Is Open Science Neoliberal?

The scientific-reform movement, frequently referred to as open science, has the potential to substantially reshape the nature of the scientific activity. For this reason, its sociopolitical antecedents and consequences deserve serious scholarly attention. In a recently formed literature that professes to meet this need, it has been widely argued that the movement is neoliberal. However, for two reasons it is hard to justify this widescale attribution: First, the critics mistakenly represent the movement as a monolithic structure, and second, the critics' arguments associating the movement with neoliberalism because of the movement's (a) preferential focus on methodological issues, (b) underlying philosophy of science, and (c) allegedly promarket ideological proclivities reflected in the methodology and science-policy proposals do not hold under closer scrutiny. These shortcomings show a lack of sufficient engagement with the reform literature. What is needed is more nuanced accounts of the sociopolitical underpinnings of scientific reform. To address this need, we propose a model for the analysis of reform proposals, which represents scientific methodology, axiology, science policy, and ideology as interconnected but relatively distinct domains, and thus allows for recognizing the divergent tendencies in the movement and the uniqueness of particular proposals.

Existential and Spiritual Attitudes of Polish Medical and Nursing Staff towards Death.

Issues related to death are difficult areas of human existence and are most often considered in terms of ethical or non-ethical behaviour. The aim of the research was to examine the attitudes of Polish medical and nursing personnel towards death. The research was conducted among medical (110 people) and nursing staff (110 people) working in Polish hospitals and representing 16 regions. The Questionnaire About Attitudes to Death (DAP-R-PL) was used. The attitude of medical staff, taking into account the holistic approach to the patient in his existential-spiritual dimension, is an extremely important element of professional care. The study outlines the attitudes of medical and nursing staff towards death. Medical personnel under examination demonstrate a mature attitude towards death. In light of this research, health care workers show great commitment to helping dying people with existential and spiritual needs.

Population ethical intuitions.

Is humanity's existence worthwhile? If so, where should the human species be headed in the future? In part, the answers to these questions require us to morally evaluate the (potential) human population in terms of its size and aggregate welfare. This assessment lies at the heart of population ethics. Our investigation across nine experiments (N = 5776) aimed to answer three questions about how people aggregate welfare across individuals: (1) Do they weigh happiness and suffering symmetrically?; (2) Do they focus more on the average or total welfare of a given population?; and (3) Do they account only for currently existing lives, or also lives that could yet exist? We found that, first, participants believed that more happy than unhappy people were needed in order for the whole population to be net positive (Studies 1a-c). Second, participants had a preference both for populations with greater total welfare and populations with greater average welfare (Study 3a-d). Their focus on average welfare even led them (remarkably) to judge it preferable to add new suffering people to an already miserable world, as long as this increased average welfare. But, when prompted to reflect, participants' preference for the population with the better total welfare became stronger. Third, participants did not consider the creation of new people as morally neutral. Instead, they viewed it as good to create new happy people and as bad to create new unhappy people (Studies 2a-b). Our findings have implications for moral psychology, philosophy and global priority setting.

Decision-Based Epistemology: sketching a systematic framework of Feyerabend's metaphilosophy.

In this paper I defend the claim that Paul Feyerabend held a robust metaphilosophical position for most of his philosophical career. This position I call Decision-Based Epistemology and reconstruct it in terms of three key components: (1) a form of epistemic voluntarism concerning the justification of philosophical positions and (2) a behaviorist account of philosophical beliefs, which allows him (3) to cast normative arguments concerning philosophical beliefs in scientific methodology, such as realism, in terms of means-ends relations. I then introduce non-naturalist and naturalist variants of his conception of normativity, which I trace back to his mentors Viktor Kraft and Karl Popper, respectively. This distinction, introduced on the metaphilosophical level, can can be put to use to explain key changes in Feyerabend's philosophical proposals, such as the viability of his methodological argument for realism. I conclude that this Decision-Based Epistemology should be further explored by historically embedding Feyerabend's metaphilosophy in a voluntarist tradition of scientific philosophy.

Axiología médica / Medical axiology

Se revisa inicialmente la axiología filosófica: concepto, desarrollo histórico y teorías axiológicas. Se trata el tema de valores: definición, clasificación y jerarquización. Se ingresa a la axiología médica, concepto y desarrollo histórico. Se revisa el sistema de valores de la profesión médica y sus funciones: valores morales, cognitivos y culturales.

Philosophical axiology is initially reviewed: concept, historical development and axiological theories. It deals with the issue of values: definition, classification and hierarchy. We enter to medical axiology, concept and historical development. The value system and functions of the medical profession are reviewed: moral, cognitive and cultural values.

Decision-Making at End-of-Life for Children With Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Bioethical Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Evidence shows that medical education includes a variety of basic and clinical skills. Ethical and human values are not typically considered in medical school curricula, and this is evident in medical practice in certain scenarios such as decision-making at pediatric cancer patients' end of life. METHODS: This study explores a bioethical approach to address complex decision-making at the end of life in children and adolescents with cancer. We are a cross-functional group of scientists from several academic disciplines who conducted a systematic review of the literature using our newly developed meta-bioethical analysis and synthesis of findings. The search was carried out in five databases, resulting in 10 research papers. Following quality screening, seven articles were ultimately selected for further analysis. RESULTS: Our focus is on the state of the art to better understand the bioethical deliberation at the end of life in pediatric oncology. Here, we report a systematic review that includes (i) classification of the screened articles by the type of decision-making they use, ii) the system values that are at the core of the decision-making at the end of life, and iii) bioethical and ethical discernment queries. We conclude with a discussion regarding the best practices of ethical discernment and decision-making at the end of life.This study highlights the need to develop more research to better understand the influence and origin of these multidimensional factors determining critical decisions that define the quality of life of patients in a highly sensitive moment. CONCLUSION: We conclude that personal aspects of the physician define their actions more than knowledge or organized structure. It is thus necessary that pediatric oncologists receive ethics and humanistic education.

Enfoque axiológico en la Educación Superior mediante la interacción de los estudiantes en el Entorno Virtual de Aprendizaje / Axiological approach in Higher Education through the interaction of students in the Virtual Learning Environment

Resumen: El presente artículo se circunscribe en el marco de la educación superior, analizando el entorno virtual de aprendizaje en la plataforma Moodle de la Universidad Técnica de Machala como primer centro universitario de la Provincia de El Oro, la cual se encuentra inmersa dentro de este proceso sistémico que es el avance tecnológico y también social. La metodología utilizada se enmarca en un enfoque mixto (cuantitativo-cualitativo) para lo cual se aplicó como técnica de recolección de datos un cuestionario en línea a un número de población de doscientos estudiantes de trece carreras de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales del periodo académico 2019-2. El estudio evidencia que los estudiantes se han acoplado al uso de los recursos y actividades del Entorno Virtual de Aprendizaje basado en la plataforma Moodle como parte de su formación académica. Sin embargo, muchos estudiantes no interactúan correctamente respetando las normas de la virtualidad puesto que aún existe una ausencia de controles que no proporcionan autenticidad del usuario mediante el soporte de cámaras, la presentación tardía de tareas y evaluaciones que suelen ser propensas a la divulgación de los cuestionarios por medio de las redes sociales y dispositivos móviles. Aunque existan una serie de parámetros y rubricas para las calificaciones, se denota una pérdida de valores personales. El tema de la axiología en la educación resulta ser interesante, los docentes se encuentran interesados en identificar los aspectos a mejorar ante el comportamiento de los estudiantes frente al aprendizaje virtual, pues la tarea de la Universidad Técnica de Machala es formar en valores a los futuros profesionales en el Modelo Educativo Integrador Desarrollador adoptado desde el año 2016.

ABSTRACT: This article is circumscribed within the framework of higher education, analyzing the virtual learning environment in the Moodle platform of the Technical University of Machala as the first university center in the Province of El Oro, which is immersed within this systemic process which is technological and social advancement. The methodology used is part of a mixed approach (quantitative-qualitative) for which an online questionnaire was applied as a data collection technique to a population of two hundred students from thirteen careers of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the academic period 2019-2. The study shows that students conveniently use the resources and activities of the Virtual Learning Environment based on the Moodle platform as part of their academic training. However, many students do not interact correctly respecting the rules of virtuality since there is still an absence of controls that do not provide user authenticity through the support of cameras, late submission of assignments and assessments that are often prone to disclosure of the questionnaires through social networks and mobile devices. Although there are a series of parameters and rubrics for the qualifications, a loss of personal values ​​is denoted. The topic of axiology in education turns out to be interesting, teachers are interested in identifying the aspects to improve before the behavior of students in the face of virtual learning, since the task of the Technical University of Machala is to train in values ​​in the future professionals in the Developer Integrative Educational Model adopted since 2016.

The real value of words: how target language linguistic modelling of foreign language teaching content shapes students' professional identity.

The paper focuses on the methods of linguistic analysis in the sphere of teaching foreign languages as a form of shaping students' identity. By putting forward the hypothesis that proper language acquisition should be based on fundamental cultural values and their adequate linguistic interpretation, we propose the pragmatic and axiological linguistic modelling as an indispensable FLT tool, develop its methodology and prove its future validity on the material of FLT discourse. The research gives a step-by-step explanation of how to implement this modelling through discourse analysis, pragmatic-communicative analysis, functional and linguoaxiological analysis. This procedure foregrounds dominant axiological spheres through the process of constructing value-charged concepts of the professional FLT discourse. From the standpoint of generating FLT material, the method helps to reflect most important professional processes and purposefully form students' professional competences necessary in the sphere.

A (Deleuzian) posthumanist paradigm for tourism research.

Posthumanistic inquiry is young and offers new ways to understand critical and ethical relationships, bringing new axiological perspectives to current debates around travel, mobilities and (post)modernist conceptualizations of tourism. This research note introduces a Deleuzian posthumanism paradigm with ontological, epistemological and methodological directions to approach tourism research from a non-dualist perspective. French philosopher Gilles Deleuze offers a postdualist, process-oriented ontology of difference that is vital to create radical new tourism knowledge, and avoid indefensible 'either-or' binaries in research and praxis. The Deleuzian research paradigm we forward eschews anthropocentric premises and modernist traditions for a situated, immanent style of encounter and relational being with human and non-human others that is vital for a healthy planet and justice in the Anthropocene.

Principlism's Balancing Act: Why the Principles of Biomedical Ethics Need a Theory of the Good.

Principlism, the bioethical theory championed by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress, is centered on the four moral principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, and justice. Two key processes related to these principles are specification-adding specific content to general principles-and balancing-determining the relative weight of conflicting principles. I argue that both of these processes necessarily involve an appeal to human goods and evils, and therefore require a theory of the good. A significant problem with principlism is that it lacks a theory of the good and consequently does not have an adequate solution to the problems of specification and balancing. My conclusion is that principlism must adopt some account of human well-being in order to be a satisfactory bioethical framework.

Anti-, Non-, and Dis-: the linguistics of negative meanings about youtube.

The aim of this research paper is to reveal and explore the negative concepts, i.e. anti-values, verbalized in the professionally compiled media texts on the topic of YouTube as they shape the idea of what YouTube is and how it functions. The authors identify anti-values in the newspaper and magazine articles, reveal linguistic means through which they are implemented, as well as define their relationship with the context. The authors attempt to rationalize the use of anti-values in the texts about YouTube and provide a commentary on both linguistic and extra-linguistic features of these entities. Anti-values reflect concepts, phenomena, ideas or notions that are deemed unacceptable or undesirable in some cases universally, and in some specifically by the users of the platform or those affected by it. The research findings can be used in both axiological and socio-linguistic studies conducted for pragmatic, scientific or educational purposes.

An Alternative to the Orthodoxy in Animal Ethics? Limits and Merits of the Wittgensteinian Critique of Moral Individualism.

In this paper, we analyse the Wittgensteinian critique of the orthodoxy in animal ethics that has been championed by Cora Diamond and Alice Crary. While Crary frames it as a critique of "moral individualism", we show that their criticism applies most prominently to certain forms of moral individualism (namely, those that follow hedonistic or preference-satisfaction axiologies), and not to moral individualism in itself. Indeed, there is a concrete sense in which the moral individualistic stance cannot be escaped, and we believe that it is this particular limitation that justified Crary's later move to a qualified version of moral individualism. At the same time, we also argue that there are significant merits to the Wittgensteinian critique of moral individualism, which pertain to its attack on the rationalism, naturalism, and reductionism that characterise orthodox approaches to animal ethics. We show that there is much of value in the Wittgensteinians' call for an ethics that is more human; an ethics that fully embraces the capacities we are endowed with and one that pays heed to the richness and complexity of our moral lives.

[Values related to the occupational therapy profession: Identifying them to better define them]. / Valeurs liées à la profession d'ergothérapeute : les répertorier pour les définir.

BACKGROUND.: Inaccuracies and conceptual confusion characterize the literature on the values associated with occupational therapy. PURPOSE.: The purpose of this study was to identify values related to occupational therapy, propose definitions for those values, and validate the content of the definitions. METHOD.: A review of the literature ( n = 52) and consultation of occupational therapists ( n = 26) were used to document and define a series of values. The resulting list of values was tested for functionality by occupational therapists ( n = 5) and presented to occupational therapists with ethics expertise ( n = 6) to assess content validity of the value definitions. FINDINGS.: The proposed list presents 33 values with their definitions that the experts considered to be clear and representative of the realities they describe. The results show that the list is considered exhaustive. IMPLICATIONS.: This study identified values that are ideals that can guide occupational therapy practice and support the claims and cultural and ethical competencies of occupational therapists.

DESCRIPTION.: Des imprécisions et des confusions conceptuelles caractérisent les écrits sur les valeurs liées à l'ergothérapie. BUT.: Répertorier des valeurs liées à l'ergothérapie, proposer des énoncés qui les définissent et procéder à leur validation de contenu. MÉTHODOLOGIE.: Une recension des écrits ( n = 52) et la consultation d'ergothérapeutes ( n = 26) ont permis de documenter et de définir une série de valeurs. Le répertoire issu de ces démarches a été soumis à un test de fonctionnalité auprès d'ergothérapeutes ( n = 5), puis présenté à des ergothérapeutes détenant une expertise en éthique ( n = 6) pour en évaluer la validité de contenu des définitions des valeurs. RÉSULTATS.: Le répertoire proposé comprend 33 valeurs suivies de leur définition que les experts ont jugées claires et représentatives des réalités qu'elles désignent. Les résultats montrent que le répertoire est considéré comme exhaustif. CONSÉQUENCES.: Cette étude a permis de répertorier et de définir des valeurs qui constituent des idéaux susceptibles de guider la pratique ergothérapique et de soutenir les revendications ainsi que les compétences culturelles et éthiques des ergothérapeutes.

Aportes a la axiología desde la psicología social / Contributions to axiology from social psychology

La axiología es una rama de la filosofía que se caracteriza por el estudio de la naturaleza de los valores. Si bien históricamente se abordó desde una rama de la filosofía desde una perspectiva argumentativa, durante el siglo XX comienzan a surgir una serie de estudios empíricos para abordar este fenómeno desde la psicología. Ésta abordó los valores desde estudios empíricos con distintos autores: Rockeach (1973), Hofstede (1991), Schwartz (1992) e Inglehart (1997). Estas distintas perspectivas para el estudio de los valores, son generalmente interpretadas como sustitutivas, producto de las perspectivas sesgadas de análisis y no se evidencian estudios que hayan analizado los diferentes abordajes, y como pueden aportar todos, considerando las particularidades de cada enfoque, al estudio de la axiología. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar las diferencias entre las distintas perspectivas, y discutir los principales aportes a la axiología desde la psicología social

Axiology is a branch of philosophy that is characterized by the study of the nature of values. Although historically it was approached from a branch of philosophy from an argumentative perspective, during the twentieth century a series of empirical studies began to emerge to address this phenomenon from psychology. This one approached the values from empirical studies with different authors: Rockeach (1973), Hofstede (1991), Schwartz (1992) and Inglehart (1997). These different perspectives for the study of values, are generally interpreted as substitutes, product of the biased perspectives of analysis and there are no evidences that have analyzed the different approaches, and how they can all contribute, considering the particularities of each approach, to the study of axiology. The aim of this work has been to analyze the differences between the different perspectives, and to discuss the main contributions to axiology from social psychology

An Axiology of Information Security for Futuristic Neuroprostheses: Upholding Human Values in the Context of Technological Posthumanization.

Previous works exploring the challenges of ensuring information security for neuroprosthetic devices and their users have typically built on the traditional InfoSec concept of the "CIA Triad" of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. However, we argue that the CIA Triad provides an increasingly inadequate foundation for envisioning information security for neuroprostheses, insofar as it presumes that (1) any computational systems to be secured are merely instruments for expressing their human users' agency, and (2) computing devices are conceptually and practically separable from their users. Drawing on contemporary philosophy of technology and philosophical and critical posthumanist analysis, we contend that futuristic neuroprostheses could conceivably violate these basic InfoSec presumptions, insofar as (1) they may alter or supplant their users' biological agency rather than simply supporting it, and (2) they may structurally and functionally fuse with their users to create qualitatively novel "posthumanized" human-machine systems that cannot be secured as though they were conventional computing devices. Simultaneously, it is noted that many of the goals that have been proposed for future neuroprostheses by InfoSec researchers (e.g., relating to aesthetics, human dignity, authenticity, free will, and cultural sensitivity) fall outside the scope of InfoSec as it has historically been understood and touch on a wide range of ethical, aesthetic, physical, metaphysical, psychological, economic, and social values. We suggest that the field of axiology can provide useful frameworks for more effectively identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing such diverse types of values and goods that can (and should) be pursued through InfoSec practices for futuristic neuroprostheses.

Trabajo didáctico para la formación de una cultura sanitaria en estudiantes de ciencias médicas / Didactic work for training a health culture in medical sciences students

Teniendo en cuenta lo importante que resulta el tema relacionado con la axiología médica y la competencia del futuro profesional, en el presente artículo se exponen las perspectivas de trabajo didáctico para formar en los estudiantes de ciencias médicas una cultura de atención al paciente; también se hace referencia a la pedagogía del docente para tratar contenidos, al tratamiento de pilares pedagógicos y al trabajo con métodos y procedimientos, entre otros aspectos de interés.

Taking into account the importance of the topic related to the medical axiology and the competence of the future professional; the didactic work perspectives for training in the medical sciences students a culture of the patient care are exposed in this work. The professor pedagogy to deliver contents, the treatment of pedagogic pillars and the work with methods and procedures are also mentioned, among other aspects of interest

Toward a Method for Exposing and Elucidating Ethical Issues with Human Cognitive Enhancement Technologies.

To develop a method for exposing and elucidating ethical issues with human cognitive enhancement (HCE). The intended use of the method is to support and facilitate open and transparent deliberation and decision making with respect to this emerging technology with great potential formative implications for individuals and society. Literature search to identify relevant approaches. Conventional content analysis of the identified papers and methods in order to assess their suitability for assessing HCE according to four selection criteria. Method development. Amendment after pilot testing on smart-glasses. Based on three existing approaches in health technology assessment a method for exposing and elucidating ethical issues in the assessment of HCE technologies was developed. Based on a pilot test for smart-glasses, the method was amended. The method consists of six steps and a guiding list of 43 questions. A method for exposing and elucidating ethical issues in the assessment of HCE was developed. The method provides the ground work for context specific ethical assessment and analysis. Widespread use, amendments, and further developments of the method are encouraged.

Ethical issues with colorectal cancer screening-a systematic review.

RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is widely recommended and implemented. However, sometimes CRC screening is not implemented despite good evidence, and some types of CRC screening are implemented despite lack of evidence. The objective of this article is to expose and elucidate relevant ethical issues in the literature on CRC screening that are important for open and transparent deliberation on CRC screening. METHODS: An axiological question-based method is used for exposing and elucidating ethical issues relevant in HTA. A literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed Bioethics subset, ISI Web of Knowledge, Bioethics Literature Database (BELIT), Ethics in Medicine (ETHMED), SIBIL Base dati di bioetica, LEWI Bibliographic Database on Ethics in the Sciences and Humanities, and EUROETHICS identified 870 references of which 114 were found relevant according to title and abstract. The content of the included papers were subject to ethical analysis to highlight the ethical issues, concerns, and arguments. RESULTS: A wide range of important ethical issues were identified. The main benefits are reduced relative CRC mortality rate, and potentially incidence rate, but there is no evidence of reduced absolute mortality rate. Potential harms are bleeding, perforation, false test results, overdetection, overdiagnosis, overtreatment (including unnecessary removal of polyps), and (rarely) death. Other important issues are related to autonomy and informed choice equity, justice, medicalization, and expanding disease. CONCLUSION: A series of important ethical issues have been identified and need to be addressed in open and transparent deliberation on CRC screening.

Corpo, tecnologia e desporto: considerações a partir do caso da paratleta Danielle Bradshaw / Body, technology and sport: considerations on para-athlete Danielle Bradshaw’s case / Cuerpo, tecnología y deporte: consideraciones a partir del caso de la paratleta Danielle Bradshaw

Amputada da perna direita em 2010, a adolescente britânica Danielle Bradshaw começa a fazer atletismo paradesportivo. Devido aos excessivos treinamentos, a outra perna da paratleta ficou sobrecarregada, causando várias lesões que fizeram cair seu rendimento. Dessa forma, Danielle vê na amputação de sua perna esquerda uma alternativa na busca da realização de seu sonho: competir uma paralimpíada. O presente ensaio pretende discutir a problemática do uso da tecnologia no âmbito esportivo e os desdobramentos desta no que tange a debates de cunho ontológico e axiológico.

After having her right leg amputated in 2010, British adolescent Danielle Bradshaw began to practice parasport athletics. Due to excessive training, her left leg was overloaded, which caused several injuries that reduced her performance. Therefore, Bradshaw saw the amputation of her left leg as a way for her dream of competing in a Paralympics to come true: This paper discusses the problem of using technology in sports and its ramifications in ontological and axiological debates.

En 2010, cuando le amputaron la pierna derecha, la adolescente británica Danielle Bradshaw comienza a practicar atletismo paradeportivo. Debido a los excesivos entrenamientos, la otra pierna de la paratleta resultó sobrecargada, provocando varias lesiones que hicieron caer su rendimiento. De esta forma, Danielle ve en la amputación de su pierna izquierda una alternativa en su búsqueda de la realización de su sueño: competir en una paraolimpíada. El presente ensayo pretende discutir la problemática del uso de la tecnología en al ámbito deportivo y sus desdoblamientos en debates de cuño ontológico y axiológico. El hilo conductor de la reflexión del ensayo será el caso de la paratleta británica Danielle Bradshaw.