Effects of sublingual colostrum application on oral and intestinal flora of extremely low birth weight infants.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of colostrum application on the establishment of normal flora in the intestinal tracts and oral cavities of extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI). METHODS: A prospective cohort study design was adopted following the STROBE guidelines (Supplementary File 1). Colostrum was administered immediately after obtaining maternal breast milk using a special sterile cotton swab. There were no specific treatments for infants who did not receive colostrum. This experiment was completed on day 5 post-birth and the patients were divided into the colostrum and control groups, corresponding to whether or not colostrum was administered. Throat swabs and stool samples were collected on days 1 and 5 post-birth. RESULTS: Using the conventional bacteria cultivation technique, the detection rate of bacteria in 98 cases of meconium at birth was 15.31%. On day 5, the detection rates of Staphylococcus in the colostrum and control groups were 36.54% and 34.78%, with no significant difference between them (P = 0.856), and that of Enterococcus was 26.92% and 13.04%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.089). Likewise, at birth, the detection rate of bacteria in 98 cases of throat swabs was 27.55%. On day 5, the detection rate of Streptococcus in the colostrum and control groups was 78.85% and 50.00%, respectively, recording a statistically significant difference this time (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Colostrum application had limited effects on intestinal flora colonization but contributes to physiological oral flora colonization.

A practical method for the retrieval of tulip-head polyaxial pedicle screw by reusing the rod in revision and implants removal surgery: introduction of technique and evaluation of clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The removal of spinal implants is needed in revision surgery or in some cases whose fracture had healed or fusion had occurred. The slip of polyaxial screw or mismatch of instruments would make this simple procedure intractable. Here we introduce a simple and practical method to address this clinical dilemma. METHODS: This is a retrospective study. The patients underwent new technique for retrieving the implants from July 2019 to July 2022 were labeled as group A, while the patients underwent traditional implants retrieval technique from January 2017 to January 2020 were labeled as group B. Patients in each group were subdivided into revision surgery group (r group) and simple implants removal group (s group) according to the surgery fashion. For the new technique, the retrieved rod was cut off to a proper length which was matched with the size of tulip head, and was replaced into the tulip head. After tightened with nut, a monoaxial screw-rod "construct" was formed. Then the "construct" can be retrieved by a counter torque. The operation duration, intraoperative blood loss, post-operative bacteria culture, hospital stay and costs were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 116 polyaxial screws with difficult retrieval (43 screws in group A, 73 screws in group B) in 78 patients were recorded, in which 115 screws were successfully retrieved. Significant differences were found in the mean operation duration, intraoperative blood loss when comparing the r group in group A and B, as well as the s group in group A and B (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in hospital stay and costs between group A and B. Three patients were found positive bacteria culture of drainage tube/tape in group A (3/30), while 7 patients in group B (7/48). The most prevalent bacteria was Propionibacterium acnes. CONCLUSION: This technique is practical and safe in retrieving tulip head poly-axial screw. Reduced operation duration and intraoperative bloods loss may potentially alleviate the hospitalization burden of patients. Positive bacterial cultivation results are common after implants removal surgery, but they rarely represent an organized infection. A positive culture with P. acnes or S. epidermidis should be interpreted with caution.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pertussis in children and their close contacts in households: A cross-sectional survey in Zhejiang Province, China.

Background: Despite the expanded immunization programs, the "re-emergence of pertussis" has become a global concern in recent years. At present, the prevalence of pertussis in China is seriously underestimated, and the role of close contact on the disease spreading in children remains unclear. Objectives: Our study aimed to investigate pertussis's epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children and their close contacts in households, as well as the antimicrobial resistance of Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods: We have collected the retrospective and prospective data of children who were suspected of pertussis and their close contacts in households from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020, in the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and cultured for B. pertussis. Antibiotics susceptibility test was determined by using E-test methods. Clinical information was collected from the medical records systems. Results: A total of 350 index patients and their 946 family members (close contacts in households) from 350 families were recruited. B. pertussis strains were isolated from 130 (37.1%) index patients and 116 (12.3%) close contacts. 37 index patients had negative culture results for B. pertussis while their close contacts were positive. A higher positive rate was found in female adults than that in male adults (16.3% vs. 5.1%, P < 0.01). The positive rate in index patients from multi-child families was significantly higher than that from one-child families (51.7% vs. 37.7%, P < 0.05). 53.3% of the pertussis patients were under 6 months of age. 98 (75.4%) isolates had MICs ≥ 256 mg/L to erythromycin, azithromycin, and clindamycin, and 127 (97.7%) had MICs < 0.016 mg/L to piperacillin. Conclusion: Infants under 6 months of age are at high risk of pertussis, and close contacts in households are prone to cluster infection. Culture for B. pertussis both in children and their close contacts contributes to improving the diagnosis rate of pertussis in children. Isolates of B. pertussis in China are highly resistant to macrolides.

The Mouse Gastrointestinal Bacteria Catalogue enables translation between the mouse and human gut microbiotas via functional mapping.

Human health and disease have increasingly been shown to be impacted by the gut microbiota, and mouse models are essential for investigating these effects. However, the compositions of human and mouse gut microbiotas are distinct, limiting translation of microbiota research between these hosts. To address this, we constructed the Mouse Gastrointestinal Bacteria Catalogue (MGBC), a repository of 26,640 high-quality mouse microbiota-derived bacterial genomes. This catalog enables species-level analyses for mapping functions of interest and identifying functionally equivalent taxa between the microbiotas of humans and mice. We have complemented this with a publicly deposited collection of 223 bacterial isolates, including 62 previously uncultured species, to facilitate experimental investigation of individual commensal bacteria functions in vitro and in vivo. Together, these resources provide the ability to identify and test functionally equivalent members of the host-specific gut microbiotas of humans and mice and support the informed use of mouse models in human microbiota research.

Analysis of Community Composition of Bacterioplankton in Changle Seawater in China by Illumina Sequencing Combined with Bacteria Culture.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the abundance and relative composition of seawater bacterioplankton communities in Changle city using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and bacterial culture techniques. METHODS: Seawater samples and physicochemical factors were collected from the coastal zone of Changle city on 8 September 2019. Nineteen filter membranes were obtained after using a suction filtration system. We randomly selected eight samples for total seawater bacteria (SWDNA group) sequencing and three samples for active seawater bacteria (SWRNA group) sequencing by Illumina MiSeq. The remaining eight samples were used for bacterial culture and identification. Alpha diversity including species coverage (Coverage), species diversity (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index), richness estimators (Chao1), and abundance-based richness estimation (ACE) were calculated to assess biodiversity of seawater bacterioplankton. Beta diversity was used to evaluate the differences between samples. The species abundance differences were determined using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Statistical analyses were performed in R environment. RESULTS: The Alpha diversity in the SWDNA group in each index was ACE 3206.99, Chao1 2615.12, Shannon 4.64, Simpson 0.05, and coverage 0.97; the corresponding index was ACE 1199.55, Chao1 934.75, Shannon 3.49, Simpson 0.09, and coverage 0.99. The sequencing results of seawater bacterial genes in the coastal waters of Changle city showed that the phyla of high-abundance bacteria of both the SWDNA and SWRNA groups included Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The main classes included Oxyphotobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. The main genera included Synechococcus CC9902, Chloroplast, and Cyanobium_PCC-6307. Beta diversity analysis showed a significant difference between the SWDNA and SWRNA groups (P < 0.05). The species abundance differences between SWDNA and SWRNA groups after Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed that, at the phylum level, Actinomycetes was more abundant in SWDNA group (9.17 vs 1.02%, P < 0.05); at the class level, Actinomycetes (δ- Proteus) was more abundant in SWDNA group (9.47% vs 1.01%, P < 0.05); and at the genus level, Chloroplast was more abundant in SWRNA group (13.07% vs 44.57%, P < 0.05). Nine species and 53 colonies were found by bacterial culture: 20 strains of Vibrio (37.74%), 22 strains of Enterobacter (41.51%), and 11 strains of non-fermentative bacteria (20.75%). CONCLUSION: Illumi MiSeq sequencing of seawater bacteria revealed that the total bacterial community groups and the active bacterial community groups mainly comprised Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroides at the phylum level; Oxyphotobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, and γ-Proteobacteria at the class level; with Synechococcus_CC9902, Chloroplast, and Cyanobium_PCC-6307 comprising the predominant genera. Exploring the composition and differences of seawater bacteria assists understanding regarding the biodiversity and the infections related to seawater bacteria along the coast of the Changle, provides information that will aid in the diagnosis and treatment of such infections.

What Is New in the Field of Industrial Wastes Conversion into Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Bacteria?

The rising global consumption and industrialization has resulted in increased food processing demand. Food industry generates a tremendous amount of waste which causes serious environmental issues. These problems have forced us to create strategies that will help to reduce the volume of waste and the contamination to the environment. Waste from food industries has great potential as substrates for value-added bioproducts. Among them, polyhydroxyalkanaotes (PHAs) have received considerable attention in recent years due to their comparable characteristics to common plastics. These biodegradable polyesters are produced by microorganisms during fermentation processes utilizing various carbon sources. Scale-up of PHA production is limited due to the cost of the carbon source metabolized by the microorganisms. Therefore, there is a growing need for the development of novel microbial processes using inexpensive carbon sources. Such substrates could be waste generated by the food industry and food service. The use of industrial waste streams for PHAs biosynthesis could transform PHA production into cheaper and more environmentally friendly bioprocess. This review collates in detail recent developments in the biosynthesis of various types of PHAs produced using waste derived from agrofood industries. Challenges associated with this production bioprocess were described, and new ways to overcome them were proposed.

Effect of sterilization on the canine vaginal microbiota: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Surgical sterilization is the most effective method of contraception for dogs. It also prevents pyometra and reduces the risk of mammary tumour development. However, this procedure also has negative effects, such as urinary incontinence. Steroid hormone deprivation following gonadectomy could also affect canine vaginal mucosa conditions and the microbial community colonizing the vaginal tract. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the vaginal cytology and microbial community of two groups of bitches, including 11 in anoestrus and 10 sterilized bitches (post-pubertal sterilization in the last 4 years). Bacteria were identified through metataxonomic analysis, amplifying the V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene, and culturing methods. RESULTS: Vaginal mucosa cytology was suggestive of dystrophic conditions in sterilized bitches, whereas a typical anoestrus pattern with parabasal and intermediate cells was appreciable in anoestrous animals. Metataxonomic analysis revealed large inter-individual variability. Salmonella, Mycoplasma and Staphylococcus were present in moderate quantities in almost all the samples in both groups. Mollicutes (class level) and Tenericutes (phylum level) were commonly present in moderate quantities in anoestrus samples, whereas these microbes were present at high levels in a single sample from the sterilized group. Based on culturing, a higher number of different species were isolated from the anoestrous bitches, and Mycoplasma canis was exclusively identified in an anoestrous bitch. Staphylococcus spp. was the most frequently isolated genus in both groups, followed by Streptococcus spp., and, among gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia spp. and Haemophilus spp. A comparison of the numbers of the most frequently isolated genera of bacteria from vaginal cultures of bitches revealed that Pasteurella and Proteus were the most frequently identified in sterilized animals based on metataxonomic analysis (p-value = 0.0497 and 0.0382, respectively), whereas Streptococcus was significantly and most frequently isolated from anoestrous bitches using culture methods (p value = 0.0436). CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary investigation, no global patterns of the vaginal bacteria community were noted that characterized the condition of the bitches; however, cytology suggested local modifications. Sterilization after puberty caused minimal alterations in the vaginal microbial community of bitches within 4 years after surgery.

Understanding the effects of culture conditions in bacterial growth: A biochemical perspective using Raman microscopy.

Rapid, sensitive and label-free methods to probe bacterial growth irrespective of the culture conditions can shed light on the mechanisms by which bacteria adapt to different environmental stimuli. Raman spectroscopy can rapidly and continuously monitor the growth of bacteria under varied conditions. In this study, the growth of Escherichia coli in Luria broth (nutrient rich conditions) and minimal media with either glucose or glycerol as carbon source (nutrient limiting conditions) is profiled using Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the study also gives insights into the altered bacterial biochemistry upon exposure to low- (25°C) and high-temperature (45°C) stress. Raman spectral measurement was performed on bulk bacteria cultured under laboratory conditions. A detailed analysis of the spectra as a function of bacterial growth reveals changes in Raman band intensities/area of biomolecules such as DNA, proteins and lipids. We also report five novel ratiometric markers (I830 /I810 , I1126 /I1100 , I1340 /I1440 , I1207 /I1240 and I1580 /I1440 ) that can identify the phase of growth, independent of the culture condition. Unsupervised multivariate methods like Principal Component Analysis also corroborate the aforementioned markers of growth. Altogether, our findings highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopy in yielding universal biochemical signatures that may be indicative of stress and aging in a growth milieu.

Flavonoid loaded nanoparticles as an effective measure to combat oxidative stress in Ribonuclease A.

Flavonoids like quercetin and myricetin serve as naturally occurring antioxidants but their bioactivity is limited due to low aqueous solubility and oxidation under physiological conditions. In this current study, the antioxidant activity of quercetin and myricetin loaded chitosan nanoparticles during the induced oxidation of Ribonuclease A (RNase A) has been compared with the corresponding free flavonoids. Oxidation of RNase A leads to intermolecular dityrosine (DT) bond formation which shows a characteristic fluorescence emission around 405 nm. Although both quercetin and myricetin loaded nanoparticles initially exhibit lower antioxidant property compared to the free flavonoids, however, with increase in oxidant concentration over time the DT fluorescence showed greater increase for free flavonoids in comparison to the nanoparticles. The polyphenol loaded nanoparticles are also found to be effective in preventing bacterial cell damage in oxidizing medium. The slow release of flavonoids from the nanoparticles is responsible for their prolonged antioxidant effect in the oxidizing medium unlike the free flavonoids which are exhausted almost completely in the initial phase.

Psychrobacter sanguinis Wound Infection Associated with Marine Environment Exposure, Washington, USA.

We report a 26-year-old man with Psychrobacter sanguinis cellulitis of a wound sustained during ocean fishing in Washington, USA, in 2017. Psychrobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens found in a wide range of environments. Clinicians should be aware of Psychrobacter spp. and perform 16S rRNA sequencing if this pathogen is suspected.

Mixed nitrifying bacteria culture under different temperature dropping strategies: Nitrification performance, activity, and community.

In this study, the nitrification performance, metabolic activity, antioxidant enzyme activity as well as bacterial community of mixed nitrifying bacteria culture under different temperature dropping strategies [(#1) growth temperature kept at 20 °C; (#2) sharp1 decreased from 20 °C to 10 °C; (#3) growth at 20 °C for 6 days followed by sharp decrease to 10 °C; and (#4) gradual decreased from 20 °C to 10 °C] were evaluated. It was shown that acclimation at 20 °C for 6 days allowed to maintain better nitrification activity at 10 °C. The nitrite oxidation capacity of nitrifiers was significantly correlated with the relative light unit (RLU) (p < .05) and the fluctuation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity (p < .01). With serial #3 showed the highest RLU levels and the least SOD enzyme fluctuation as compared to serials #2 and #4. Throughout the experimental period, Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas as well as Nitrospira were identified as the predominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrate-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The dynamic change of AOB/NOB ratios and nitrification activity in serials #2-#4 demonstrated that AOB recovered better than NOB with long-term 10 °C exposure, and the nitrification performance was mainly limited by the nitrite oxidation capacity of NOB. Applying 6 days acclimation at 20 °C was beneficial for the mixed nitrifying bacteria culture to cope with low temperature (10 °C) stress, possibly due to the maintenance of metabolic activity, antioxidant enzyme activity stability as well as appropriate AOB/NOB ratio.

Meta analysis of adenoid bacterial distribution in children with adenoid hypertrophy / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To illuminate the adenoid bacteria distribution in children with adenoid hypertrophy. METHODS PubMed, Embash, Medline, CNKI, VIP Information and Wanfang data were searched for studies on the adenoid bacteria distribution and adenoid hypertrophy. Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool data. RESULTS Nine studies were included in this meta analysis. The pooled detection rates of haemophilus influenza, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumonia were 0.21 (95%CI, 0.09-0.32), 0.14 (95%CI, 0.09-0.20) and 0.15 (95%CI , 0.08-0.22) respectively. CONCLUSION Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus pneumoniae are three main kinds of pathogenic bacteria of adenoid hypertrophy in children.

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy:the value of rectal swab culture and targeted antimicrobial treatment / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To evaluate the targeted antimicrobial prophylaxis in men undergoing trans-rectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy based on rectal swab culture results.Methods From July 2008 to April 2012 we studied differences in infectious complications in men who received targeted vs standard empirical ciprofloxacin prophylaxis before transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy.All 344 patients were divided into 3 groups according to their hospital records,inculding group A:without antimicrobial prophylaxis(105 eases) ;group B:antimicrobial prophylaxis with fluoroquinolone(117 cases) ;group C:targeted prophylaxis used rectal swab cultures results(122eases).All cases received enema with diluted iodophors before biopsy.We identified men with infectious complications within 7 days after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy using the electronic medical record,following 3 conditions.Results In group A of 105 case,17 cases of fever were recorded,including prostatic abscess of 3 cases and septicemia of 1 case.Three cases of fever were occurred in group B,including 1 case of bacteremia and 1 case of prostatitis.No infectious complications were recorded in group C.Conclusions Targeted antimicrobial prophylaxis was associated with a notable decrease in the incidence of infections complications after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy,although fiuoroquinolone can provide good protective effets.

Study on clinic efficacy of Qiwei Liaoshang Powder on empyrosis / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To investigate the clinic efficacy of Qiwei Liaoshang Powder on empyrosis. Methods 176inpatients suffering empyrosis were included in our study. A prospective randomized study was adopted to evaluate the efficacy of Qiwei Liaoshang Powder, while exposure therapy of San Huang Cream was taken as control. Bacteria culture,healing time, and pain of wounds were compared. Results Qiwei Liaoshang Powder had less healing time, pain and infection rate than San Huang Cream. Conclusion Qiwei Liaoshang Powder is effective to treat empyrosis.

Isolation and Identification of Pathogens of Diarrhea / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To raise the level of laboratory diagnosis of diarrheal pathogens.METHODS The stool samples were inoculated on the of SS agar,SMAC agar,TCBS agar,blood agar.RESULTS Over the past three years in our hospital pathogen detection rate of diarrhea was 48.2%.The scope of the baeteria isolated were not limited to Salmonella and Shigella,but also Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea,Vibrio,Staphylococcus arreus,Candida albicans.The Klebsiella,Proteus,Citrobacter,Pseudornonas aeruginosa and the like were also detected out.CONCLUSIONS It′s important to choose right medium and detect intestinal pathogens in clinical.

Pathogenic Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis of Nosocomial Infections for 958 Diabetics in Hospital / 中华医院感染学杂志

50%).The resistance of Enterococcus avium and E.faecalis to ciprofloxacin was over 30%.CONCLUSIONS To Gram-negaive bacteria may use ?-lactamase inhibitors with antimicrobials and amikacin.To nonfermenters may use ciprofloxacin.To Gram-positive bacteria may use teicoplanin,nitrofurantoin,ampicillin/sulbactam and others.

BacT/Alert 3D Automatic Blood Culture System:Clinical Application and Evaluation / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical application of BacT/Alert 3D automatic blood culture system.METHODS Totally 3610 blood specimens were cultured by BacT/Alert 3D automatic blood culture system.RESULTS Four hundred and three of 3610 blood specimens were positive,and the positive rate was 11.2%.The cumulative positive rates within 24 h,24-48 h,48-72 h,and longer than 72 h were 64.3%,21.1%,11.4% and 3.2%,respectively.CONCLUSIONS BacT/Alert 3D automatic blood culture system is an accurate,quick and convenient method for bacteria culture,which can detect wide range of bacteria strains,elevate detection ratc,and shorten detection period.

Sterilization Effect on On-wall Oxygen Humidifying Inhalation Sets / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To study the sterilization effect of on-wall oxygen humidifying inhalation sets.METHODS The different parts on on-wall oxygen humidifying inhalation sets were sterilized,then compared the result before and after sterilization.RESULTS The regular percents for bacterial examination of humidifying bottle were 17.14% before sterilization,and 100.00% after sterilization,the regular percents for bacterial examination of metallic guilloche were 34.29% before sterilization and 94.29% after sterilization,the regular percents for bacterial examination of vent tube in humidifying bottle were 8.57% before sterilization,and 97.14% after sterilization.The regular percents for bacterial examination of the different parts of oxygen humidifying inhalation sets after sterilization were higher than before it P

Significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci in chronic prostatitis / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between chronic prostatitis and the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS),and to study the diagnostic value and clinical significance of CNS in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS). Methods Overall,428 patients with chronic prostatitis were included in this study.Their mean age was 31 years (range,18 to 46 years).The mean cause was 6 months (range,3 to 32 months).The mean NIH-CPSI score was 23.2.Bacterial culture and antimicrobial agent sensitivity test were applied to samples from the 428 patients.The samples were taken with 4 tubes from the lower urinary tract segmented by Meares-Stamey method. Results Bacteria were found in 248 patients (57.94%) out of 428 ones.Gram-positive bacteria were found in 195 cases(78.63%).In the 195 cases,staphylococci were found in 160 cases(64.25%,160/248).CNS were found in 89 cases(35.89%,89/248),most of which were epidermidis staphylococci 81 cases(32.66%).The next were saprophytic staphylococci 3 cases and hemolytic staphylococci 2 cases.There was no correlation between NIH-CPSI score and bacterial culture results.The sensitivity test results showed the rate of drug resistance of CNS from EPS was high for ?-lactamases,quinolones and aminoglycosides(51.9% to 100%). Conclusions The results suggest that CNS is a main kind of pathogen of chronic prostatitis,so considerable attention should be paid to it.In addition,it is of significant importance to apply bacterial culture and sensitivity test in EPS to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic prostatitis.

Effect of Bidouyan Oral Liquid for the Treatment of Experimental Suppurative Maxillary Sinusitis Rabbits / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Bidouyan Oral Liquid(BOL) on acute suppurative max-illary sinusitis(ARMS) in rabbits.Methods Modified Hinni's method was used to inducing the ARMS rabbit models.The high and low-dosage of BOL was administered by gastric gavage and penicillin V was used for the positive medicine.The white blood cells(WBC)count,neutrophil percentage,serum C-reactive protein(CRP)level,inflammatory changes of mucosa of nasal sinuses under light microscope and bacteria culture of secretion in ARMS rabbit models were observed.Results Inflammatory changes were shown in the experimental ARMS rabbits as follows:white blood cells count and neutrophil percentage increased,mucosa of nasal sinuses congested and swollen with the exfoliation of pili.After the treatment with high-and low-dosage of BOL,the above parameters in the rabbits recovered to normal,the difference being insignificant compared with penicillin V.Conclusion BOL in clinical dose can control the general and local inflammatory reaction in ARMS rabbits.