Intrahepatic bile ductal ectasia in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease evaluated by fetal magnetic resonance imaging: a more frequent complication.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate liver malformations and intrahepatic bile ductal ectasia and dilatation (IBDED) in cases of prenatal diagnosis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: This retrospective study involved 209 cases referred for fetal MRI studies (f-MRI) from March 2004 and December 2019, suspicious of congenital renal disease. Fetuses that met the criteria for ARPKD were selected. RESULTS: Six cases were diagnosed as ARPKD (2.8%). The median gestational age at MRI examination was 28 weeks (24-36 weeks). IBDED was observed in 84% of cases. Moreover, 66% presented multilobar liver lesions, and 33% exhibited monolobar lesions. The "central dot sign" (CDS) was found in half of the cases. CONCLUSION: In this case series of prenatal diagnosis of ARPKD using f-MRI, IBDED was present in the majority of the cases, and the CDS was noted in half of the cases.

Actualización en enfermedad renal poliquística / Update on polycystic kidney disease

Resumen Introducción. La enfermedad renal poliquística (PKD, por su sigla en inglés) es una enfermedad genética frecuente en la que se desarrollan de forma progresiva lesiones quísticas que reemplazan el parénquima renal. Es una causa de insuficiencia renal terminal y una indicación común para diálisis y trasplante renal. Existen dos presentaciones de PKD que se distinguen por sus patrones de herencia: la enfermedad renal poliquística dominante (ADPKD, por su sigla en inglés) y la enfermedad renal poliquística recesiva (ARPKD, por su sigla en inglés). Objetivo. Resumir los aspectos más relevantes de la enfermedad renal: epidemiología, fisiopatología, diagnóstico, manifestaciones clínicas, tratamiento y pronóstico. Materiales y métodos. Revisión sistemática de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, Lilacs, UptoDate y Medline con los siguientes términos: enfermedades renales poliquísticas, riñón poliquístico autosómico dominante y riñón poliquístico autosómico recesivo. Resultados. Se encontraron 271 artículos y se escogieron 64 con base en su importancia. Conclusiones. Todo paciente con enfermedad renal poliquística en insuficiencia renal grado V debe ser estudiado para un trasplante renal; en la mayoría de los casos no se encontrará contraindicación para realizarlo.

Abstract Introduction: Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common genetic disease in which cystic lesions develop and progressively replace the renal parenchyma. This is a cause of end-stage kidney disease and a common indication for dialysis and kidney transplantation. These disease presents in two forms, which can be differentiated by their inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Objective: To present a brief account of the most relevant aspects of kidney disease: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis. Materials and methods: Systematic literature review conducted in the PubMed, Lilacs, UptoDate and Medline databases with the following terms: polycystic kidney diseases, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney. Results: 271 articles were found and 64 were chosen based on their relevance. Conclusions: All autosomal polycystic kidney disease patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease should be considered for transplantation, since it is not contraindicated in most cases.

Prenatal Diagnosis of Caroli Disease Associated With Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease by 3-D Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

BACKGROUND: Caroli disease is a very rare congenital anomaly characterized by non-obstructive saccular or fusiform dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. It is associated with bile stagnation and hepatolithiasis, which explain the recurrent cholangitis and portal hypertension as a consequence of congenital liver fibrosis. Although there are several reports of diagnosis in childhood and adult life, the prenatal diagnosis using conventional 2-D ultrasound is rare, with few reports in the literature. CASE: We present a case of a 26-year-old primigravid woman at 24 weeks of gestation which 3-D ultrasound in the rendering mode clearly revealed the enlarged fetal kidneys and the increased abdominal volume, confirming the diagnosis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. The MRI was essential to the prenatal diagnosis of Caroli disease, identifying the congenital saccular dilations of intrahepatic bile ducts.

Clinical aspects of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease / Aspectos clínicos da doença renal policística autossômica recessiva DRPAR

INTRODUÇÃO: A Doença Renal Policística Autossômica Recessiva (DRPAR) é uma causa importante de morbidade e mortalidade pediátricas, com um espectro variável de manifestações clínicas. MÉTODOS: A apresentação e evolução clínica de 25 pacientes (Pts) foram analisadas através da revisão de prontuários, aplicando-se os formulários propostos por Guay-Woodford et al. As morbidades associadas à doença foram avaliadas quanto à frequência e à idade de manifestação. RESULTADOS: A idade média de diagnóstico foi de 61,45 meses (0 a 336,5 meses), com distribuição similar entre os sexos (52 por cento dos pts do sexo feminino). Houve histórico familiar da doença em 20 por cento dos casos (5/25), com dois casos de consanguinidade. Na análise inicial, diagnosticou-se hipertensão arterial (HAS) em 56 por cento dos Pts (14/25); doença renal crônica estágio > 2 (DRC > 2) em 24 por cento (6/25); infecções do trato urinário (ITU) em 40 por cento (10/25) e hipertensão portal (HP) em 32 por cento dos casos (8/25). Das ultrassonografias abdominais iniciais, 80 por cento demonstraram rins ecogênicos com cistos grosseiros e 64 por cento detectaram fígado e vias biliares normais. Inibidores da ECA foram utilizados em 36 por cento dos Pts, betabloqueadores em 20 por cento, bloqueadores de canais de cálcio em 28 por cento e diuréticos em 36 por cento dos casos. Na análise final, após um tempo de acompanhamento médio de 152,2 meses (29,8 a 274,9 meses), HAS foi diagnosticada em 76 por cento dos Pts, DRC > 2 em 44 por cento, ITU em 52 por cento e HP em 68 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: As altas morbidade e mortalidade associadas à DRPAR justificam a construção de um banco de dados internacional, visando ao estabelecimento de um tratamento de suporte precoce.

INTRODUCTION: Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) is an important pediatric cause of morbidity and mortality, with a variable clinical spectrum. METHODS: The clinical presentation and evolution of 25 patients (Pts) were analyzed by clinical record review, according to the forms proposed by Guay-Woodford et al. Morbidities associated with the disease were evaluated with respect to their frequencies and age of onset. RESULTS: The median age at the diagnosis was 61.45 months (0 to 336.5 months), with similar gender distribution (52 percent of the patients were female). A family ARPKD history was found in 20 percent of the cases (5/25), two of them associated with consanguinity. On arrival, arterial hypertension (SAH) was diagnosed in 56 percent of the Pts (14/25); chronic kidney disease stage > 2 (CKD > 2) in 24 percent (6/25); urinary tract infection (UTI) in 40 percent (10/25); and portal hypertension (PH) in 32 percent of the cases (8/25). Eighty percent of the initial abdominal ultrasonograms detected echogenic kidneys with gross cysts and 64 percent demonstrated normal liver and biliary ducts. ACE inhibitors were used in 36 percent of the analyzed patients, beta-blockers in 20 percent, calcium channel blockers in 28 percent, and diuretics in 36 percent of them. In the final evaluation, after an average follow-up time of 152.2 months (29.8 to 274.9 months), SAH was detected in 76 percent of the cases, CKD > 2 in 44 percent, UTI in 52 percent and PH in 68 percent. CONCLUSION: The high morbidity and mortality associated with ARPKD justify the assembly of an international database, with the aim of establishing an early therapeutic support.

Doença renal policística autossômica recessiva: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: case report and review

A doença renal policística autossômica recessiva é uma desordem herdada com dilatações císticas nos ductos coletores freqüentemente associada com envolvimento hepático, hipertensão, insuficiência renal, hipertensão portal e retardo de crescimento. Mutações no gene PKHD1 (polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1) são responsáveis por todas as formas típicas desta enfermidade. Criança do sexo feminino, recém-nascida, primogênita de uma gestação normal, com peso de 2.470g apresentou massa abdominal palpável. A família não apresenta história para doença policística renal. Hipertensão arterial foi diagnosticada aos três meses. Exames laboratoriais normais. Tomografia abdominal demonstrou que ambos os rins estavam aumentados (7,8cm para o rim direito e 7,9cm rim esquerdo, em plano longitudinal), apresentando hiperecogenicidade cortical e fígado normal. A pressão arterial está parcialmente controlada com captopril, hidralazina e hidroclorotiazida após um ano de seguimento. Apresenta desenvolvimento neurológico e função renal normais. A grande maioria das crianças afetadas com ARPKD desenvolvem precocemente hipertensão arterial e precisam de rigoroso controle. Relatamos um caso diagnosticado ao nascimento e bem controlado clinicamente até o momento, com um ano de idade.

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an inherited disorder with cystic dilatations of the collecting ducts, frequently associated with hepatic involvement, hypertension, renal failure, portal hypertension and growth retardation. Mutations in the PKHD1 (polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1) gene are responsible for all typical forms of this disease. A female newborn, firstborn of a normal pregnancy, weighing 2,470 g, presented palpable bilateral abdominal masses. Family history was negative for polycystic kidney disease. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed at three months of age. Laboratory tests were normal. Abdominal CT scan showed that both kidneys were enlarged (right kidney with 7.8 cm and left kidney with 7.9 cm, longitudinal plane), presenting cortical hyperechogenicity, and normal liver. Blood pressure was partially controlled by captopril, hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide after one year of follow-up. The patient presents normal neurological development and normal kidney function. Children affected with ARPKD frequently develop arterial hypertension and require rigorous control. We report a case diagnosed at birth and clinically well-controlled so far, at the age of one year.