Association between body stature with ocular biometrics and refraction among Chinese preschoolers.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association of body stature with ocular biometrics and refraction in preschool children. METHODS: A cross-sectional, school-based study was conducted in Shenzhen, China. Preschool children aged 3 to 6 from 10 randomly-selected kindergartens were recruited. Ocular biometric parameters, including axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), vitreous chamber depth (VCD), corneal radius curvature (CR), axial length to corneal radius ratio (AL-to-CR ratio) and lens thickness (LT) were measured using non-contact partial-coherence laser interferometry. Cycloplegic refractions were obtained by a desktop autorefractor. Body height and weight were measured using standard procedures. The association between body stature and ocular biometrics were analyzed with univariable and multivariable regression model. RESULTS: A total of 373 preschoolers were included. AL, ACD, VCD, CR, and AL-to-CR ratio, were positively associated with height and weight (p < 0.05), whereas LT was negatively associated with height and weight (p < 0.01). No association was observed between stature and central cornea thickness and refraction. After adjusted for age and gender in a multivariable regression model, AL had positive associations with height (p < 0.01) and weight (p < 0.01). However, refraction had no significant association with stature parameters. CONCLUSION: Taller and heavier preschoolers had eyes with longer AL, deeper vitreous chamber, and flatter cornea. The significant associations between body stature and ocular biometric parameters reveal the driving influence of body development on the growth of eyeballs in preschoolers.

Association between body stature and prevalence of reduced visual acuity in high school graduates in Hangzhou, China.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The association between myopia and body stature is of great significance for understanding prevention and control of myopia. It has been extensively studied in previous studies but without consistent conclusions. BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the association between body stature and prevalence of reduced visual acuity in high school graduates in Hangzhou, China. METHODS: 50,620 high school graduates who finished the physical examination of the national college entrance examination in 2020 were included. Data were derived from the database of physical examination of the national college entrance examination. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated according to the general formula. Visual acuity was measured by the standard logarithmic visual acuity chart. RESULTS: The prevalence of reduced visual acuity was 90.38% in high school graduates. Girls had a higher prevalence of reduced visual acuity than boys (93.07% vs 87.60%, P < 0.001). Boys with normal visual acuity were significantly taller (P < 0.001) and heavier (P < 0.001) than those with reduced visual acuity. Girls with normal visual acuity were significantly taller than those with reduced visual acuity (P < 0.001). The prevalence of reduced visual acuity was significantly inversely associated with height in both boys (P < 0.001) and girls (P < 0.001). The risk of reduced visual acuity was the lowest in the fourth quartile of height. The prevalence of reduced visual acuity was significantly associated with BMI only in boys (P < 0.001). The risk of reduced visual acuity was the lowest in the third quartile of BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of reduced visual acuity was inversely associated with height in both boys and girls, and there was a U-shaped association with BMI only in boys.

Effect of body stature on refraction and ocular biometry in Chinese young adults: The Anyang University Students Eye Study.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Large-scale data on the association between body stature with biometry parameters and refraction in young adults facilitates an understanding of myopia development. Taller persons have eyes with more negative refractions, longer axial lengths, deeper anterior chambers, flatter corneas, and higher axial length-corneal radius ratio. BACKGROUND: To determine the relationship between body stature with ocular biometry and refraction in young adults. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional university-based study of 16- to 26-year-old students in China. Cycloplegic refraction and corneal curvature were measured using an autorefractor. Ocular parameters, including axial length, anterior chamber depth and lens thickness, were measured using a Lenstar LS900. Data on height and weight were acquired from an annual standardised physical examination and body mass index was calculated. RESULTS: Of 7,971 participants examined in the school clinics, 5,657 (71.0 per cent) were available in the analysis. After adjusting for age, gender, parental myopia, time outdoors, near work and weight, each centimetre of height increase was associated with more negative refraction of -0.023-D, a 0.032-mm increase in axial length, a 0.003-mm increase in anterior chamber depth, a 0.008-mm increase in corneal curvature, and a 0.001 increase in axial length-corneal radius ratio. With regard to weight, a 1-kg heavier person was more likely to have less negative refraction of 0.011-D, a 0.001-mm increase in anterior chamber depth and a 0.002-mm increase in corneal curvature. A similar pattern of significant associations was also found in body mass index. CONCLUSION: Taller, young adults tended to have longer eyes, deeper anterior chambers, flatter corneas, higher axial length-corneal radius ratio, and more negative refraction, adjusted for potential confounders. In contrast, heavier and higher body mass index persons are more hyperopic. The differences in stature may partially explain the variation in refraction and ocular biometric parameters.

Body Stature as an Age-Dependent Risk Factor for Myopia in a South Korean Population.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between myopia and risk factors, including anthropometric parameters. METHODS: A total of 33,355 Koreans five years of age or more participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2012. All participants underwent non-cycloplegic autorefraction and were divided into three age groups (children and adolescents; young adults; adults). Myopia prevalence and risk factors were evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia was significantly higher in the taller quintiles of children and adolescents; however, not in young adults or adults in multivariate regression analyses. Higher household income was significantly associated with myopia only in children and adolescents, whereas urban residence and higher education were significantly associated with myopia in young adults and adult-aged subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Associations between myopia and sociodemographic factors, such as income and education, varied in each age group, and height remained significantly associated with myopia only in children and adolescents.

Childhood conditions and current physical performance among non-institutionalized individuals aged 50+ in Israel.

Adverse socioeconomic conditions in childhood have been previously linked with high risk of various health conditions. However, the association with future physical function has been less studied. Hand grip strength and chair-rising time are objective measures of physical capability indicating current and future health outcomes. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that perceived socio-economic status in childhood is related to current measures of physical function, among Israeli participants of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe project. The study included 2300 participants aged 50 years or older (mean age 68 ± 10; 56 % women). Generalized linear regression models were used to examine the associations of childhood wealth and number of books in residence with grip strength and time to complete five rises from a chair. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between the early life conditions and the ability to perform the physical tests. Adjustment was made for current income or household wealth, and for demographic, anthropometric, health, and life-style measures. Being wealthy and having a large number of books at home in childhood was associated with a stronger hand grip and a better chair-rise test performance. These associations were more robust in women compared to men, and persisted after adjustment for potential covariates. In addition, childhood wealth and number of books were associated with lower risk of being unable to perform the tests. Thus, early-life programming may contribute to physical function indicators in mid- and late-life.

Disostose espondilocostal: evolução de dois casos / Spondylocostal dysostosis: follow-up of two cases

Objetivos: Relatar dois casos de disostose espondilocostal, descrevendo a apresentação e evolução clínica dos pacientes.Descrição dos Casos: Apresentam-se dois casos não relacionados de disostose espondilocostal. O primeiro caso é de um menino com11 anos de idade e o segundo de uma menina com quatro anos. Em ambos os casos, foram evidentes ao nascimento características clínicas como tronco e pescoço curtos, escoliose, alterações das costelas e anomalias das estruturas sacrococcígeas. O diagnóstico clínico foi confirmado nos dois pacientes pelo achado de mutação em ambos os alelos do gene DLL3. A evolução clínica foi satisfatória, sem complicações respiratórias até o momento deste relato.Conclusões: O termo disostose espondilocostal designa um grupo de alterações caracterizado por malformações esqueléticas, com anomalias das costelas, como costelas largas, bifurcadas e com fusão assimétrica. Trata-se de uma situação rara, apesar de sua incidência e prevalência exatas não serem conhecidas. As disostoses espondilocostais podem ser esporádicas ou ter um padrão de herança familiar, autossômica dominante ou recessiva. Um diagnóstico precoce e uma abordagem apropriada são de extrema importância para orientação da família e seguimentoadequado...

Aims: To report two cases of spondylocostal dysostosis, describing their clinical presentation and evolution.Cases Description: Two non-related cases of spondylocostal dysostosis are reported. The first case consists of an 11 years old boy, and thesecond case is a girl with four years of age. In both cases, short neck and trunk, scoliosis, rib and sacrococcygeal anomalies were evident atbirth. The clinical diagnosis of spondylocostal dysostosis was confirmed by the finding of a mutation in both alleles of the DLL3 gene. Theirclinical evolution was satisfactory, with no respiratory complications until this report.Conclusions: The spondylocostal dysostosis are a group of disorders characterized by severe skeletal malformations, with rib anomaliessuch as broadening, bifurcation and no symmetric fusion. Although it is known to be a rare situation, its exact incidence or prevalenceis not well established. An early diagnosis and appropriate management are extremely important for adequate family counseling andfollow-up...