A survey of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a river from the dry corridor of Nicaragua using biological indices and DNA barcoding.

Aquatic macroinvertebrates are widely used as indicators for water quality assessment around the world. Modern strategies for environmental assessment implement molecular analysis to delimitate species of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Delimitation methods have been established to determine boundaries between species units using sequencing data from DNA barcodes and serve as first exploratory tools for taxonomic revisions. This is useful in regions such as the neotropics where aquatic macroinvertebrate habitats are threatened by human interference and DNA databases remain understudied. We asked whether the biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a stream in Nicaragua, within the Central American Dry Corridor, could be characterized with biological indices and DNA barcoding. In this study, we combined regional biological indices (BMWP-CR, IBF-SV-2010) along with distance-based (ASAP, BIN) and tree-based (GMYC, bPTP) delimitation methods, as well as nucleotide BLAST in public barcode databases. We collected samples from the upper, middle, and low reaches of the Petaquilla river. The three sites presented excellent water quality with the BMWP-CR index, but evidence of high organic pollution was found in the middle reach with the IBF-SV-2010 index. We report a total of 219 COI sequences successfully generated from 18 families and 8 orders. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) designation ranged from 69 to 73 using the four methods, with a congruency of 92% for barcode assignation. Nucleotide BLAST identified 14 species (27.4% of barcodes) and 33 genera (39.3% of barcodes) from query sequences in GenBank and BOLD system databases. This small number of identified OTUs may be explained by the paucity of molecular data from the Neotropical region. Our study provides valuable information about the characterization of macroinvertebrate families that are important biological indicators for the assessment of water quality in Nicaragua. The application of molecular approaches will allow the study of local diversity and further improve the application of molecular techniques for biomonitoring.

An integrative water quality evaluation in two surface water bodies from a tropical agricultural region in Cartago, Costa Rica.

A monitoring study was carried out in two micro-catchments in the Reventazón basin, in Northern Cartago, Costa Rica; pesticide occurrence and water quality were analyzed. Twelve pesticides were detected, five insecticides (chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, and oxamyl), four fungicides (carbendazim, imazalil, metalaxyl, and thiabendazole), and three herbicides (diuron, linuron, and terbutryn); eight of them presented risk quotients RQ >1, which implies a high risk for the environment. The water quality evaluation included fourteen physicochemical and microbiological parameters, out of which thermotolerant coliforms, nitrate, and total phosphorus exceeded a selected threshold value in every sample. Five metals were also included in the evaluation, Pb was the most frequent, followed by few detections of Cd, Cu, and Cr. Four water quality indexes (WQIs) were applied, two of them, the CCME WQI, based on physicochemical parameters, and the BMWP-CR WQI, based on benthic macroinvertebrate recount adapted to Costa Rican species, categorized all the sampling points as "bad" and "very bad" quality. This work of monitoring is important in the Latin American region, where there is a lack of information for regulation improvement and management decisions. These results showed poor management of the micro-catchments in this agricultural rural area.

Insectos acuáticos asociados a arroyos de la Serranía de La Macuira - La Guajira, Colombia / Aquatic insects associated with streams of the Serranía de la Macuira - La Guajira, Colombia

RESUMEN Los insectos acuáticos tienen gran importancia en los ecosistemas fluviales, debido a su alta abundancia y diversidad e indicadores de calidad de agua. En este trabajo, se caracterizaron las comunidades de insectos acuáticos en La Macuira, norte de La Guajira colombiana. Se seleccionaron cinco arroyos intermitentes, como sitios de muestreo: Mekijanoü, Chaamaalüü, Kanewerü, Mmalaüü y Kajashiwoü. Para la colecta de los organismos, se empleó una red Surber, durante cinco minutos. Además, se tomaron muestras de hojarasca (cerca de 500g) del fondo del río. Las muestras recolectadas en los diferentes microhábitats en cada sitio, se integraron para conformar una muestra compuesta y posterior análisis de la diversidad; además, se calculó el índice de calidad de agua BMWP/Col en cada uno de los arroyos, para conocer la calidad de sus aguas. Se colectaron en total 545 individuos, distribuidos en 25 géneros, 19 familias y 7 órdenes. Se registran, por primera vez, para la Serranía de la Macuira, los géneros Heterelmis, Corydalus, Rhagovelia, Mayobaetis, Tholymis y Mecistogaster. El arroyo Mekijanoü presentó la mayor abundancia (411 individuos) y riqueza de géneros, en la que predominó la presencia de Heterelmis y Kajashiwoü, la menor abundancia (20 individuos), fluctuada por la formación de pozos y la poca conectividad. Los valores del índice BMWP/Col oscilaron entre 41 y 87, lo cual, indica que cuatro arroyos presentaron una moderada contaminación y uno se encontraba ligeramente contaminado.

ABSTRACT Aquatic insects are high importance in aquatic ecosystems due to their high abundance and diversity and water quality indicators. In this work, assemblages of aquatic insects were studied in La Macuira, northern La Guajira, Colombia. Five intermittent streams were selected as sampling sites such as Mekijanoü, Chaamaalüü, Kanewerü, Mmalaüü and Kajashiwoü. Surber net was used for collecting of organisms for five minutes; also, samples of leaf litter were taken manually of the streambed. The samples collected were integrated to form a sample composed on each site, and then analyze this diversity; also, the water quality index BMWP/Col was estimated for each site. A total of 545 individuals were collected, grouped in 25 genus, 19 families and 7 orders. The genus Heterelmis, Corydalus, Rhagovelia and Mayobaetis, Tholymis and Mecistogaster are recorded for the first time for the Serranía de la Macuira. The Mekijanoü stream presented the high abundance (411 individuals) and genera, in which Heterelmis predominated. In contrast, Kajashiwoü presented the lowest abundance (20 individuals) fluctuated by the formation of wells and poor connectivity between them. The BMWP/Col index whose ranged from 41 to 87, indicating that four streams showed a moderate contamination and one was slightly contaminated.

Evaluación de la calidad del agua de un río tropical usando índices bióticos, fisicoquímicos y de diversidad / Water quality assessment of a tropical stream using biotic, physicochemical and diversity indices

Introducción: Los ríos andinos en Colombia están fuertemente influenciados por diferentes actividades antrópicas. Los macroinvertebrados han sido utilizados para evaluar la calidad del agua en estos ecosistemas. Objetivo: Este estudio analizó el comportamiento de diferentes índices basados en macroinvertebrados para evaluar la calidad del agua del tramo medio-bajo del río Jordán en Jamundí (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Se ubicaron tres estaciones de muestreo: E1 (1173 m.s.n.m.), E2 (1069 m.s.n.m.) y E3 (1019 m.s.n.m.). Se colectaron individuos en grava, bolos y macrófitas (n=15) y se midieron las concentraciones de variables fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas (n=15). Se evaluaron los índices de calidad de agua ICA-NSF y bióticos (BMWP/Univalle, ASPT y EPT) y los índices de Shannon-Weaver, Margalef y Simpson. Se realizó una correlación de Spearman entre las matrices de similitud biótica y ambiental. Resultados: El ICA-NSF presentó variaciones espacio temporales no significativas entre las estaciones de muestreo, con calidades de agua entre "regular" y "excelente". Los índices de diversidad mostraron que la equidad y riqueza son mayores en la estación E1. El BMWP/Univalle evidenció la influencia de las diferentes actividades sobre la subcuenca del río Jordán, clasificando la estación E1 como "Buena", E2 "Aceptable" y E3 "Dudosa". Las variables que mejor explicaron el patrón de diversidad fueron las asociadas a la contaminación orgánica (DBO5 y Coliformes totales). Conclusiones: Integralmente, los índices muestran que la mejor calidad del agua se presenta en la estación E1 donde la influencia de las actividades antrópicas es menor.

Introduction: Andean rivers in Colombia are heavily influenced along the drainage basin by various human activities. Aquatic macroinvertebrates have been used in different water environments to assess water quality in rivers. Objective: This study analyzed the behavior of different biotic indices to assess water quality of the lower middle section of the Jordan River in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Materials and methods: Sampling sites were situated at different altitudes as well with different anthropogenic influences. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters (n = 15) were measured, simultaneously with biological variables. Individuals were collected in gravel, pebbles and macrophytes (n = 15) using Surber nets (0.36 m2, 500 µm) a screen net (1.6 m2, 350 µm) and a D-net (0.9 m2, 500 µm). The water quality index (NSF ICA), biotic indices BMWP/Univalle, ASPT, EPT, and the Shannon-Weaver Equity index, Margalef Diversity index and Simpson's dominance index were evaluated to determine the macroinvertebrate assemblage through sampling sites. Spearman correlation between matrices of biotic and environmental similarity, using PRIMER® software was used to determine relationship between physicochemical variables and biodiversity. Results: The water quality index ICA-NSF showed spatio-temporal variations with water qualities between "regular" and "excellent". Diversity indices showed that equity and wealth are greater at site E1, where the influence of pollution is low. Biotic indices behaved variably, BMWP/Univalle index reflected more adequately the influence of human activities of the Jordan River sub-basin. Conclusions: The variables that best explained the pattern of diversity were those associated with organic pollution (BOD5 and total coliforms).

Exploring the Ecology and Indicator Value of Some Larvae of Odonata Genera in Colombia.

Bioindication is a method to assess environmental conditions using indicator organisms. In Colombia, water quality evaluation is mostly performed following the Biological Monitoring Working Party/Colombia method (BMWP/Col), which uses aquatic macroinvertebrates at the taxonomic family level. Studies on potential bioindicators are important to produce comprehensive information on the requirements of macroinvertebrates and their value for water quality bioindication. We studied the larval ecology of several common genera of Odonata from Colombian freshwater ecosystems and assigned an indicator value to each genus. The physical and chemical water characteristics of 1,022 sites surveyed in Colombia from 2005 to 2016 were analyzed using a principal component analysis (PCA). The relationship between environmental conditions and Odonata genera found was studied using multiple logistic regressions between sample coordinates of the first three axes of the PCA and occurrence of the respective genus. We assigned an indicator value for each genus using the logistic regression and the water quality of samples. The highest indicator values were assigned to genera, which were mainly explained by the PCA axis associated with water quality, showed a high odds ratio to this axis, and were found in ecosystems with excellent water quality. The indicator values suggested for each taxon are, Brechmorhoga Kirby, 1894, 8; Macrothemis Hagen, 1868, 4; Micrathyria Kirby, 1889, 4 (Libellulidae); Progomphus Selys, 1854, 7 (Gomphidae); Acanthagrion Selys, 1876, 4; and Argia Rambur, 1842, 7 (Coenagrionidae). Differences in water quality preferences in genera of the same family suggest that higher taxonomic resolution may allow more detailed environmental assessments.

Calidad biológica y fisicoquímica de tres fuentes de agua y su relación con el fenómeno de El Niño y La Niña / Biological and physicochemical quality from three water sources and its relation to the El Niño and La Niña phenomenon

RESUMEN En el municipio de El Carmen de Viboral, Antioquia, la cuenca de la quebrada La Cimarronas y sus afluentes Los Andes y La Madera son las principales fuentes de abastecimiento del acueducto de la localidad. Además, en estas y en otras cinco estaciones de muestreo, ubicadas en la parte alta de la microcuenca y sus afluentes, se realizó la evaluación fisicoquímica, microbiológica y biológica, mediante el uso de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos, en tres periodos del ciclo hidrológico de El Niño (2016), los cuales, fueron comparados con tres muestreos del ciclo de La Niña (2011). Se pudo identificar la capacidad de resiliencia ambiental bajo un déficit y exceso de precipitaciones del sistema acuático. Durante el ciclo afectado por El Niño, se presentó mayor concentración de oxígeno disuelto, pH circumneutral, menor temperatura del agua y mayores concentraciones de nitritos, nitrógeno amoniacal y coliformes totales. Durante el ciclo afectado por La Niña, se manifestó mayor temperatura del agua, sólidos totales, dureza, nitratos, fósforo total y mejores condiciones de calidad biológica del agua, según el índice BMWP. No se registraron variaciones estadísticamente significativas del caudal, la temperatura del agua, la conductividad eléctrica y los índices comunitarios (diversidad, equidad, dominancia y riqueza).

ABSTRACT In the municipality of El Carmen de Viboral, Antioquia, the basin of the La Cimarronas stream and its tributaries Los Andes and La Madera, are the main sources of supply of the local aqueduct. In addition, of these, other five sampling stations located in the upper part of the basin and its tributaries, the physico-chemical, microbiological and biological evaluation was carried out through the use of aquatic macroinvertebrates in three periods of the El Niño hydrological cycle (2016), which were compared with three samplings of the La Niña cycle (2011). The capacity of environmental resilience could be identified under a deficit and excess precipitation of the aquatic system. During the cycle affected by El Niño there was a higher concentration of dissolved oxygen, circumneutral pH, lower water temperature and higher concentrations of nitrites, ammonia nitrogen and total coliforms. During the cycle affected by La Niña, there was a higher water temperature, total solids, hardness, nitrates, total phosphorus and better conditions of biological water quality according to the BMWP index. There were no statistically significant variations in flow, water temperature, electrical conductivity and community indices (diversity, equity, dominance and richness).

Aquatic insect communities in small stream in the south of Brazil.

Pollution of rivers and streams, by anthropic action, is characterized as an environmental, social, and sanitary problem. Factors such as the association between the marginal vegetation, the distribution of the substrates in the riverbed, and the availability of allochthonous organic matter influence the distribution and composition of the aquatic entomofauna. The objective of this study was to analyze the structure of aquatic insect communities in a pasture stream in northern Paraná, southern Brazil, with emphasis on the groups of indicators of good water quality, thus inferring the conditions of its preservation. Samples were collected from July to October in three parts of the stream (P1, P2, and P3), where the insect faune was collected with the aid of a sieve in the foliage substrate and washing of rocks and decomposing pieces of wood. A total of 1323 individuals were collected, being Chironomidae (Diptera) the most abundant taxon. The analysis of the biotic indices (EPT/Chironomidae, IBF, BMWP, and BMWP/ASPT) and diversity indicated better preservation conditions at points P1 and P3 where the riparian forest was well preserved, with less exposure to the stream bed. In P2, the entomofauna presented less diversity and the biotic indexes indicated loss of water quality, showing the impacts of changes in the marginal vegetation of this section. In a generally preserved aquatic environment, small changes in its vegetation are sufficient to cause an imbalance in the aquatic insect community, showing the efficiency of these organisms as bio-indicators and the sensitivity of biotic indexes.

Assessment of ecological water quality along a rural to urban land use gradient using benthic macroinvertebrate-based indexes / Avaliação da qualidade ecológica da água ao longo de um gradiente rural-urbano utilizando índices baseados em macroinvertebrados bentônicos

Agricultural practices such as livestock grazing and tilling can result in soil erosion and runoff of fine sediments, nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and pesticides, leading to degradation of aquaticenvironments. Urbanization is also responsible for a variety of impacts on fluvial ecosystems, including pollution by heavy metals, oil, domestic sewage and garbage. In this study, we evaluate the impact of land use on stream health of the Uberabinha river catchment. Overall, rural streams presented better ecological conditions than urban streams. Both species composition and abundance of benthic communities showed significant differences between rural and urban streams. Urban streams presented a higher dominance of Oligochaeta, Hirudinea and Gastropoda, bioindicators of poor water quality. Rural streams presented significantly greater richness and diversity. Compared to urban streams, rural streams presented a significantly higher number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Odonata and Hemiptera taxa. Our analyses also showed congruence (high correlation) among the classical biodiversity metrics (Shannon-Wiener index ­ H', Pielou's measure of eveness ­ J) and monitoring parameters (% Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera ­ EPT, Biological Monitoring Work Party ­ BMWP, bioindicator approach and Rapid Assessment Protocol ­ RAP, a habitatbased approach). Five from seven rural streams presented good water quality according to both BMWP and RAP and none of the urban streams presented good water quality. Our results show that the urban streams of Uberlândia municipality are poor ecosystems, and require improved management actions by environmental authorities. We also encourage that the riparian forest restoration and management carried out in the upper portion of Uberabinha River catchment to be extended to the urban area of the municipality.

Atividades agrícolas, como pecuária e cultivo de lavouras, podem levar a degradação dos ambientes aquáticos vizinhos, provocando erosão do solo e o carreamento de sedimentos finos, nutrientes (por exemplo, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio) e pesticidas para os leitos dos rios. A urbanização também é responsável por uma variedade de impactos nos sistemas fluviais, incluindo a poluição por metais pesados, óleos, esgoto doméstico e lixo. Neste estudo, nós avaliamos o impacto do uso da terra na saúde da bacia hidrográfica do rio Uberabinha, utilizando macroinvertebrados bentônicos como bioindicadores da qualidade da água. Em geral, os córregos rurais apresentaram melhores condições ecológicas do que os córregos urbanos. Tanto a composição de espécies como a abundância da comunidade bentônica mostraram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos. Os córregos urbanos apresentaram uma maior dominância de Oligochaeta, Hirudinea e Gastropoda, organismos indicadores de baixa qualidade ambiental. Os córregos rurais apresentaram maior riqueza e diversidade de grupos taxonômicos, tais como Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Odonata e Hemiptera. Nossas análises mostraram congruência (alta correlação) entre os índices tradicionais de diversidade (índice de Shannon- Wiener - H ', equitabilidade de Pielou - J) e as métricas de biomonitoramento (% Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera ­ EPT, Biological Monitoring Work Party ­ BMWP , índice baseado na composição taxonômica das comunidades e Rapid Assessment Protocol ­ RAP, abordagem baseada em características físicas do habitat). Cinco dos sete córregos rurais analisados apresentaram boa qualidade da água, de acordo com BMWP e RAP. Nenhum dos córregos urbanos apresentaram boa qualidade ambiental. Nossos resultados mostraram que córregos urbanos do município de Uberlândia possuem má qualidade ambiental. Nós encorajamos que o programa de recomposição manejo das matas ciliares dos córregos rurais do rio Uberabinha seja estendido aos córregos urbanos do município.

Measurement of the Ecological Integrity of Cerrado Streams Using Biological Metrics and the Index of Habitat Integrity.

Generally, aquatic communities reflect the effects of anthropogenic changes such as deforestation or organic pollution. The Cerrado stands among the most threatened ecosystems by human activities in Brazil. In order to evaluate the ecological integrity of the streams in a preserved watershed in the Northern Cerrado biome corresponding to a mosaic of ecosystems in transition to the Amazonia biome in Brazil, biological metrics related to diversity, structure, and sensitivity of aquatic macroinvertebrates were calculated. Sampling included collections along stretches of 200 m of nine streams and measurements of abiotic variables (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, and discharge) and the Index of Habitat Integrity (HII). The values of the abiotic variables and the HII indicated that most of the streams have good ecological integrity, due to high oxygen levels and low concentrations of dissolved solids and electric conductivity. Two streams showed altered HII scores mainly related to small dams for recreational and domestic use, use of Cerrado natural pasture for cattle raising, and spot deforestation in bathing areas. However, this finding is not reflected in the biological metrics that were used. Considering all nine streams, only two showed satisfactory ecological quality (measured by Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP), total richness, and EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) richness), only one of which had a low HII score. These results indicate that punctual measures of abiotic parameters do not reveal the long-term impacts of anthropic activities in these streams, including related fire management of pasture that annually alters the vegetation matrix and may act as a disturbance for the macroinvertebrate communities. Due to this, biomonitoring of low order streams in Cerrado ecosystems of the Northern Central Brazil by different biotic metrics and also physical attributes of the riparian zone such as HII is recommended for the monitoring and control of anthropic impacts on aquatic communities.

Índice de calidad ecológica con base en macroinvertebrados acuáticos para la cuenca del río Negro (ICE RN-MAE), Colombia

Aquatic Ecological Index based on freshwater (ICE RN-MAE) for the Río Negro watershed, Colombia. Available indices to assess the ecological status of rivers in Colombia are mostly based on subjective hypotheses about macroinvertebrate tolerance to pollution, which have important limitations. Here we present the application of a method to establish an index of ecological quality for lotic systems in Colombia. The index, based on macroinvertebrate abundance and physicochemical variables, was developed as an alternative to the BMWP-Col index. The method consists on determining an environmental gradient from correlations between physicochemical variables and abundance. The scores obtained in each sampling point are used in a standardized correlation for a model of weighted averages (WA). In the WA model abundances are also weighted to estimate the optimum and tolerance values of each taxon; using this information we estimated the index of ecological quality based also on macroinvertebrate (ICE RN-MAE) abundance in each sampling site. Subsequently, we classified all sites using the index and concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in a cluster analysis. Using TP and ICE RN-MAE, mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation, we defined threshold values corresponding to three categories of ecological status: good, fair and critical. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 233-247. Epub 2014 April 01.

Los índices disponibles para la evaluación del estado ecológico de los ríos en Colombia están basados principalmente en hipótesis subjetivas generalizadas acerca de la toleración de los macroinvertebrados, un proceso que presenta limitaciones. En este estudio se presenta la aplicación de un método para establecer un índice de calidad ecológica para sistemas lóticos, basado en abundancia de macroinvertebrados y variables fisicoquímicas. Se tomó como caso de estudio la cuenca del rio Negro (Colombia). Este nuevo índice se ha formulado como alternativa al BMWP-Col y consiste en la determinación de un gradiente ambiental a partir de un Análisis de Correspondencia Canónica de correlaciones entre abundancias y registros fisicoquímicos. Los puntajes de las estaciones -obtenidos en las correlaciones- son estandarizados y usados en un modelo de Promedios Ponderados (WA); en el modelo se ponderan también las abundancias para estimar los valores óptimos y de tolerancia de cada taxón. Con ellos y la abundancia se calcula los valores del Índice de Calidad Ecológica con base en macroinvertebrados acuáticos para la cuenca del rio Negro (ICE RN-MAE). Se utilizan los valores del índice junto con las concentraciones de fósforo total (FT) en un análisis de agrupamiento, para así clasificar los sitios de estudio. De ahí se obtienen finalmente los valores medios, máximos, mínimos y de desviación estándar del ICE RN-MAE y FT. Con ellos se definen los umbrales que corresponden a diferentes categorías de calidad ecológica (buena, regular y crítica).

The Andean Biotic Index (ABI): revised tolerance to pollution values for macroinvertebrate families and index performance evaluation

Score-based biotic indices are widely used to evaluate the water quality of streams and rivers. Few adaptations of these indices have been done for South America because there is a lack of knowledge on macroinvertebrate taxonomy, distribution and tolerance to pollution in the region. Several areas in the Andes are densely populated and there is need for methods to assess the impact of increasing human pressures on aquatic ecosystems. Considering the unique ecological and geographical features of the Andes, macroinvertebrate indices used in other regions must be adapted with caution. Here we present a review of the literature on macroinvertebrate distribution and tolerance to pollution in Andean areas above 2 000masl. Using these data, we propose an Andean Biotic Index (ABI), which is based on the BMWP index. In general, ABI includes fewer macroinvertebrate families than in other regions of the world where the BMWP index has been applied because altitude restricts the distribution of several families. Our review shows that in the high Andes, the tolerance of several macroinvertebrate families to pollution differs from those reported in other areas. We tested the ABI index in two basins in Ecuador and Peru, and compared it to other BMWP adaptations using the reference condition approach. The ABI index is extremely useful for detecting the general impairment of rivers but class quality boundaries should be defined independently for each basin because reference conditions may be different. The ABI is widely used in Ecuador and Peru, with high correlations with land-use pressures in several studies. The ABI index is an integral part of the new multimetric index designed for high Andean streams (IMEERA). Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 249-273. Epub 2014 April 01.

Los índices bióticos basados en puntuación son ampliamente utilizados para evaluar la calidad del agua de los arroyos y ríos. Varias áreas de los Andes están densamente pobladas y hay necesidad de métodos para evaluar el impacto de la creciente presión humana sobre los ecosistemas acuáticos. Dadas las características ecológicas y geográficas únicas de los Andes, los índices de macroinvertebrados utilizados en otras regiones deben adaptarse con cautela. Aquí se presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre distribución de macroinvertebrados y la tolerancia a la contaminación en las zonas andinas por encima de 2 000msnm. Usando estos datos, se propone un Índice Biolótico Andino (ABI), que se basa en el índice de BMWP. En general, ABI incluye un menor número de familias de macroinvertebrados que en otras regiones del mundo donde se ha aplicado el índice BMWP porque la altitud restringe la distribución de varias de ellas. Nuestra revisión muestra que la tolerancia de varias familias a la contaminación en los ríos altoandinos difiere de lo reportado en otras áreas. Probamos el índice ABI en dos cuencas en Ecuador y Perú, y comparamos con otras adaptaciones BMWP utilizando el enfoque de condición de referencia. Nuestros resultados muestran que el índice de ABI es extremadamente útil para detectar el deterioro general de los ríos, pero que los límites entre las clases de calidad deben ser definidos independientemente para cada cuenca debido a que las condiciones de referencia pueden ser diferentes. El ABI es ampliamente utilizado en Ecuador y Perú, y es parte integral del nuevo índice multimétrico diseñado para corrientes altas andinas (IMEERA).

Insectos acuáticos y calidad del agua en la cuenca y embalse del río Peñas Blancas, Costa Rica

Aquatic insects and water quality in Peñas Blancas watershed and reservoir. The aquatic insects have been used to evaluate water quality of aquatic environments. The population of aquatic insects and the water quality of the area were characterized according to the natural and human alterations present in the study site. During the monthly-survey, pH, DO, temperature, water level, DBO, PO4 and NO3 were measured. Biological indexes (abundance, species richness and the BMWP-CR) were used to evaluate the water quality. No relation between environmental and aquatic insects was detected. Temporal and spatial differences attributed to the flow events (temporal) and the presence of Peñas Blancas reservoir (spatial). In the future, the investigations in Peñas Blancas watershed need to be focused on determining the real influence of the flows, sediment release and the possible water quality degradation because of agriculture activities. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 635-654. Epub 2011 June 01.

La población de insectos acuáticos y la calidad del agua fueron caracterizadas tomando en cuenta las alteraciones humanas y naturales en el área de estudio. Durante los muestreos mensuales, el pH, OD, temperatura, nivel del agua, DBO, PO4 y NO3 fueron medidos. Los índices biológicos (abundancia, riqueza de especies y el BMWP-CR) se evaluaron para determinar la calidad del agua. No se detectaron relaciones entre las variables ambientales y los insectos acuáticos, pero las diferencias espaciales y temporales en la abundancia y riqueza fueron asociadas con las crecidas del río (temporal) y a la presencia del embalse Peñas Blancas (espacial). En el futuro las investigaciones en la cuenca Peñas Blancas deben de ser dirigidas a determinar la magnitud de la influencia de los caudales, liberación de sedimentos y la posible degradación de la calidad del agua por efluentes de aguas servidas que se lleguen a ubicar en la cuenca.