Cambio cultural en cuidadores indígenas. Bases etnográficas para la enfermería transcultural / Mudança cultural nos cuidadores indígenas. Bases etnográficas para enfermagem transcultural / Cultural change in the indigenous caregivers. Ethnographical bases for transcultural nursing

Este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender las prácticas delos cuidadores indígenas en contexto de cambio cultural. Partede la idea de la necesidad de construir bases etnográficas quesirvan de insumos para la implementación de los enfoquesde salud intercultural y enfermería transcultural, así comoparte de la evidencia que facilite las prácticas de salud, a partirde descripciones competentes que ayuden a comprender ladiversidad cultural de las poblaciones humanas. El abordajemetodológico se realizó desde la investigación cualitativa,con enfoque etnográfico, combinando revisión documental yentrevistas semiestructuradas a 44 personas. Se identificaroncódigos, agrupados en subcategorías y categorías. Se encontraronvarios tipos de cuidadores, de los cuales, se consideraronrelevantes el médico tradicional y la partera. Sus prácticasse basan en saberes de la dimensión material y espiritual,entre las que se destaca el uso de plantas medicinales,rezo, interpretación de los sueños y ceremonias colectivas.Además, su labor depende del reconocimiento social, estatusdel cuidador y rol en la organización social. Los modelosinterculturales deben tener en cuenta a los cuidadores, enel marco de estrategias basadas en el diálogo de saberes yla participación.(AU)

The objective of this study is to understand the practices ofindigenous caregivers in the context of cultural change. Partof the idea of the need to build ethnographic bases that serve as inputs for the implementation of cross-cultural healthand cross-cultural nursing approaches, as well as part of theevidence that facilitates health practices, based on competentdescriptions that help to understand the cultural diversityof human populations. The methodological approach wascarried out from qualitative research, with an ethnographicapproach, combining documentary review and semi-structuredinterviews with 44 people. Codes were identified, grouped intosubcategories and categories. Several types of caregivers werefound, of which the traditional doctor and the midwife wereconsidered relevant. Their practices are based on knowledgeof the material and spiritual dimension, among which theuse of medicinal plants, prayer, dream interpretation andcollective ceremonies is highlighted. In addition, their workdepends on social recognition, caregiver status and rolein social organization. Intercultural models must considercaregivers, within the framework of strategies based on thedialogue of knowledge and participation.(AU)

Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender as práticas decuidadores indígenas no contexto de mudança cultural. Parteda ideia da necessidade de construir bases etnográficas quesirvam de subsídios para a implementação de abordagensinterculturais de saúde e enfermagem transcultural, bemcomo parte das evidências que facilitem as práticas desaúde, a partir de descrições competentes que ajudem acompreender a diversidade cultural das populações humanas.A abordagem metodológica foi realizada a partir de pesquisaqualitativa, com abordagem etnográfica, combinando revisãodocumental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com 44 pessoas.Os códigos foram identificados, agrupados em subcategoriase categorias. Foram encontrados vários tipos de cuidadores,dos quais o médico tradicional e a parteira foram consideradosrelevantes. Suas práticas são baseadas no conhecimento dadimensão material e espiritual, entre as quais se destacam ouso de plantas medicinais, oração, interpretação de sonhose cerimônias coletivas. Além disso, seu trabalho dependede reconhecimento social, status do cuidador e papel naorganização social. Os modelos interculturais devem levarem consideração os cuidadores, no marco de estratégiasbaseadas no diálogo de conhecimento e participação.(AU)

Frequency of hand contact with hospital surfaces in hospitalized pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene (HH) is an important strategy for preventing health-care-associated infections (HAIs). Few programs focus on HH for family members and primary caregivers but fewer for patients. This study aimed to estimate the frequency with which hospitalized pediatric patients have hand contact with hospital surfaces. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive observational study consisting of three phases: the first was the creation of an observation and data collection tool, the second was the training of the monitors, and the third was the observational study of hand contact and HH opportunities in hospitalized pediatric patients. RESULTS: Over 3600 minutes of observation, 2032 HH opportunities were detected, averaging 33.8/h (SD 4.7) as determined by hand contact with hospital surfaces of hospitalized pediatric patients. In our study, infants and preschool children had the highest frequency of hand contact. CONCLUSION: The high frequency of hand contact of hospital surfaces by children suggests that hourly hand disinfection of patients and caregivers, objects and surfaces around the patients may be prevention measures that could be incorporated to reduce HAIs in pediatric hospitals.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La higiene de manos es una estrategia importante para la prevención de infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria. Existen pocos programas centrados en la higiene de manos para los familiares y cuidadores primarios, y aún menos para el paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar la frecuencia con la que los pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados tienen contacto manual con superficies hospitalarias. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal que constó de tres fases: la primera fue la creación de una herramienta de observación y registro de datos; la segunda fue la capacitación de los monitores y la tercera fue el estudio observacional del contacto manual y de las oportunidades de higiene de manos en pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados. RESULTADOS: Durante los 3600 minutos de observación, se detectaron 2032 oportunidades, con una media de 33.8 (DE 4.7) por hora de oportunidades de higiene de manos establecidas por contacto manual con superficies de pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados. Los lactantes y los niños en edad preescolar presentaron la mayor frecuencia de contacto manual. CONCLUSIONES: La alta frecuencia de contacto manual por parte del niño indica que medidas como la desinfección de las manos cada hora del paciente y del cuidador, así como de los objetos y superficies alrededor del paciente, podrían ser medidas útiles que deberían incluirse para prevenir las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud en los hospitales pediátricos.

Evaluation of Anxiety and Vital Signs in Adults Undergoing Different Dental Procedures: A Prospective Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the vital signs related with different dental treatments, and correlate with demographic data and participants' anxiety level. This is a prospective clinical study with 60 participants, divided into 3 groups of dental procedures: (1) restorative treatment, (2) extractions and biopsies, and (3) gingival treatment. A level of anxiety questionnaire before dental procedure proposed by Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale was collected. Respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, temperature and oxygenation were measured before, during and after the procedures. 31 (51.7 %) women and 29 (48.3 %) men were included, with mean age of 41.75 years old. Most participants (50 %) were classified as very little anxious. Diastolic pressure before the procedure was higher for slightly anxious patients when compar ed with very little anxious patients (p=0.028). Systolic pressure before, during and after the procedure was higher for participan ts above 40 years old (p=0,001). Heart rate (p=0,050) and temperature (p=0,041) was higher before the restorative treatment. Anxiety can promote changes in vital signs in the dental environment. Vital signs, sex, age and level of anxiety do influence the blood pressure at different clinical moments. Dental procedures have association with variations in temperature, heart and respiratory rate.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los signos vitales relacionados con diferentes tratamientos dentales y correlacionarlos con datos demográficos y el nivel de ansiedad de los participantes. Este es un estudio clínico prospectivo con 60 participantes, divididos en 3 grupos de procedimientos dentales: (1) tratamiento restaurador, (2) extracciones y biopsias, y (3) tratamiento gingival. Se recogió un cuestionario de nivel de ansiedad antes del procedimiento odontológico propuesto por la Escala de Ansiedad Dental de Corah. Se midieron la frecuencia respiratoria, la presión sistólica y diastólica, la temperatura y la oxigenación antes, durante y después de los procedimientos. Se incluyeron 31 (51,7 %) mujeres y 29 (48,3 %) hombres, con edad media de 41,75 años. La mayoría de los participantes (50 %) fueron clasificados como muy poco ansiosos. La presión diastólica antes del procedimiento fue mayor en los pacientes ligeramente ansiosos en comparación con los pacientes muy poco ansiosos(p=0,028). La presión sistólica antes, durante y después del procedimiento fue mayor para los participantes mayores de 40 años (p=0,001). La frecuencia cardíaca (p=0,050) y la temperatura (p=0,041) fueron mayores antes del tratamiento restaurativo. La ansiedad puede promover cambios en los signos vitales en el entorno dental. Los signos vitales, el sexo, la edad y el nivel de ansiedad sí influyen en la presión arterial en los diferentes momentos clínicos. Los procedimientos dentales tienen asociación con variaciones de temperatura, frecuencia cardíaca y respiratoria.

Frequency of hand contact with hospital surfaces in hospitalized pediatric patients / Frecuencia de contacto de manos de pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados

Abstract Background: Hand hygiene (HH) is an important strategy for preventing health-care-associated infections (HAIs). Few programs focus on HH for family members and primary caregivers but fewer for patients. This study aimed to estimate the frequency with which hospitalized pediatric patients have hand contact with hospital surfaces. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive observational study consisting of three phases: the first was the creation of an observation and data collection tool, the second was the training of the monitors, and the third was the observational study of hand contact and HH opportunities in hospitalized pediatric patients. Results: Over 3600 minutes of observation, 2032 HH opportunities were detected, averaging 33.8/h (SD 4.7) as determined by hand contact with hospital surfaces of hospitalized pediatric patients. In our study, infants and preschool children had the highest frequency of hand contact. Conclusion: The high frequency of hand contact of hospital surfaces by children suggests that hourly hand disinfection of patients and caregivers, objects and surfaces around the patients may be prevention measures that could be incorporated to reduce HAIs in pediatric hospitals.

Resumen Introducción: La higiene de manos es una estrategia importante para la prevención de infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria. Existen pocos programas centrados en la higiene de manos para los familiares y cuidadores primarios, y aún menos para el paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar la frecuencia con la que los pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados tienen contacto manual con superficies hospitalarias. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal que constó de tres fases: la primera fue la creación de una herramienta de observación y registro de datos; la segunda fue la capacitación de los monitores y la tercera fue el estudio observacional del contacto manual y de las oportunidades de higiene de manos en pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados. Resultados: Durante los 3600 minutos de observación, se detectaron 2032 oportunidades, con una media de 33.8 (DE 4.7) por hora de oportunidades de higiene de manos establecidas por contacto manual con superficies de pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados. Los lactantes y los niños en edad preescolar presentaron la mayor frecuencia de contacto manual. Conclusiones: La alta frecuencia de contacto manual por parte del niño indica que medidas como la desinfección de las manos cada hora del paciente y del cuidador, así como de los objetos y superficies alrededor del paciente, podrían ser medidas útiles que deberían incluirse para prevenir las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud en los hospitales pediátricos.

Dificuldades enfrentadas pelos profissionais de saúde no atendimento de emergências em unidades básicas de saúde no Brasil / Difficulties faced by health professionals in emergency care in primary health care units in Brazil / Dificultades enfrentadas por los profesionales de salud en la atención de emergencias en unidades básicas de salud en Brasil

Objetivos: compreender as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos profissionais de saúde para o atendimento de casos de urgências/emergências em unidades básica de saúde e identificar as proposições de resolubilidade. Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com dez profissionais de saúde, em uma unidade básica de saúde do interior paulista. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas utilizando-se a estratégia metodológica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados: As dificuldades foram atreladas a fatores como despreparo da equipe, falta de infraestrutura, insumos e equipamentos, carência de profissional médico, pouca aproximação das unidades básicas de saúde com o setor de emergência hospitalar e escasso investimento do município para realização desses atendimentos. As proposições de melhorias destacaram a necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais de saúde, investimentos em recursos materiais e equipamentos, permanência de médico em período integral no serviço, implantação de protocolos de atendimento e empenho dos gestores. Conclusão: Os discursos evidenciaram que o serviço não tem condições de atender casos de urgência/emergência, em virtude do despreparo da equipe e da falta de recursos humanos e materiais. Além disso, não é prioridade do município oferecer condições mínimas para a realização deste atendimento nas unidades básicas de saúde, para que sejam integrantes da rede de atenção de Atenção às Urgências no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Objective: understand the difficulties health professionals face in urgency/emergency care at primary health care units and identify the propositions of problem-solving ability. Methods: Qualitative research, conducted with ten health professionals at a primary health care unit in the interior of São Paulo. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the methodological strategy of the collective subject discourse. Results: The difficulties were linked to factors such as unpreparedness of the team, lack of infrastructure, supplies and equipment, lack of medical professional, little cooperation between the primary health care units and the hospital emergency sector and scarce investment of the municipality to carry out these services. The proposals for improvements highlighted the need for training of health professionals, investments in material resources and equipment, full-time presence of physician at the service, implementation of care protocols and commitment of managers. Conclusion: The discourse showed that the service is not able to attend urgency/emergency cases, due to the unpreparedness of the team and the lack of human and material resources. In addition, the municipality does not prioritize the supply of minimum conditions for this care in primary health care units to make them part of the emergency care network in the Unified Health System.

Objetivo: comprender las dificultades enfrentadas por los profesionales de salud para la atención de casos de Urgencias/Emergencias en unidades básicas de salud e identificar las proposiciones de resolubilidad. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa, desarrollada con diez profesionales de salud, en una unidad básica de salud del interior paulista. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y analizadas utilizando la estrategia metodológica del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Resultados: Las dificultades fueron ligadas a factores como la falta de preparación del equipo, falta de infraestructura, insumos y equipamientos, carencia de profesional médico, poca aproximación de las unidades básicas de salud con el sector de emergencia hospitalaria y escasa inversión del municipio para realizar esas atenciones. Las propuestas de mejorías destacaron la necesidad de capacitación de los profesionales de salud, inversiones en recursos materiales y equipamientos, permanencia de médico a tiempo completo en el servicio, implantación de protocolos de atención y empeño de los gestores. Conclusión: Los discursos evidenciaron que el servicio no tiene condiciones de atender casos de urgencia/emergencia, en virtud de la falta de preparación del equipo y de la falta de recursos humanos y materiales. Además, no es prioridad del municipio ofrecer condiciones mínimas para la realización de esta atención en las unidades básicas de salud, para que sean integrantes de la red de atención de atención a las urgencias en el Sistema Único de Salud.

Análisis del grado de implantación de las prácticas de prevención de errores de medicación en los hospitales españoles (2022) / Analysis of the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals (2022)

Objetivo conocer el grado de implantación de las prácticas de prevención de errores de medicación en los hospitales españoles. Método estudio descriptivo multicéntrico del grado de implantación de las prácticas seguras recogidas en el «Cuestionario de autoevaluación de la seguridad del uso de los medicamentos en los hospitales. Versión II». Participaron aquellos hospitales españoles que cumplimentaron este cuestionario entre octubre de 2021 y septiembre de 2022. El cuestionario contiene 265 ítems de evaluación agrupados en 10 elementos clave. Se calculó la puntuación media y el porcentaje medio sobre el valor máximo posible para el cuestionario completo, los elementos clave y los ítems de evaluación. Los resultados se compararon con los del estudio realizado en 2011. Resultados participaron 131 hospitales de 15 comunidades autónomas. La puntuación media del cuestionario completo en los hospitales fue de 898,2 (57,4% del valor máximo posible). No se encontraron diferencias según la dependencia, el tamaño o la finalidad asistencial, ni en el cuestionario completo ni en los elementos clave. Presentaron los valores más bajos los elementos clave VIII, I y VI, sobre competencia y formación de los profesionales en prácticas seguras (45,1%), disponibilidad y accesibilidad de la información esencial sobre los pacientes (48%) y dispositivos para la administración de medicamentos (52,3%). Con respecto a 2011, se encontraron aumentos significativos tanto en el cuestionario completo como en los elementos clave, excepto en el V y VII, referentes a la estandarización, almacenamiento y distribución de medicamentos, y a los factores del entorno y recursos humanos. ...(AU)

Objective To assess the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals. Method Descriptive multicenter study of the degree of implementation of the safety practices included in the "Medication use-system safety self-assessment for hospitals. Version. II". Spanish hospitals that completed the questionnaire between October/2021 and September/2022 participated. The survey contains 265 items for evaluation grouped into 10 key elements. Mean score and mean percentages based on the maximum possible values for the overall survey, for the key elements and for each individual item of evaluation were calculated. The results were compared with those of the previous 2011 study. Results A total of 131 hospitals from 15 autonomous regions participated in the study. The mean score of the overall questionnaire in all hospitals was 898.2 (57.4% of the maximum possible score). No differences were found according to dependency, size or type of hospital, either in the overall questionnaire or in the key elements. The lowest values were found for key elements 8, 1 and 6, on competence and training of health professionals in safety practices (45.1%), availability and accessibility of essential information on patients (48%), and devices for administering drugs (52.3%). With respect to 2011, significant increases were found both in the overall questionnaire and in the key elements, except 5 and 7, referring to standardization, storage and distribution of medications, and environmental factors and human resources. Several evaluation items on the safe management of high-risk drugs, medication reconciliation, incorporation of clinical pharmacists into the healthcare teams and implementation of technologies that allow full traceability throughout the medication system, showed low percentages. Conclusions.... (AU)

Análise da teoria da diversidade e universalidade do cuidado cultural de Madeleine Leininger / Analysis of the Madeleine Leininger’s theory of diversity and universality of cultural care / Análisis de la teoría de la diversidad y universalidad del cuidado cultural de Madeleine Leininger

This study aimed to analyze Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Diversity and Universality of Cultural Care. It is a study of interpretive analysis based on the model of theory evaluation proposed by Johnson, carried out in the months of January and February 2022. It is confirmed that Leininger's theory has theoretical consistency and the ability to contribute to practical, scientific and nursing profession. The theory is presented as easy to understand, with accessible and clear language, and presents well-defined concepts that stimulate the formulation of propositions. It presents further variations and assumptions that contribute to the interpretation and understanding of the propositions, as well as theoretical knowledge that helps to explain and make predictions about two phenomena o interest in the disease. To analyze it is possible to show Leininger's theory to theoretical consistency and to the capacity to contribute to nursing practice. The relevance of the application of nursing hairs in various contexts of care is highlighted for the scope of care that is culturally and consistently guided by the context and the needs of two individuals.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la Teoría de la Diversidad y Universalidad del Cuidado Cultural de Madeleine Leininger. Se trata de un estudio de análisis interpretativo basado en el modelo de evaluación de la teoría propuesto por Johnson, realizado en enero y febrero de 2022. Se constató que la teoría de Leininger tiene consistencia teórica y capacidad de contribuir a la práctica, la ciencia y la profesión de enfermería. La teoría es de fácil comprensión, con un lenguaje accesible y claro, y presenta conceptos bien definidos que estimulan la formulación de proposiciones. También presenta variables y supuestos que contribuyen a la interpretación y comprensión de proposiciones, así como conocimientos teóricos que ayudan a explicar y hacer predicciones sobre los fenómenos de interés para la enfermería. El análisis permitió evidenciar en la teoría de Leininger la consistencia teórica y la capacidad de contribuir a la práctica de enfermería. Se destaca la relevancia de la aplicación de los enfermeros en diferentes contextos de trabajo para lograr un cuidado guiado cultural y congruentemente con el contexto y las necesidades de los individuos.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou analisar a Teoria da Diversidade e Universalidade do Cuidado Cultural de Madeleine Leininger. Tratase de um estudo de análise interpretativa baseado no modelo de avaliação de teorias proposto por Johnson, realizado nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2022. Constatouse que a teoria de Leininger possui consistência teórica e capacidade de contribuir para a prática, ciência e profissão de enfermagem. A teoria se apresenta de fácil compreensão, com linguagem acessível e clara, e apresenta conceitos bem delimitados que estimulam a formulação de proposições. Apresenta ainda variáveis e suposições que contribuem para a interpretação e compreensão das proposições, assim como conhecimento teórico que auxilia a explicar e fazer predições acerca dos fenômenos de interesse da enfermagem. A análise possibilitou evidenciar na teoria de Leininger a consistência teórica e a capacidade de contribuir para a prática de enfermagem. Destacase a relevância da aplicação da pelos enfermeiros em diversos contextos de atuação para o alcance de um cuidado culturalmente e congruentemente pautado no contexto e nas necessidades dos indivíduos.(AU)

[Challenges and initiatives in the prevention of healthcare associated infections: Expert consensus study]. / Retos e iniciativas en la prevención de las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria: estudio de consenso de expertos.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the project was to identify new strategies, agreed upon by experts, that help reduce the prevalence of Health Care Related Infections (HAIs) given the increase in their prevalence as a result of the pandemic and improve patient safety. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The project was developed in three phases. The first two are framed in a sequential explanatory mixed model. Phase 1 consisted of a quantitative study (anonymous survey) to find out the perception of healthcare professionals about HAIs, risk factors, preventive measures, protocols, disinfection products and approaches. Phase 2 consisted of a qualitative exploratory study in which a panel of 15 experts analyzed the results, using focus group techniques, integrating both phases through the elaboration of metainferences. Phase 3 consisted of a qualitative descriptive study where, through nominal group techniques, agreed proposals for strategies to prevent HAIs were prepared. RESULTS: The panel of experts defined a total of 51 proposals for new strategies: 15 in hand hygiene, 13 in surface cleaning, 13 in the use of devices, and 10 in HAI prevention training. Of all of them, 13 were agreed upon as preferable (medium-high viability and high impact) and 7 as recommendable (low viability and high impact). CONCLUSIONS: In the prevention of HAIs, experts recommend applying different strategies simultaneously, which include innovative, technological and humanization aspects, both in data collection, intervention and training, prioritizing those with the greatest impact. and feasibility.

[Translated article] Analysis of the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals (2022).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals. METHOD: Descriptive multicenter study of the degree of implementation of the safety practices included in the "Medication use-system safety self-assessment for hospitals. Version. II". Spanish hospitals that completed the questionnaire between October, 2021 and September, 2022 participated. The survey contains 265 items for evaluation grouped into 10 key elements. Mean score and mean percentages based on the maximum possible values for the overall survey, for the key elements, and for each individual item of evaluation were calculated. The results were compared with those of the previous 2011 study. RESULTS: A total of 131 hospitals from 15 autonomous regions participated in the study. The mean score of the overall questionnaire in all hospitals was 898.2 (57.4% of the maximum possible score). No differences were found according to dependency, size, or type of hospital, either in the overall questionnaire or in the key elements. The lowest values were found for key elements VIII, I and VI, on competence and training of health professionals in safety practices (45.1%), availability and accessibility of essential information on patients (48%), and devices for administering drugs (52.3%). With respect to 2011, significant increases were found both in the overall questionnaire and in the key elements, except V and VII, referring to standardization, storage, and distribution of medications, and environmental factors and human resources. Several evaluation items on the safe management of high-risk drugs, medication reconciliation, incorporation of clinical pharmacists into the healthcare teams, and implementation of technologies that allow full traceability throughout the medication system, showed low percentages. CONCLUSIONS: There has been appreciable progress in the degree of implementation of some medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals, but many proven efficacy practices recommended by the World Health Organization and safety organizations are still poorly implemented. The information obtained can be useful for prioritizing the practices to be addressed and as a new baseline for monitoring progress.

Analysis of the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals (2022). / Análisis del grado de implantación de las prácticas de prevención de errores de medicación en los hospitales españoles (2022).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals. METHOD: Descriptive multicenter study of the degree of implementation of the safety practices included in the "Medication use-system safety self-assessment for hospitals. Version. II". Spanish hospitals that completed the questionnaire between October/2021 and September/2022 participated. The survey contains 265 items for evaluation grouped into 10 key elements. Mean score and mean percentages based on the maximum possible values for the overall survey, for the key elements and for each individual item of evaluation were calculated. The results were compared with those of the previous 2011 study. RESULTS: A total of 131 hospitals from 15 autonomous regions participated in the study. The mean score of the overall questionnaire in all hospitals was 898.2 (57.4% of the maximum possible score). No differences were found according to dependency, size or type of hospital, either in the overall questionnaire or in the key elements. The lowest values were found for key elements 8, 1 and 6, on competence and training of health professionals in safety practices (45.1%), availability and accessibility of essential information on patients (48%), and devices for administering drugs (52.3%). With respect to 2011, significant increases were found both in the overall questionnaire and in the key elements, except 5 and 7, referring to standardization, storage and distribution of medications, and environmental factors and human resources. Several evaluation items on the safe management of high-risk drugs, medication reconciliation, incorporation of clinical pharmacists into the healthcare teams and implementation of technologies that allow full traceability throughout the medication system, showed low percentages CONCLUSIONS: There has been appreciable progress in the degree of implementation of some medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals, but many proven efficacy practices recommended by the World Health Organization and safety organizations are still poorly implemented. The information obtained can be useful for prioritizing the practices to be addressed and as a new baseline for monitoring progress.

Papel de la persona navegadora del paciente en el cáncer de pulmón / The Role of the Navigator Person for a Patient with Lung Cancer

Introducción: la medicina basada en el valor ha logrado mejorar la calidad de atención del paciente y/o la satisfacción de las personas, reduciendo costos y obteniendo mejores resultados. Se apoya sobre tres pilares básicos: la medicina basada en la evidencia, la atención centralizada en el paciente, y la sustentabilidad. Sin embargo, existen pocas publicaciones sobre la estrategia de personas navegadoras para pacientes con cáncer de pulmón, que podrían ser una herramienta clave para brindar apoyo, asegurando que tengan acceso al conocimiento y los recursos necesarios a fin de completar la vía de atención clínica recomendada. Estado del arte: se trata de una intervención en salud cuyo objetivo principal es lograr vencer las barreras relacionadas con la atención (p. ej., logísticas, burocrático-administrativas, de comunicación y financieras) para poder mejorar la calidad y el acceso a la salud en el marco de la atención del cáncer. Estas personas cumplen un papel de guía para pacientes durante el proceso de diagnóstico y tratamiento activo. Su labor consiste en vincular al paciente con los proveedores clínicos, brindar un sistema de apoyo, asegurar un acompañamiento individualizado, garantizar que tengan acceso al conocimiento y a los recursos necesarios para completar el seguimiento y/o tratamiento adecuado. Discusión/Conclusión: indudablemente, es un elemento cada vez más reconocido en los programas de cáncer, centrado en el paciente y de alta calidad. Su implementación será de especial interés en la Unidad de Práctica Integrada para personas con cáncer de pulmón. (AU)

Introduction: Value-based medicine has succeeded in improving the quality of patient care and or patient satisfaction, reducing costs, and obtaining better outcomes. It rests on three fundamental pillars: evidence-based medicine, patient-centered care, and sustainability. However, there are few publications on the people navigator strategy for lung cancer patients, which could be a crucial tool for providing support, ensuring that they have access to the knowledge and resources needed to complete the recommended clinical care pathway. State of the art: It is a health intervention whose main objective is to overcome care-related barriers (e.g., logistical, bureaucratic-administrative, communication, and financial) to improve quality and access to health in the context of cancer care. These individuals play a guiding role for patients during the diagnostic and active treatment process. Their job is to link the patient with clinical providers, provide a support system, ensure individualized accompaniment, and guarantee that they get access to the knowledge and resources necessary to complete the appropriate follow-up and, or treatment. Discussion/Conclusion: Undoubtedly, patient navigators represent an increasingly recognized element of high-quality, patient-centered cancer programs. Its implementation will be of specific interest in the Integrated Practice Unit for people with lung cancer. (AU)

Retos de la investigación en la evaluación de la nutrición y la salud de los inmigrantes: Una revisión narrativa / Research challenges in the assessment of immigrants' nutrition and health: A narrative review

Introducción: Esta revisión narrativa examina los métodos de investigación utilizados para comprender los hábitosalimentarios y el acceso a la salud de los migrantes vulnerables. A menudo se enfrentan a retos que afectan a sus hábitosalimentarios y a su bienestar general. Esta revisión plantea cuestiones metodológicas que los investigadores debenabordar, como la sensibilidad cultural, las barreras lingüísticas, la orientación de los investigadores sobre la selección deherramientas y estrategias adecuadas para garantizar la solidez de su investigación. Objetivos: Esta revisión contribuye a mejorar el rigor metodológico de futuros estudios e informa las intervencionesbasadas en la evidencia, dirigidas a abordar las disparidades en salud y nutrición dentro de las poblaciones inmigrantes vulnerables y destaca la colaboración interdisciplinaria para mejorar las intervenciones dirigidas a promover hábitosalimentarios más saludables entre esta población. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos académicas para identificar bibliografía relevantecentrada en los métodos de investigación y nutrición y salud en inmigrantes. Se incluyeron tanto estudios cualitativoscomo cuantitativos publicados en la última década. Los estudios seleccionados se revisaron críticamente para analizarlas metodologías empleadas, los retos afrontados y los principales hallazgos obtenidos. Conclusiones: Esta revisión destaca la necesidad de adaptaciones metodológicas específicas para cada contexto ysubraya la importancia de la sensibilidad cultural y la colaboración entre investigadores, profesionales y responsablespolíticos para desarrollar intervenciones específicas que promuevan prácticas alimentarias más saludables y mejoren elbienestar de los inmigrantes en circunstancias vulnerables.(AU)

Introduction: This narrative review examines the research methods and analytical approaches used to understand thedietary habits and health access of vulnerable migrants. They often face unique challenges that affect their eating habitsand overall well-being. This review raises methodological issues that researchers must grapple with, including culturalsensitivity, language barriers, the collection of accurate nutrition data, and guidance to researchers on selectingappropriate tools and strategies to ensure the robustness of their research. Objectives: This review contributes to enhancing the methodological rigor of future studies and informs evidence-basedinterventions aimed at addressing healthcare and nutrition disparities within vulnerable immigrant populations, andhighlights the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance the effectiveness of interventions targeted at promotinghealthier eating habits among vulnerable immigrants from different countries. Methods: A systematic search of academic databases was conducted to identify relevant literature focusing on theresearch methods and nutrition and health in immigrants. Both qualitative and quantitative studies published within the lastdecade were included. The selected studies were critically reviewed to analyze the methodologies employed, thechallenges faced, and the key findings obtained. Conclusion: This review highlights the need for context-specific methodological adaptations, and emphasizes theimportance of cultural sensitivity and collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to develop targetedinterventions that promote healthier dietary practices and improve the well-being of immigrants in vulnerable circumstances.(AU)

Clinimetric properties of the Perme Intensive Care Unit Mobility Score -a multicenter study for minimum important difference and responsiveness analysis

Background: The use of instruments in clinical practice with measurement properties tested is highly recommended, in order to provide adequate assessment and measurement of outcomes. Objective: To calculate the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) and responsiveness of the Perme Intensive Care Unit Mobility Score (Perme Score). Methods: This retrospective, multicentric study investigated the clinimetric properties of MCID, estimated by constructing the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Maximizing sensitivity and specificity by Youden's, the ROC curve calibration was performed by the Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Additionally, we established the responsiveness, floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency, and predictive validity of the Perme Score. Results: A total of 1.200 adult patients records from four mixed general intensive care units (ICUs) were included. To analyze which difference clinically reflects a relevant evolution we calculated the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.95-0.98), and the optimal cut-off value of 7.0 points was established. No substantial floor (8.8%) or ceiling effects (4.9%) were observed at ICU discharge. However, a moderate floor effect was observed at ICU admission (19.3%), in contrast to a very low incidence of ceiling effect (0.6%). The Perme Score at ICU admission was associated with hospital mortality, OR 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82-0.91), and the predictive validity for ICU stay presented a mean ratio of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96-0.98). Conclusion: Our findings support the establishment of the minimum clinically important difference and responsiveness of the Perme Score as a measure of mobility status in the ICU.

Antecedentes: Se recomienda encarecidamente el uso de instrumentos en la práctica clínica con propiedades de medición probadas, con el fin de proporcionar una evaluación y medición adecuada de los resultados. Objetivo: Calcular la diferencia mínima clínicamente importante (MCID) y la capacidad de respuesta de la puntuación de movilidad de la unidad de cuidados intensivos de Perme (Perme Score). Métodos: Este estudio multicéntrico retrospectivo investigó las propiedades clinimétricas de MCID, estimadas mediante la construcción de la característica operativa del receptor (ROC). Maximizando la sensibilidad y especificidad mediante la prueba de Youden, la calibración de la curva ROC se realizó mediante la prueba de bondad de ajuste de Hosmer y Lemeshow. Además, establecimos la capacidad de respuesta, los efectos suelo y techo, la consistencia interna y la validez predictiva del Perme Score. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 1,200 registros de pacientes adultos de cuatro unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) generales mixtas. Para analizar qué diferencia refleja clínicamente una evolución relevante calculamos el área bajo la curva (AUC) de 0.96 (95% CI: 0.95-0.98); y se estableció el valor de corte óptimo de 7.0 puntos. No se observaron efectos suelo (8.8%) o techo (4.9%) sustanciales al alta de la UCI. Sin embargo, se observó un efecto suelo moderado al ingreso en la UCI (19.3%), en contraste con una incidencia muy baja del efecto techo (0.6%). El Perme Score al ingreso en UCI se asoció con la mortalidad hospitalaria, OR 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82-0.91), y la validez predictiva de estancia en UCI presentó una relación media de 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96-0.98). Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos respaldan el establecimiento de la diferencia mínima clínicamente importante y la capacidad de respuesta de el Perme Score como medida del estado de movilidad en la UCI.

Creencias y prácticas para el cuidado de la salud de las personas sordas de Antioquia

Objetivo: Describir las creencias y prácticas para el cuidado de la salud de personas sordas de Antioquia, con el fin de identificar necesidades en educación para la salud de esta población. Metodología: estudio cualitativo, con técnicas etnográficas, enmarcado en una investigación acción participación Se condujeron 24 entrevistas semiestructuradas y 4 grupos focales con personas sordas, en encuentros mediados por un intérprete oficial de la lengua de señas colombiana, de los que se registró video y audio, para su posterior transcripción y análisis. Resultados: Emergieron denuncias relacionadas con la barrera lingüística que les impide conocer sobre el cuidado de la salud; también surgieron creencias y prácticas adquiridas en el hogar y con pares acerca la salud sexual y reproductiva, la salud mental y los estilos de vida. Los participantes manifestaron inquietudes y preocupaciones sobre el cuidado, la salud y la enfermedad, que no han sido abordadas con claridad y en su propia lengua. Conclusiones: Las personas sordas reclaman educación para el cuidado de la salud, de calidad y bajo un enfoque diferencial, que contribuya a su autonomía, autodeterminación y al goce efectivo del derecho a la salud.

Objective: To describe the beliefs and practices for health care of deaf people in Antioquia, in order to identify health education needs of this population. Methodology: qualitative study with ethnographic techniques framed in a participatory action research; 22 semi-structured interviews and 4 focus groups were conducted with deaf people, in meetings mediated by an official interpreter of the Colombian Sign Language, of which video and audio were recorded for later transcription and analysis. Results: Complaints related to the language barrier that prevents them from knowing about health care emerged; beliefs and practices acquired at home and with peers about sexual and reproductive health, mental health, and lifestyles. The participants expressed concerns about care, health and illness that have not been addressed clearly and in their own language. Conclusions: Deaf people demand quality health care education under a differential approach, which will contribute to their autonomy, self-determination and the effective enjoyment of the right to health.

Objetivo: Descrever as crenças e práticas de atenção à saúde de pessoas surdas em Antioquia, a fim de identificar as necessidades de educação em saúde dessa população. Metodologia: estudo qualitativo com técnicas etnográficas, enquadrado numa pesquisa-ação participante; Foram realizadas 22 entrevistas semiestruturadas e 4 grupos focais com pessoas surdas, em encontros mediados por um intérprete oficial da Língua de Sinais Colombiana, dos quais foram gravados vídeo e áudio para posterior transcrição e análise. Resultados: Emergiram queixas relacionadas à barreira da língua que os impede de saber sobre os cuidados de saúde; crenças e práticas adquiridas em casa e com colegas sobre saúde sexual e reprodutiva, saúde mental e estilos de vida. Os participantes expressaram preocupações e preocupações sobre cuidados, saúde e doença que não foram abordadas de forma clara e em sua própria linguagem. Conclusões: Os surdos demandam uma educação em saúde de qualidade sob um enfoque diferenciador, que contribua para sua autonomia, autodeterminação e gozo efetivo do direito à saúde.

Enfermería transcultural como método para la gestión del cuidado / Transcultural nursing as an approach to care management

El objetivo general de la investigación fue describir la enfermería transcultural como método para la gestión del cuidado. Método: El planteamiento formulado por los investigadores se basó en el enfoque cuantitativo, con una metodología descriptiva con diseño no experimental. Se apoyó en el análisis documental­bibliográfico. Se organizó un proceso investigativo en donde la población de estudio se basó primordialmente en tesis y artículos científicos arbitrados. Resultados: Las desigualdades en la atención médica, causadas por las diferencias culturales en el acceso a la calidad de la atención, se manifiestan principalmente en edad, género, raza, etnia, educación, ingresos y discapacidad. En conclusión: La promoción de la enfermería transcultural se fortalece facilitando las herramientas, la formación y actualización de los profesionales existentes y las nuevas generaciones desde una preparación integral desde el conocimiento. Se deben desarrollar modelos para la gestión del cuidado, enfatizando en el respeto de los valores, creencias y patrones.

The overall objective of the research was to describe transcultural nursing as a method for care management. Method: The approach formulated by the researchers was based on the quantitative approach with a descriptive methodology with a non-experimental design, which was supported by documentary-bibliographic analysis. A research process was organized in which the study population was based primarily on theses and peer-reviewed scientific articles. Results: Inequalities in health care caused by cultural differences in access to quality of care and are manifested primarily in age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, income, disability. In conclusion: The promotion of transcultural nursing is strengthened by facilitating the tools, training and updating of existing professionals and new generations from a comprehensive preparation from knowledge, developing models for care management emphasizing respect for values, beliefs, patterns.

Ley Trans, liberum arbitrium / Transgender law, liberum arbitrium

La nueva ley sobre la igualdad de las personas trans y la garantía de derechos de las personas LGTBI (Ley 4/2023, de 28 de febrero) ha sido una ley discutida y criticada por algunos grupos de profesionales de la medicina que atienden a la población infantil. Las críticas desde el ámbito médico y pediátrico se pueden hacer siempre ante cualquier ley que consideremos que afecta a los derechos sanitarios de los menores. Lo que sucede es que algunas de esas críticas son sobre aspectos que no se recogen en la ley. En el siguiente artículo analizaremos lo que dice la ley, lo que dicen algunas asociaciones de profesionales y lo que dice la legislación sobre los derechos sanitarios del menor, con el fin de contribuir al debate de esos controvertidos aspectos de la ley (AU)

The new law on the equality of trans people and the guarantee of rights of LGTBI people (Law 4/2023, February 28th) has been discussed by some groups of medical professionals that have shown their disagreement.In relation to any law, criticism can be made from the medical or pediatric field; whenever it affects the rights of minors. However, criticisms, if they exist, should be made about what the law says, not about other aspects.In the following article we will analyze what the law says, what some professional associations say and what the legislation says about the health rights of minors, in order to contribute to the debate on these controversial aspects of the law. (AU)

Factors from healthcare delivery affecting breast cancer survival in a health area of Northern of Spain.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical breast cancer decision-making significantly affects life expectancy and management of hospital resources. The aims of the present study were to estimate the time of survival for breast cancer patients and to identify independent factors from healthcare delivery associated with survival rates in a specific health area of Northern of Spain. METHODS: Survival analysis was conducted among a cohort of 2545 patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 2006 and 2012 from the population breast cancer registry of Asturias-Spain and followed up till 2019. Adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify the independent prognostic factors of all-cause from death. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate was 80%. Advanced age (>80 years) (hazard ratio, HR: 4.35; 95% confidence interval, CI: 3.41-5.54), hospitalization in small hospitals (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.09-1.97), treatment in oncology wards (HR: 3.57; 95% CI: 2.41-5.27), and length of stay >30 days (HR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.32-3.79) were the main predictors of death. By contrast, breast cancer suspected via screening was associated with a lower risk of death (HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.35-0.87). CONCLUSION: There is room for improvement in survival rates after breast cancer in the health area of Asturias (Northern of Spain). Some healthcare delivery factors, and other clinical characteristics of the tumor influence the survival of breast cancer patients. Strengthening population screening programs could be relevant to increasing survival rates.

[Primary care pathways and locations during the pandemic in a rural area of Alicante]. / Vías y lugares de atención primaria durante la pandemia en una zona rural de Alicante.

This paper describes the means of health care used in a primary health care centre (PHCC) in a rural area to care for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. After conducting a cross-sectional study using health questionnaire with 243 patients (100 COVID-19 and 143 other pathologies), we observed that general medical care was 100% by telephone, and little use was made of the portal for citizen information and appointment requests of the Conselleria de Sanitat de la Comunidad Valenciana. Nursing attended 100% by telephone, as did the PHCC doctors and the PHCC emergencies; in the case of taking samples, blood samples and wound care it was face-to-face (men 91%, women 88%), and at home (9% and 12%). In conclusion, different care patterns are observed according to the PHCC professionals, and the need to improve the online pathway with care management.

Efficacy and marginal cost of treatment with tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients. / Resultados en la práctica asistencial y coste marginal del tratamiento con tocilizumab en pacientes COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the marginal cost and survival of patients treated with tocilizumab in a university hospital under real-life conditions and to evaluate factors that could influence costs and health outcomes will be evaluated. METHODS: Observational, single-center, retrospective study of a cohort of adult patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 treated with tocilizumab. The one-year restricted mean survival time was analyzed in life-years gained (LYG). The influence of sex, age and severity on patient survival was evaluated. The marginal cost/LYG and marginal cost/survivor ratios were calculated. RESULTS: 508 patients (66 ± 13 years; 32% women) were included. Seventeen percent were admitted to the ICU. Overall survival was 77%. Age older than 71.5 years (HR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.07-1.10; p < 0.001) and ICU admission at initiation of treatment (HR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.30-3.09; p = 0.002) were identified as risk factors. The total budgetary impact of tocilizumab in the period analyzed was 206,466 euros. The patients with the highest cost per unit of health outcome were those admitted to the ICU and those over 71.5 years, with a marginal cost/LYG of € 966 and a marginal cost/survivor of € 1,136. CONCLUSION: The efficiency of treatment with tocilizumab is associated with the age and severity of the patients. The figures are lower in all subgroups than the thresholds usually used in cost-effectiveness evaluations. The results of the present study suggest that early first dose of tocilizumab is an efficient strategy.

[Translated article] Efficacy and marginal cost of treatment with tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the marginal cost and survival of patients treated with tocilizumab in a university hospital under real-life conditions and to evaluate factors that could influence costs and health outcomes will be evaluated. METHODS: Observational, single-center, retrospective study of a cohort of adult patients infected with SARS-COV2 treated with tocilizumab. The 1 year restricted mean survival time was analyzed in life-years gained (LYG). The influence of sex, age and severity on patient survival was evaluated. The marginal cost/LYG and marginal cost/survivor ratios were calculated. RESULTS: 508 patients (66 ±â€¯13 years; 32% women) were included. Seventeen percent were admitted to the ICU. Overall survival was 77%. Age older than 71.5 years (HR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.07-1.10; p < 0.001) and ICU admission at initiation of treatment (HR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.30-3.09; p = 0.002) were identified as risk factors. The total budgetary impact of tocilizumab in the period analyzed was 206,466 euros. The patients with the highest cost per unit of health outcome were those admitted to the ICU and those over 71.5 years, with a marginal cost/LYG of €966 and a marginal cost/survivor of €1136. CONCLUSION: The efficiency of treatment with tocilizumab is associated with the age and severity of the patients. The figures are lower in all subgroups than the thresholds usually used in cost-effectiveness evaluations. The results of the present study suggest that early first dose of tocilizumab is an efficient strategy.