive to improve healthcare service efficiency, encourage cross-disciplinary cooperation to improve patient health management, and introduce and mainstream innovative service models such as telecare. To this end, the wearable smart cardiac care system 'Vipasyana', jointly developed by the interdisciplinary research team of the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, not only has an innovative fully functional wireless wearable electrocardiograph but also uses machine learning-based detection/prediction methods to detect and monitor for emergencies such as myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, and heart failure. To handle the real-time streaming sensing data generated during clinical trials, a big data real-time streaming framework based on Apache Storm and microservices has also been integrated. In addition, a mobile phone app and virtual reality 3D ward round system providing a user-friendly management and monitoring tool for medical staffs were developed and integrated into the system. The 'Vipasyana' system is capable of providing precision medical services to individual patients.

Expression pattern of serum interleukin-7 in elderly septic patients and its prognostic value for predicting short-term mortality.

BACKGROUND: The identification of novel prognostic biomarkers in elderly septic patients are essential for the improvement of mortality in sepsis in the context of precision medicine. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression pattern and prognostic value of serum interleukin-7 (IL-7) in predicting 28-day mortality in elderly patients with sepsis. METHODS: Patients were retrospectively enrolled according to the sepsis-3.0 diagnostic criteria and divided into the survival group and non-survival group based on the clinical outcome at the 28-day interval. The baseline characteristic data, samples for the laboratory tests, and the SOFA, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), as well as Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores, were recorded within 24 h after admission to the emergency department. Serum levels of IL-7 and TNF-α of the patients were quantified by the Luminex assay. Spearman correlation analysis, logistic regressive analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were performed, respectively. RESULTS: Totally, 220 elderly patients with sepsis were enrolled, 151 of whom died in a 28-day period. Albumin (ALB), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic pressure (SBP), and platelet (PLT) were found to be significantly higher in the survival group (p < 0.05). IL-7 was shown to be correlated with TNF-α in the non-survival group (p = 0.030) but not in the survival group (p = 0.194). No correlation was shown between IL-7 and other factors (p > 0.05). IL-7 and TNF-α were found to be independent risk factors associated with the 28-day mortality (OR = 1.215, 1.420). Combination of IL-7, SOFA and ALB can make an AUROC of 0.874 with the specificity of 90.77 %. Combination of IL-7 and TNF-α can make an AUROC of 0.901 with the sensitivity of 90.41 % while the combination of IL-7, TNF-α, and ALB can make an AUROC of 0.898 with the sensitivity of 94.52 %. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of monitoring the serum level of IL-7 and TNF-α in elderly septic patients as well as evaluating the combinations with other routine risk factors which can be potentially used for the identification of elderly septic patients with higher risk of mortality.

Prediction of adverse drug reactions in geriatric patients admitted to intensive care units.

INTRODUCTION: Intensive care units (ICUs) pose challenges in managing critically ill patients with polypharmacy, potentially leading to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), particularly in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the severity and clinical prognosis scores used in ICUs correlate with the prediction of ADRs in aged patients admitted to an ICU. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted in a Brazilian University Hospital ICU. APACHE II and SAPS 3 assessed clinical prognosis, while GerontoNet ADR Risk Score and BADRI evaluated ADR risk at ICU admission. Severity of the patients' clinical conditions was evaluated daily based on the SOFA score. ADR screening was performed daily through the identification of ADR triggers. RESULTS: 1295 triggers were identified (median 30 per patient, IQR=28), with 15 suspected ADRs. No correlation was observed between patient severity and ADRs at admission (p=0.26), during hospitalization (p=0.91), or at follow-up (p=0.77). There was also no association between death and ADRs (p=0.28) or worse prognosis and ADRs (p>0.05). Higher BADRI scores correlated with more ADRs (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that employing the severity and clinical prognosis scores used in ICUs is not sufficient to direct active pharmacovigilance efforts, which are therefore indicated for critically ill patients.

Outcome of Cancer Patients with an Unplanned Intensive Care Unit Admission: Predictors of Mortality and Long-term Survival.

Background: Understanding the characteristics and outcomes of cancer patients with unplanned ICU admission is imperative for therapeutic decisions and prognostication purposes. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with hematological and non-hematological malignancies (NHM) who require unplanned ICU admission and to determine the predictors of mortality and long-term survival. Methods: This retrospective study included all patients with cancer who had an unplanned ICU admission between 2011 and 2016 at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. The following variables were collected: age, gender, ICU length of stay (LOS), APACHE II score, type of malignancy, febrile neutropenia, source and time of admission, and need for mechanical ventilation (MV), renal replacement therapy (RRT), and treatment with vasopressors (VP). Predictors of mortality and survival rates at 28 days and 3, 6, and 12 months were calculated. Results: The study included 410 cancer patients with 466 unplanned ICU admissions. Of these, 52% had NHM. The average LOS in the ICU was 9.6 days and the mean APACHE score was 21.9. MV was needed in 73% of the patients, RRT in 15%, and VP in 24%, while febrile neutropenia was present in 24%. There were statistically significant differences between survivors and non-survivors in the APACHE II score (17.7 ± 8.0 vs. 25.6 ± 9.2), MV use (52% vs. 92%), need for RRT (6% vs. 23%), VP use (42% vs. 85%), and presence of febrile neutropenia (18% vs. 30%). The predictors of mortality were need for MV (OR = 4.97), VP (OR = 3.43), RRT (OR = 3.31), and APACHE II score (OR = 1.10). Survival rates at 28 days, 3, 6, and 12 months were 52%, 28%, 22%, and 15%, respectively. Conclusion: The survival rate of cancer patients with an unplanned admission to the ICU remains low. Predictors of mortality include need for MV, RRT, and VP and presence of febrile neutropenia. About 85% of cancer patients died within 1 year after ICU admission.

Predictive Role of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) in Patients With Peritonitis at the National Hospital Abuja.

BACKGROUND: A validated tool may facilitate assessing the severity of peritonitis among surgical patients. This study evaluates the predictive role of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) in the surgical outcomes of patients managed for peritonitis in Abuja. METHOD: This is a prospective study of consecutive adult patients managed for peritonitis by the general surgery unit of National Hospital Abuja (NHA) over a 19-month period (September 2020 through March 2022). Patient characteristics and treatment outcomes were recorded in a structured proforma and analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 25 (IBM Corp., Released 2017; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0; Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and threshold of APACHE II were derived from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and its coordinates. RESULTS: There were 54 patients with peritonitis during the study period, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.6:1. This study's mortality and morbidity rates were 13.0% and 63.0%, respectively. The APACHE II score at admission was positively correlated with the likelihood of postoperative mortality, morbidity, number of postoperative complications, ICU admission, and length of hospital admission. The average APACHE II score of patients in this study was 7.1±5.2. APACHE II best-predicted mortality by the ROC curve at a threshold point of 9 (sensitivity of 85.7%, specificity of 70.2%, the accuracy of 86.8%, P-value 0.002). At a threshold score of 6, APACHE II was significantly associated with the occurrence of postoperative morbidity (sensitivity of 74.3%, specificity of 73.7%, accuracy of 75.2%, P-value = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the APACHE II score at admission can predict the outcome of surgery within the first 30 days post-surgery among adult patients who had peritonitis at NHA.

SOFA and APACHE II scoring systems for predicting outcome of neurological patients admitted in a tertiary hospital intensive care unit.

Background: The field of neurology encompasses the study and treatment of disorders that affect the nervous system, and patients with neurological conditions often require specialized care, particularly in the ICU. Predictive scoring systems are measures of disease severity used to predict patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the discriminative power of commonly used scoring systems, namely the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) in the ICU of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with neurological disorders in the ICUs of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2022. Results: A total of 153 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 54.76 ± 17.32 years with higher male predominance (60.78%). Ischaemic stroke was the most common neurological disorder. There were 58 patients (37.9%) who required mechanical ventilation and all-cause mortality was 20.9%. The mean SOFA score was significantly higher (P=0.002) in survivors, whereas the mean APACHE II did not show a significant difference (P=0.238). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed the area of curve (AUC) of SOFA score was 0.765 and of APACHE II was 0.722. Conclusions: SOFA score had comparatively higher discriminative power than APACHE II. Assessment of the performance of scoring systems in a specific ICU setting improves the sensitivity and applicability of the model to these settings.

Immune Dysfunction-Associated Elevated RDW, APACHE-II, and SOFA Scores Were a Possible Cause of 28-Day Mortality in Sepsis Patients.

Objective: To explore the early predictors and their predicting value of 28-day mortality in sepsis patients and to investigate the possible causes of death. Methods: 127 sepsis patients were included, including 79 cases in the survival group and 48 cases in the death group. The results of all patients on admission were recorded. After screening the risk factors of 28-day mortality, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to determine their predictive value for the 28-day mortality rate on admission, and the Kaplan-Meier curve was drawn to compare the 28-day mortality rate between groups. Finally, patients with cytokine and lymphocyte subsets results were included for investigating the possible causes of death through correlation analysis. Results: APACHE II (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II), SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were the risk factors for 28-day mortality in sepsis patients (OR: 1.130 vs.1.160 vs.1.530, P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity of APACHE II, SOFA and RDW in predicting the mortality rate at 28 days after admission in sepsis patients were 0.763 vs 0.806 vs 0.723, 79.2% vs 68.8% vs 75.0%, 65.8% vs 89.9% vs 68.4%. The combined predicted AUC was 0.873, the sensitivity was 89.6%, and the specificity was 82.3%. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the 28-day mortality rates of sepsis patients with APACHE II≥18.5, SOFA≥11.5 and RDW≥13.8 were 58.5%, 80.5% and 59.0%, respectively. In the death group, APACHE II was positively correlated with SOFA, IL-2, and IL-10, and RDW was positively correlated with PLT, TNF-α, CD3+ lymphocyte count, and CD8+ lymphocyte count. Conclusion: Sepsis patients with high APACHE II, SOFA and RDW levels at admission have an increased 28-day mortality rate. The elevation of these indicators in dead patients are related to immune dysfunction.

Improving 1-Year Mortality Following Intensive Care Unit Admission in Adults with HIV: A 20-Year Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV (PWH) continue to have an increased risk of admission to and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). Mortality risk after hospital discharge is not well described. Using retrospective data on adult PWH (≥18 years) admitted to ICU from 2000-2019 in an HIV-referral centre, we describe trends in 1-year mortality after ICU admission. METHODS: One-year mortality was calculated from index ICU admission to date of death; with follow-up right-censored at day 365 for people remaining alive at 1 year, or day 7 after ICU discharge if lost-to-follow-up after hospital discharge. Cox regression was used to describe the association with calendar year before and after adjustment for patient characteristics (age, sex, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE II] score, CD4+ T-cell count, and recent HIV diagnosis) at ICU admission. Analyses were additionally restricted to those discharged alive from ICU using a left-truncated design, with further adjustment for respiratory failure at ICU admission in these analyses. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-one PWH were admitted to ICU (72% male, median [interquartile range] age 45 [38-53] years) of whom 108 died within 1-year (cumulative 1-year survival: 50%). Overall, the hazard of 1-year mortality was decreased by 10% per year (crude hazard ratio (HR): 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.87-0.93)); the association was reduced to 7% per year (adjusted HR: 0.93 (0.89-0.98)) after adjustment. Conclusions were similar among the subset of 136 patients discharged alive (unadjusted: 0.91 (0.84-0.98); adjusted 0.92 (0.84, 1.02)). CONCLUSIONS: Between 2000 and 2019, 1-year mortality after ICU admission declined at this ICU. Our findings highlight the need for multi-centre studies and the importance of continued engagement in care after hospital discharge among PWH.

A distributed data processing scheme based on Hadoop for synchrotron radiation experiments.

With the development of synchrotron radiation sources and high-frame-rate detectors, the amount of experimental data collected at synchrotron radiation beamlines has increased exponentially. As a result, data processing for synchrotron radiation experiments has entered the era of big data. It is becoming increasingly important for beamlines to have the capability to process large-scale data in parallel to keep up with the rapid growth of data. Currently, there is no set of data processing solutions based on the big data technology framework for beamlines. Apache Hadoop is a widely used distributed system architecture for solving the problem of massive data storage and computation. This paper presents a set of distributed data processing schemes for beamlines with experimental data using Hadoop. The Hadoop Distributed File System is utilized as the distributed file storage system, and Hadoop YARN serves as the resource scheduler for the distributed computing cluster. A distributed data processing pipeline that can carry out massively parallel computation is designed and developed using Hadoop Spark. The entire data processing platform adopts a distributed microservice architecture, which makes the system easy to expand, reduces module coupling and improves reliability.

Clinical image of sepsis-associated encephalopathy midst E. coli urosepsis: Emergency department database study.

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, which, if untreated, leads to multi-organ failure. One of the severe possible complications is sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE), a neurological dysfunction occurring secondary to a severe inflammatory response. It manifests as acute cognitive dysfunction and sudden-onset dysfunctions in mental state. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen causing bacteremia, responsible for 80% of uncomplicated outpatient urinary tract infections and 40% of nosocomial infections. The study aimed to assess the difference in the severity and the course of urosepsis caused by E. coli in patients with and without septic encephalopathy. Materials and methods: This study presents a retrospective analysis of the population of urosepsis patients admitted to the Emergency Department between September 2019 and June 2022. Inflammatory parameters, urinalysis and blood cultures were performed, along with a clinical evaluation of sepsis severity and encephalopathy. The patients were then stratified into SAE and non-SAE groups based on neurological manifestations and compared according to the collected data. Results: A total of 199 septic patients were included in the study. E. coli-induced urosepsis was diagnosed in 84 patients. In this group, SAE was diagnosed in 31 (36.9%) patients (33.3% in males, 40.5% females). Patients with SAE were found to be hypotensive (p < 0,005), with a higher respiratory rate (p < 0,017) resulting in a higher mortality rate (p = 0.002) compared to non-SAE septic patients. The APACHE II score was an independent risk factor associated with a higher mortality rate. Biochemical parameters between the groups did not show any statistical importance related to the severity of urosepsis. Conclusions: The severity of urosepsis and risk of SAE development increase according to the clinical condition and underlying comorbidities. Urosepsis patients with SAE are at a higher risk of death. Patients should undergo more careful screening for the presence of SAE on admission, and more intense monitoring and treatment should be provided for patients with SAE. This study indicates the need to develop projects aiming to further investigate neuroprotective interventions in sepsis.

Complicaciones y mortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos / Complications and mortality in neurocritic patients

Objetivo: Relacionar las complicaciones y el riesgo de muerte en pacientes neurocríticos admitidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) del Hospital Universitario de Caracas durante un período de 5 meses. Métodos: investigación observacional, prospectiva, descriptiva. La muestra estuvo conformada por 65 pacientes neurocríticos, ≥ 18 años, con patologías médicas o quirúrgicas, ingresados en la UCI. El análisis estadístico incluyó la determinación de frecuencias, promedios, porcentajes y medias para descripción de variables y el T de Student. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 50,98 ± 16,66 años; la población masculinarepresentó el 50,76%. Entre las complicaciones, la mayor incidencia correspondió a las no infecciosas (70,77 %) y los trastornos ácido-básicos de tipo metabólico, la anemia y las alteraciones electrolíticas fueron las más frecuentes; el 29,23% de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones infecciosas, y la neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica fue la más frecuente (73,91 %). La comorbilidad con mayor incidencia fue hipertensión arterial sistémica (53,84%). El 90.70% requirió ventilación mecánica y el tiempo en VM fue 4.29 ± 6.43 días. La estancia en UCI fue 5.96 ± 7.72 días. El 29,23% presentó un puntaje en la escala APACHE II entre 5-9; el SAPS II presentó mayor incidencia entre los 6-21 y 22-37 puntos con (66,70%); el SOFA al ingreso se reportó < 15 puntos en 98,46% y > 15 en 1,53%. La mortalidad del grupo fue 23,08 % (n=15). Conclusiones: Las complicaciones no infecciosas predominaron sobre las infecciosas las primeras íntimamente relacionadas con la mortalida(AU)

Objective: To relate complications and the risk of death in neurocritical patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the University Hospital of Caracas during a period of 5 months. Methods: observational, prospective, descriptive research. The sample was made up of 65 neurocritical patients, ≥ 18 years old, with medical or surgical pathologies, admitted to the ICU.The statistical analysis included the determination of frequencies, averages, percentages and meansfor description of variables and Student's T.Results: The average age was 50.98 ± 16.66 years; the male population represented 50.76%. Among the complications, the highest incidence corresponded to non-infectious complications (70.77%) and metabolic acid-base disorders, anemia and electrolyte alterations were the most frequent; 29.23% of patients presented infectious complications, and pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation was the most frequent (73.91%). The comorbidity with the highest incidence was systemic arterial hypertension (53.84%), 90.70% required mechanical ventilation and the time on MV was 4.29 ± 6.43 days. The ICU stay was 5.96 ± 7.72 days. 29.23% had a score on the APACHE II scale between 5-9; SAPS II presented the highest incidence between 6-21 and 22-37 points with (66.70%); The SOFA upon admission was reported to be < 15 points in 98.46% and > 15 in 1.53%. The mortality of the group was 23.08% (n=15). Conclusions: Non-infectious complications predominated over infectious complications, the former being closely related to mortalit(AU)

Factors Influencing Morbidity and Mortality Rates in Tertiary Intensive Care Units in Turkey: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between the prognosis of patients admitted to a tertiary intensive care unit (ICU) and the admitted patient population, intensive care conditions, and the workload of intensive care staff. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study that analyzed data from all tertiary ICUs (a minimum of 40 and a maximum of 59 units per month) of eight training and research hospitals between January 2022 and May 2023. We compared monthly data across hospitals and analyzed factors associated with patient prognosis, including mortality and pressure injuries (PIs). RESULTS: This study analyzed data from 54,312 patients, of whom 51% were male and 58.8% were aged 65 or older. The median age was 69 years. The average number of tertiary ICU beds per unit was 15 ± 6 beds, and the average occupancy rate was 83.57 ± 19.28%. On average, 7 ± 9 pressure injuries (PI) and 10 ± 7 patient deaths per unit per month were reported. The mortality rate (18.66%) determined per unit was similar to the expected rate (15-25%) according to the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score. There was a statistically significant difference among hospitals on a monthly basis across various aspects, including bed occupancy rate, length of stay (LOS), number of patients per ICU bed, number of patients per nurse in a shift, rate of patients developing PI, hospitalization rate from the emergency department, hospitalization rate from wards, hospitalization rate from the external center, referral rate, and mortality rate (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although generally reliable in predicting prognosis in tertiary ICUs, the APACHE II scoring system may have limitations when analyzed on a unit-specific basis. ICU-related conditions have an impact on patient prognosis. ICU occupancy rate, work intensity, patient population, and number of working nurses are important factors associated with ICU mortality. In particular, data on the patient population admitted to the unit (emergency patients and patients with a history of malignancy) were most strongly associated with unit mortality.

Navigating the Complexity of Scoring Systems in Sepsis Management: A Comprehensive Review.

This comprehensive review navigates the intricate landscape of sepsis scoring systems, aiming to provide healthcare professionals and researchers with a nuanced understanding of their role in contemporary sepsis management. Beginning with a succinct overview of sepsis, the review emphasizes the significance of scoring systems in standardizing assessments and guiding clinical decision-making. Through a detailed analysis of prominent systems such as SOFA, APACHE, and qSOFA, the review delineates their unique attributes, strengths, and limitations. The implications for sepsis management and patient outcomes are discussed, highlighting the potential for these tools to enhance early detection and intervention. The review concludes with a compelling call to action, urging healthcare professionals to integrate scoring systems into routine practice and researchers to explore novel approaches. By synthesizing current knowledge and addressing future directions, this review serves as a valuable resource for those seeking clarity and guidance in the dynamic landscape of sepsis management.

Comparison of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) scoring system in predicting postoperative mortality in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy: A retrospective study.

Background and Aims: There is paucity of studies on preoperative risk assessment tools in patients undergoing emergency surgery. The present study evaluated the performance of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) surgical risk calculator and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status (PS) classification system in patients undergoing emergency exploratory laparotomy. Methods: This retrospective study included 60 adult patients who underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy for perforation peritonitis. The clinical details, ASA PS classification, laboratory investigations and postoperative course of patients were retrieved from their medical records. Based on these details, APACHE II and ACS-NSQIP were calculated for the patients. The study's primary outcome was the accuracy of the preoperative APACHE II, ACS-NSQIP risk calculator and ASA PS class in predicting the postoperative 30-day mortality of patients. Results: The area under the curve (AUC) of APACHE II, ACS-NSQIP score, and ASA PS classification for mortality 30 days after surgery was 0.737, 0.694 and 0.601, respectively. The P value for the Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) test of scoring systems was 0.05, 0.25 and 0.05, respectively. AUC for postoperative complications was 0.799 for APACHE II, 0.683 for ACS-NSQIP and 0.601 for ASA PS classification. H-L test of these scoring systems for complications after surgery revealed P values of 0.62, 0.36 and 0.53, respectively. Conclusion: Compared to the ACS-NSQIP and ASA PS classification system, the APACHE II score has a better discriminative ability for postoperative complications and mortality in adult patients undergoing emergency exploratory laparotomy.